Iron Metallurgy in Ionia

Metallurgica Anatolica Festschrift für Ünsal Yalçın anlässlich seines 65. Geburtstags Ünsal Yalçın 65. Yaşgünü Armağan Kitabı Hrsg.: H. Gönül Yalçın & Oliver Stegemeier Metallurgica Anatolica Festschrift für Ünsal Yalçın anlässlich seines 65. Geburtstags Ünsal Yalçın 65. Yaşgünü Armağan Kitabı Ünsal Yalçın vor dem Sphingentor in Alacahöyük, 2015. Metallurgica Anatolica Festschrift für Ünsal Yalçın anlässlich seines 65. Geburtstags Ünsal Yalçın 65. Yaşgünü Armağan Kitabı Herausgeber / Editörler H. Gönül Yalçın Oliver Stegemeier Bochum 2020 Bu kitapta yayınlanan makalelerdeki bilimsel içerik ve etik ile ilgeli tüm sorumluluklar yazarlarına aittir. The academic content and ethical responsibility of the articles published here rest upon their authors. Redaktion / Yayına Hazırlayan H. Gönül Yalçın Satz & Layout Oliver Stegemeier Lektorat / Metin Redaksiyonu H. Gönül Yalçın © 2020 Ege Yayınları, İstanbul Yayıncı Sertifika No / Publisher Certificaten No: 14641 Bütün hakları saklıdır. / All rights reserved. Baskı / Printed by Fotokitap Fotoğraf Ürünleri Paz. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti. Dr. Ali Demir Cad. No: 51/1, Sefaköy, Küçükçekmece - İstanbul Sertifika No: 33623 Zero Prod. Ltd. Abdullah Sokak, No. 17, Taksim, 34433 Istanbul - Turkey Tel: +90 (212) 244 7521 Fax: +90 (212) 244 3209 e.mail: infozerobooksonline.com www.zerobooksonline.com/en ISBN 978-605-7673-32-9 Porträt gezeichnet von Detlef Wölfel Inhalt / İçindekiler Vorwort / Önsöz 11 H. Gönül Yalçın Ünsal Yalçın Ein Leben für die anatolische Archäologie / Anadolu Arkeolojisine Adanmış Bir Hayat 13 Oliver Stegemeier, Mitja Musberg & Julien Nicolas Villatte Ünsal Yalçın: Lehrer – Mentor – Freund 21 Schriftenverzeichnis Prof. Dr. Ünsal Yalçın 25 Fokke Gerritsen, Rana Özbal & Piet Gerrits A Red Floor At Neolithic Barcın Höyük: Special Or Not? 35 Pınar Çaylı, Işıl Demirtaş, Barış Eser, Sevil Gülçur & Varlık İndere Güvercinkayası’nda Sembolizma 45 F. Gülden Ekmen Notes on the 5th Millennium BC of the Western Black Sea Region: Idols from İnönü Cave 59 Mehmet Özdoğan Tülintepe Revisited 67 Hamza Ekmen İnönü Mağarası’nda Bulunan Erken Tunç Çağı’na Ait Sütten İkincil Ürün Üretiminde Kullanılan Bir Çömlek Üzerine Gözlemler 77 Erkan Fidan Yeni Araştırmalar Işığında Kütahya’da Eski Anadolu Madenciliği 85 Atila Türker A Pithos Grave from Devret Höyük 91 Jan-Krzysztof Bertram & Gülçin İlgezdi Bertram The Alişar 7M-11M / Ahlatlıbel / Çayyolu III-Horizon in Central Anatolia. A Reminiscence to H. H. von der Osten’s “Copper Age” 99 Elif Genç Kastamonu-Kınık 'Madenci İşliği' Üzerine Yeni Düşünceler 111 Clemens Lichter Gespanngräber 117 Gian Maria Di Nocera Middle Bronze Age Metals in the Upper Euphrates 131 K. Serdar Girginer & O. Emre Köse Tatarlı Höyük’ten MÖ II. Binyıla Tarihlenen Bir Grup Metal Silah 139 Armağan Erkanal-Öktü Panaztepe Kurşun Eserleri Işığında Madencilik ve İkonografi Üzerine Bazı Düşünceler 147 A. Tuba Ökse A Bronze ‘Horseman’ from Salat Tepe Dating to the 17th Century BC 157 Sevinç Günel Çine-Tepecik Tasvir Sanatında ‘Boğa Kültü’ Yansımaları 163 Özlem Sir-Gavaz Hititçe Kaynaklara Göre Derekutuğun Bölgesi’nin Tarihi Coğrafyası 171 Meltem Doğan-Alparslan, Metin Alparslan & Tolga Pelvanoğlu Berufe und Handwerk bei den Hethitern 179 Ahmet Ünal Altanatolisches Heilverfahren nach hethitischen Texten - ein Extrakt 189 Jak Yakar Assessing the LBA-EIA Ethno-Cultural Continuity in Eastern Anatolia 197 Mirko Novák Sirkeli Höyük The Discovery and Exploration of a Complex Urban Landcape in Iron Age Cilicia 209 Bekir Özer Erken Demir Çağı Başlarına Ait Karia Fibulaları 225 Hüseyin Cevizoğlu Iron Metallurgy in Ionia 245 Mehmet Işıklı & Hazal Ocak “Ayanis Metal Sfenksi” Işığında Yakındoğu ve Anadolu Kültürlerinde Sfenks Üzerine Gözlemler 253 H. Gönül Yalçın & Mareke Johanne Ubben Eine Omphalosschale der schwarz glänzenden Ware aus Derekutuğun 263 Bilge Hürmüzlü Preliminary Report on a Bone Workshop in Seleukeia Sidera 271 İbrahim Hakan Mert Priene Doğu Nekropol’den Tonozlu Bir Mezar 275 Gabriele Körlin & Sandra Peternek Römischer Bergbau und Verhüttung auf dem Lüderich bei Rösrath 283 Baoquan Song & Irene Eusgeld Jade-Kultur in China 295 Christof Berns Steinbrüche in der Nekropole von Knidos 305 Atalay Karatak & Ali Akın Akyol Genel Hatlarıyla Öntarihte Demir ve Çelik 311 Moritz Jansen & Giacomo Benati On the Beginnings of Gold Use in Southern Mesopotamia: the Rediscovery of an Artifact from the al-‘Ubaid Stratum at Ur in the Collections of the Penn Museum 319 Yeşim Batmaz & Atilla Batmaz Tunç Korozyonunun Seramik Sırlarında Renk Verici Olarak Kullanılması: Deneysel Bir Çalışma 323 Michael Bode, Moritz Kiderlen, Georgios P. Mastrotheodoros, Eleni Filippaki & Yannis Bassiakos Das Kupfer der griechischen spätgeometrischen Dreifußkessel (ca. 750–700 v. Chr.): eine Diskussion der chemischen und bleiisotopischen Analysen 329 Ümit Güder Searching for Ghosts in a Knife from the Sanctuary of Didyma 349 Stephen Merkel Archaeometallurgical Study of Two Carolingian-Ottonian Disc Brooches from Elsfleth-Hogenkamp, Germany 357 Melek Meltem Yalçın Das Verständnis von totaler Herrschaft bei Hannah Arendt – mit einem Ausblick auf aktuelle populistische Bewegungen 365 Autorenverzeichnis 369 Ünsal Yalçın vor dem Hasandağ im Jahre 2016. H. Gönül Yalçın & Oliver Stegemeier Vorwort Önsöz Diese Festschrift ist Prof. Dr. Ünsal Yalçın zu Ehren seines 65. Geburtstags gewidmet und soll seine umfangreichen wissenschaftlichen Verdienste würdigen. Zu unserer großen Freude haben sich viele Kollegen, Weggefährten und Freunde des Jubilars bereiterklärt, ihm einen Beitrag zu widmen. Ihnen allen sei an dieser Stelle herzlich gedankt! Die Beiträge behandeln überwiegend den anatolischen Kulturraum, – die Heimat und den Forschungsschwerpunkt Ünsal Yalçıns - seine Archäologie und Archäometallurgie. Doch auch die europäischen und asiatischen Kulturräume sowie Aspekte ihrer Archäologie werden in einigen Artikeln beleuchtet. Elinizde tuttuğunuz bu armağan kitabı Prof. Dr. Ünsal Yalçın’ın 65. yaş gününü kutlamak ve yaptığı geniş kapsamlı bilimsel çalışmalara arkeoloji camiasında verilen değeri vurgulamak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Çagrımızı kabul eden çok sayıda meslektaş, yol arkadaşı ve dostun kitabımızda çalışmalarıyla yer alması bizi son derece sevindirdi. Katılımcılara burada içten teşekkürlerimizi sunarız. Kitapta yer alan makalelerin çoğu Ünsal Yalçın’ın vatanı ve ağırlıklı araştırma alanı olan Anadolu‘nun Arkeolojisi ve Arkeometalurji hakkındadır. Yanı sıra, Avrupa ve Asya kültür bölgeleri ile bu bölgelerin arkeolojisinden bazı kesitleri de kitaptaki makale konuları arasında yer almaktadır. Ähnlich wie die Forschungen des Jubilars deckt auch die Festschrift eine große Zeitspanne vom anatolischen Neolithikum bis zum europäischen Hochmittelalter ab. Nach einer Würdigung seiner Forschungen stehen aufgrund seiner Vita vor allem Metallfunde unterschiedlicher archäologischer Grabungen sowie deren Analysen im Mittelpunkt vieler Artikel. Doch finden mit Beiträgen zur Rohstoffgewinnung und – verarbeitung, Grabkontexten, Siedlungs- und Landschaftsarchäologie sowie philologische Beiträge zum hethitischen Großreich weitere wissenschaftliche Interessen von Ünsal Yalçın Erwähnung in diesem Buch. Ünsal Yalçın’ın araştırma konularının geniş içeriğine uygun olarak armağan kitabımızda yer alan yazılar, Anadolu Neolitiği‘nden Avrupa Ortaçağı’nın Zirve Dönemi’ne dek ulaşan, geniş bir zaman dilimini kapsamaktadır. Kitapta, yaptığı araştırmalara geniş biçimde yer verilen ve Ünsal Yalçın’ın özgeçmişi ile yayın listesine ayrılan bölümü, kendisinin ilgi alanına uygun düşecek biçimde, çeşitli kazıların metal buluntuları ile bunların analizlerine odaklı makaleler izlemektedir. Yanı sıra, Ünsal Yalçın’ın ilgilendiği diğer konulara uyacak biçimde, hammadde kazanımı ve işlenmesi, mezar kontekstleri, yerleşim arkeolojisi ve Hitit İmparatorluğu’na yönelik filolojik araştırmalar da kitabımızın kapsamında yer almaktadır. Trotz der großen Anzahl der hier präsentierten Beiträge konnten einige aufgrund der befristeten Drucklegung bedauerlicherweise nicht mehr aufgenommen werden. Dies zeigt die große Wertschätzung, die Ünsal Yalçın innerhalb der archäologischen und interdisziplinären Fachrichtungen genießt. Armağan kitabımızda çok sayıda makaleyi bir arada toplayabilmekten mutluyuz, ancak kitabın baskıya girmesi zamanla sınırlı tutulduğundan, elimize geç ulaşan bazı çalışmalara yer veremediğimiz için üzüntü duymaktayız. Burada bir araya getirdiğimiz çok sayıda makale arkeoloji camiasında ve çok disiplinli araştırmalar alanında Ünsal Yalçın’a verilen değeri de, bir anlamda vurgulamaktadır. Wir möchten dem Jubilar für seinen weiteren Lebensweg alles Gute wünschen und hoffen, dass er seine Neugierde sowie seinen Forschungsdrang behält und somit weiterhin Impulse für die archäologische Forschung setzt. Die Herausgeber, Bochum – März 2020 Ünsal Yalçın’a yaşamının bundan sonraki dönemleri için de en iyi dileklerimizi sunuyor, dünyaya meraklı gözlerle bakma ve bilimsel araştırma dürtüsünü, böylelikle arkeolojik araştırmaların merkezindeki alışılagelmiş konumunu korumasını temenni ediyoruz. Editörler, Mart 2020 – Bochum 11 Familie Yalçın in Amasya, 2015. Hüseyin Cevizoğlu* Iron Metallurgy in Ionia I dedicate this paper to my mentor and friend, Ünsal Yalçın, who permitted to present and publish this joint study for the 20th European Association of Archaeologists (EAA) 2014 Istanbul Meeting held between 10 – 14 September 2014.1 This paper aims to analyse the role and development of iron metallurgy in Ionia in relation to new published archaeometallurgical evidence, and to add a new interpretation to the already well-investigated subject area in question. It is generally supposed that the knowledge of ironworking occurred in Anatolia. A large number of previously published iron artefacts presents information on the use of iron in several regions during the Bronze Age.2 Anatolia and Mesopotamia can be regarded as the centres of iron metallurgy and ironworking technology, which penetrated to the Aegean, Cyprus and the Levantine coastlands soon after the Late Bronze Age.3 A detailed archaeological and historical record of ironworking technology covering the Bronze and Early Iron Ages has been discussed by many scholars. Extensive archaeological work in recent years both at Eastern Anatolia and the mainland Greece has revealed evidence, which suggests that these regions played an important pioneering role in iron metallurgy.4 However, Ionia seems to have been lagged for more than a few centuries behind Eastern Anatolia and the Near East when the spread of ironworking technology is considered (Snodgrass 1980: 351–352, 357–358, Fig. 10.1; Waldbaum 1980: 72, 76–79; Pleiner 2000: 20–22, Fig. 4). The rich sources of iron in various geographical zones in Anatolia may have probably initiated ironworking during the Bronze Age (Yalçın 2005: 496–502, Fig. 9; 2008: 18–21, Pl. 1.e). The major deposits are located in Çanakkale, Balıkesir, İzmir, Aydın, Muğla, near and around Kırşehir, Adana, Niğde, Kayseri, Sivas, Malatya, and Giresun in the Black Sea coast (Fig. 1) (MTA 2017: 14–17, Fig. 7, Pl. 3).5 Yet there is not enough evidence to suggest that the iron used in local metalworking originated in Anatolia.6 On the other hand, the deposits of iron ore along the Eastern Black Sea in particular suggest a possible connection between the Hittites and Greeks (Fig. 2) (Drews 1976: 29–30; Healy 1978: 62–63; Tylecote 1981: 137–139; Muhly et al. 1985: 70–74). The deposits known today may be used as a source to get a general idea of the potential iron ore-deposits of first-millennium BC Anatolia (Figs. 1 and 2). Fig. 1: Location of major iron ore deposits in Turkey. Drawing by Üsame Erdinç, map: ArcGIS Education Data Set, after MTA 2017: 14–17 Fig. 7. 245 Hüseyin Cevizoğlu Fig. 2: Homelands of the mythological metalworkers corresponded to centres of ironworking knowledge in Ionia and the first colonising activity in the Black Sea under Miletos. Drawing by Üsame Erdinç and Hüseyin Cevizoğlu, map: ArcGIS Education Data Set. It seems that the skills of the early masters of iron metallurgy, who were known as wizards in the ancient times, were explained in mythological terms.7 The Kouretes, as they were called in Euboea, the Korybantes of Phrygia, the Dactyls of Mount Ida and the Telchines of Rhodes had all been regarded as excellent metallurgists (Strab. 10, 3, 22; Diod. 17, 7, 5; Hrd. 1, 28; Strab. 12, 3, 19; Strab. 14, 2, 7; Pleiner 1969: 7–8, 36; 2006: 6; Healy 1978: 62–63). The homelands of the mythological metalworkers corresponded to the centres of ironworking knowledge before its spread to mainland Greece (Fig. 2). Among other renowned smelters, the Chalybes of Pontus also receive special interest for their contribution to Anatolian ironworking (Fig. 2). The Chalybes are described in literary sources as the inventors of steel, to which they gave their name (chalybs).8 Their steel was harder and more precious than any other form iron (sideros) (Healy 1978: 63; Wason 1978: 269–270). Aristotle used the word stomama for steel and Hesiodos used the term adamas.9 It was written that the Chalybes used the mountain mines in the area between Amisos and Cholhis (Drews 1976: 26–27 footnote 71). to benefit from their considerable experience of ironworking technology (Fig. 2) (Yalçın 1999: 185). When the colonial activity of Milesians over the Eastern Black Sea coast in the eighth century B.C. is considered, Chalybes should have been among the chief purveyors of iron to the Greeks during the Archaic Period (Fig. 2).10 Therefore, as Robert Drews suggested, one of the reasons lay behind the first colonial activity of Miletos in the Black Sea may be to get an access to the iron deposits in that region and its hinterland (Drews 1976: 26–27, 30–31; Jeffery 1976: 210). Thus, Greek colonists had an opportunity to communicate with cultures like the Hittites, Mitanni and Urartians that manufactured metal products, and The expansion of ironworking technology in Ionia can be attested by a number of metal workshops and artifactual evidence found at Miletos, Klazomenai, Phokaia, and Nif-Olympos (Fig. 2).13 The first archaeological appearance of iron in Iron Age contexts comes from Kalabaktepe in Miletos (Yalçın 1993: 361–370; 1999: 185; Verčík 2017: 35). In addition to this, unfortunately there is no further evidence at Miletos except for a number of surviving slags from iron processing that can be securely dated to the Archaic period. 246 The current state of information is not sufficient on the iron sources in Ionia. Ancient literary sources do not mention iron mining in Ionia. Were the Ionian cities supplied with iron transported from the Eastern Black Sea over long distances or did their metalworkers use the iron resources in the İzmir-Aydın-Muğla area?11 The ore origins are difficult to determine exactly (Figs. 1 and 2). However, if we take into consideration the advantages of colonizing the Pontus region, it becomes plausible that Chalybian steel could have entered Ionian markets as early as the eighth century BC.12 As many scholars have pointed out, little information is available on iron metallurgy in Ionia at the beginning of Iron Age (Yalçın 1993: 361–370; 1999: 185). This situation, however, has changed dramatically, and the recent archaeological work at Early Iron Age sites in Ionia has brought new perspectives on the development of iron metallurgy during this period.