Topical agents-final

2014

2009

Skin reflects origin, lifestyle, age and state of health. Skin color, tone and evenness, pigmentation, as well as skin surface characteristics are signs of skin's health. The cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry offers a vast armamentarium of skin care products and procedures to clean, soothe, restore, reinforce, protect and to treat our skin and hence to keep it in "good condition". Skin care products are readily available in daily life and they play a major role in health and nursing care. The promotion of skin care products including their claims are often based on an effect (e.g. moisturizing, antioxidant), evoked by an active (e.g. urea, tocopherol) that is delivered through a vehicle (e.g. lotion) that relies on a specific technology (e.g. nanotechnology). In addition, "without" claims (e.g. without parabens) often accompany nowadays promotions. Today, modern skin care includes cleansing, soothing, restoring, reinforcing and protecting. With increasing age, the emphasis on skin care is changing. The importance of soothing, restoring, reinforcing increases and cleansing should be executed with particular care. The character of skin care shifts from more cosmetic objectives smooth, healthy looking skin to more therapeutic and preventive objectives soothing, restoring, reinforcing and protecting stressed skin. Even though skin care and skin protection play an important role throughout lifetime the skin areas in primary need of care and protection also change. In younger years, environmental factors (e.g. UV radiation) are of primary importance whereas in advanced years, age-related factors (e.g. prolonged exposure to various sources of moisture, including urine or feces, perspiration, wound exudate, and their contents) become more important. Subsequently the skin areas in need of care and protection also change initially skin areas (e.g. face, arms and legs) exposed to the external environment and later enclosed skin areas (e.g. skin folds, perianal, perigenital skin, groin, feet) become the vulnerable zones (hot spots). Ageing per se changes the skin structure and function across the life course increasing its susceptibility to numerous clinically relevant skin problems (e.g. xerosis cutis). Skin diseases (e.g. bacterial/fungal infections), accumulating effects of systemic diseases (e.g. diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency) or pharmacotherapies (e.g. cancer therapies) also necessitate special skin care.

2006

FIELD: medicine; pharmaceutics. SUBSTANCE: pharmaceutical formulations contains as reactants 1) betamethasone dipropionate or 2) betamethasone dipropionate combined with gentamicin sulphate or 3) betamethasone dipropionate combined with gentamicin sulphate and clotrimazole. Pharmaceutical formulations contain ointment hydrophobic base containing white petrolatum and target additives - preserving agent and hydrophobic nonaqueous solvent. New pharmaceutical formulations have high antibacterial preserving action, high microbiological purity value and potentised antibacterial specific action showed by produced therapeutic effect and simultaneous prevention of by-effect local complication caused by activation of bacterial and mycotic infections. EFFECT: prevention of by-effect local complication caused by activation of bacterial and mycotic infections. 18 cl, 11 tbl, 6 ex

IJCRT, 2020

Topical gels or formulations have many advantages as compared to other conventional dosage form. Topical gels are less toxic and more effective than other dosage form. Topical gels are best choice for treat local infections and skin problems because of it directly apply on the skin or in the site. Topical gels provide action direct to the site of action. Topical gels exclude the GI irritation and metabolism of drug by which the bioavailability of drug is greater. Drug-Drug interaction and Food drug interaction is also not possible in the case of topical gels. Gels have better penetrating power because gel consists two phase. In this review a detailed study about gel, its preparation, characteristics and evaluation parameter was done.

GLOBAL ATLAS OF SKIN ALLERGY, 2019

> Topical therapies offer the unique advantage that products are applied directly to the affected skin resulting in a local, prolonged and intimate contact of product and skin > The vehicle choice is based on the nature of the dermatosis (size, location and skin condition) > Vehicle polarity (hydrophilic vehicles on hydrophilic skin, lipophilic vehicles on dry skin) and vehicle viscosity (low viscosity on large and high viscosity on small skin areas) lead to an optimal contact between vehicle and affected skin and allow an uncomplicated application and distribution > A realistic application quantity is rarely more than 5 mg/cm2. For semi-solid dosage forms, the Finger Tip Unit (400-500mg) and for more liquid dosage forms mechanical dosage aids (e.g., pump with weight data per pump stroke) both with dosing tables/instructions are recommended

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicine (IJPSM), 2022

Ointments are semisolid dosage form which usually act as visco-elastic materials when shear stress is applied. They generally contain medicinal ingredients and are used to be applied externally to the body for therapeutic effect. Many therapeutic agents used for topical application to intact or broken skin or to mucous membranes are presented in the form of semisolid consistency variously designated as ointments, creams, pastes etc. It is used mainly as protective or emollient for the skin. The first step towards the goal is screening of plants used in popular medicine. Along with other dosage forms, herbal drugs also used in the form of ointment.

2000

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dermatopharmacology of topical preparations: a product development-oriented approach / B. Gabard ... [et al] eds. Includes bibliographical references and index.