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Islamic pottery from the Évora Municipal Museum

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A análise das cerâmicas islâmicas do Museu Municipal de Évora revela a importância histórica e cultural desses fragmentos arqueológicos. Embora pequenos e aparentemente insignificantes, esses fragmentos servem como janelas para a compreensão das práticas e influências das sociedades que os produziram, especialmente no contexto da al-Andalus. A linguagem decorativa e os padrões cerâmicos oferecem insights sobre as relações econômicas e culturais na região, destacando a interseção entre tradições neolíticas e influências orientais.

Coordenação editorial de: Maria José Gonçalves Susana Gómez-Martínez Edição de: X CONGRESSO INTERNACIONAL A CERÂMICA MEDIEVAL NO MEDITERRÂNEO SILVES - MÉRTOLA, AUDITÓRIO DA FISSUL, 22 A 27 DE OUTUBRO DE 2012 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON MEDIEVAL POTTERY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. SILVES & MÉRTOLA, 22-27 OCTOBER 2012 ORGANIZAÇÃO: CÂMARA MUNICIPAL DE SILVES, CAMPO ARQUEOLÓGICO DE MÉRTOLA EM COLABORAÇÃO COM: AIECM2 E CEAUCP APOIOS: FUNDAÇÃO PARA A CIÊNCIA E A TECNOLOGIA, FUNDAÇÃO CALOUSTE GULBENKIAN COMITÉ INTERNACIONAL DO AIECM2 PRESIDENTE: SAURO GELICHI VICE-PRESIDENTE: SUSANA GÓMEZ-MARTÍNEZ SECRETÁRIO: JACQUES THIRIOT TESOUREIRO: HENRI AMOURIC SECRETÁRIO ADJUNTO: ALESSANDRA MOLINARI MEMBROS DOS COMITÉS NACIONAIS FRANÇA: HENRI AMOURIC, JACQUES THIRIOT, LUCY VALLAURI ITÁLIA: SAURO GELICHI, ALESSANDRA MOLINARI, CARLO VARALDO MAGHREB: RAHMA EL HRAIKI MUNDO BIZANTINO: VÉRONIQUE FRANÇOIS, PLANTON PETRIDIS PORTUGAL: MARIA ALEXANDRA LINO GASPAR, SUSANA GÓMEZ-MARTÍNEZ ESPANHA: ALBERTO GARCIA PORRAS, MANUEL RETUERCE, JUAN ZOZAYA STABEL-HANSEN PRÓXIMO ORIENTE: ROLAND-PIERRE GAYRAUD ACTAS DO X CONGRESSO INTERNACIONAL A CERÂMICA MEDIEVAL NO MEDITERRÂNEO. SILVES - MÉRTOLA, 22 A 27 DE OUTUBRO DE 2012 PROCEEDINGS OF 10TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON MEDIEVAL POTTERY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. SILVES & MÉRTOLA, 22-27 OCTOBER 2012 SILVES, OUTUBRO DE 2015 EDIÇÃO /// PUBLISHER: CÂMARA MUNICIPAL DE SILVES & CAMPO ARQUEOLÓGICO DE MÉRTOLA COORDENAÇÃO EDITORIAL /// EDITOR: MARIA JOSÉ GONÇALVES E SUSANA GÓMEZ-MARTÍNEZ DESIGN GRÁFICO /// GRAPHIC DESIGN: RUI MACHADO IMPRESSÃO /// PRINTING: GRÁFICA COMERCIAL DE LOULÉ ISBN 978-972-9375-48-4 DEPÓSITO LEGAL /// LEGAL DEPOT ?????? TIRAGEM /// PRINT RUN: 500 Não é bem como um texto escrito em belos caracteres góticos ou cúficos, contando a história de um milagre, registando um contrato encomendado pelo príncipe, ou denunciando a ameaça do reino vizinho. Não é como qualquer frase gravada na pedra ou pergaminho, que além de denunciar a sua origem de classe, porque necessariamente produzida no seio de uma elite, esconde sempre nas suas entrelinhas uma carga ideológica, quantas vezes indecifrável ou falaciosa. Ao contrário, os fragmentos de cerâmica arqueológica recolhidos numa camada estratigraficamente reconhecível, embora não pareça, são mais fiáveis, autorizando uma mais segura e escorreita informação histórica. Por vezes, quase sempre, são minúsculos ou mesmo insignificantes os fragmentos. Por vezes, quase sempre, nem sequer a forma é reconhecível e muito menos reconstituível. E no entanto a sua informação histórica é sempre preciosa. O simples perfil reclinado do lábio, a forma grácil de arquear a asa, aquela pincelada rápida de traço avermelhado ou a pequena mancha de esmalte melado são os indícios suficientes para reconstituir com verosimilhança a forma e a idade do jarro ou cântaro de água, e, com ele, alguns gestos de trabalho da camponesa que o usou e até, sem errar muito, o seu local de fabrico. Estes simples e informes fragmentos cerâmicos permitem aproximar-nos e mesmo compreender a história daqueles a quem nunca foi dado o direito de ter história, daqueles que nunca comandaram exércitos, que nunca decidiram da paz e da guerra, daqueles que nunca habitaram palácios ou castelos. À primeira vista a gramática ornamental destas bilhas e tigelas sistematiza línguas estranhas e aparentemente indecifráveis. E no entanto, os seus códigos, sem serem isotéricos, referem-se indirectamente a espaços culturais, a zonas de influência que ao longo dos séculos marcaram o Mediterrâneo, na sua fantástica diversidade. As referências mais antigas, ainda relacionadas com os entrançados romboidais da cestaria e da tecelagem, denunciam origens neolíticas e sobretudo permanências das sociedades nómadas dos tuaregues, rifenhos e pastores ibéricos. Na linguagem vegetalista com referências orientalizantes e sobretudo no que se refere à enorme e variada simbologia da Flor de Lotus de época califal, destaca-se, como é natural, a memória dos jardins e vergéis do Nilo, da Mesopotâmia e mesmo da Índia e da China. Nos encadeados de volutas de gavinhas com folhas de videira, sentimos ainda perene a longínqua referência das festas dionisíacas e báquicas da cultura greco-romana a que a Pérsia islamizada esbateu ou anulou o cacho de uva, transformando-o em inofensiva pinha. Esta linguagem cifrada, estas referências decorativas, são sinais de civilização, são marcas indeléveis que identificam formas de pensar, zonas de fabrico, caminhos de intercâmbio, que permitem folhear com segurança as páginas da história. O Presidente do Campo Arqueológico de Mértola Cláudio Torres INDICE TEMA: 1 AS CERÂMICAS NO SEU CONTEXTO POTTERY WITHIN ITS CONTEXT SUSANA GÓMEZ MARTÍNEZ | MARIA JOSÉ GONÇALVES | ISABEL INÁCIO | CONSTANÇA DOS SANTOS | CATARINA COELHO | MARCO LIBERATO | ANA SOFIA GOMES | JACINTA BUGALHÃO | HELENA CATARINO | SANDRA CAVACO | JAQUELINA COVANEIRO | ISABEL CRISTINA FERNANDES A cidade e o seu território no Gharb al-Andalus através da cerâmica 19 ROLAND-PIERRE GAYRAUD | JEAN-CHRISTOPHE TREGLIA La céramique d’une maison omeyyade de Fustât - Istabl ‘Antar (Le Caire, Égypte). Vaisselles de table, céramiques communes et culinaire, jarres de stockage et amphores de la pièce P5 (première moitié du VIIIe s.) 51 VÍCTOR CAÑAVATE CASTEJÓN | SONIA GUTIÉRREZ LLORET Cerámica, espacio doméstico y vida social: el temprano al-Andalus en el sudeste peninsular a la luz de El Tolmo de Minateda (Hellín, Albacete) 56 4. JOSÉ AVELINO GUTIÉRREZ GONZÁLEZ | JOSÉ LUIS HERNANDO GARRIDO | HORTENSIA LARRÉN IZQUIERDO | FERNANDO MIGUEL HERNÁNDEZ | JUAN ZOZAYA STABEL-HANSEN | CARMEN BENÉITEZ GONZÁLEZ Notas sobre la cerámica en la iconografía cristiana del norte peninsular (ss. X-xii) 68 5. VANESSA FILIPE Islamic pottery from the Évora Municipal Museum 84 6. MARCELLA GIORGIO Ceramics and society in Pisa in Middle Ages 93 7. MÁRIO VARELA GOMES| ROSA VARELA GOMES A Cerâmica e o Sagrado, no ribĀt da Arrifana (Aljezur, Portugal) (Séc. XII) 106 FRANCESCO M. P. CARRERA | BEATRICE FATIGHENTI | CATERINA TOSCANI Le Ceramiche e le Attività produttive. Recenti acquisizioni da un quartiere artigianale di chinzica (Pi) 114 9(61$%,.,ü Context, Character and Typology of Pottery from the Eleventh and Twelfth Century Danube Fortresses: Case Studies from Morava and BraniČevo 125 VALENTINA VEZZOLI The area of Bustan Nassif (Baalbek) between the 12th and the early 15th cent.: the ceramic evidence 133 11. ELENA SALINAS Uso y consumo de la cerámica almohade en Córdoba (España) 139 12. MARCELLO ROTILI Aspetti della produzione in campania nel basso medioevo 148 13. ALESSANDRA MOLINARI | VALERIA BEOLCHINI | ILARIA DE LUCA | CHIARA DE SANTIS EMANUELA FRESI | LAURA ORLANDI | GIORGIO RASCAGLIA | MARCO RICCI | JACOPO RUSSO Stili di vita, produzioni e scambi: la città di roma a confronto con altri siti del lazio. Secoli ix-xv 158 SILVINA SILVÉRIO | ELISABETE BARRADAS A cerâmica medieval e tardo-medieval na beira interior: materiais provenientes dos castelos de castelo novo e penamacor (sécs. Xii – xvi) 180 ISABEL MARIA FERNANDES A cerâmica e seu uso em portugal, a partir de posturas, taxas e regimentos de oleiros (séc. Xii a xviii): a análise de algumas peças 188 MARGHERITA FERRI | CECILIA MOINE | LARA SABBIONESI The sound of silence. Scratched marks on late medieval and early modern pottery from nunneries: Practice and significance 203 1. 2. 3. 8. 9. 10. 14. 15. 16. 17. HENRI AMOURIC | LUCY VALLAURI La vie de château d’un vaisselier : Roquevaire près Marseille, 1593 215 18. ALEXANDRA GASPAR | ANA GOMES Recipíentes de medidas da cidade de Lisboa 229 19. ANDREIA AREZES Formas cerâmicas e seu significado simbólico na Alta Idade Média 236 20. VICTORIA AMORÓS RUIZ La estratigrafía como herramienta 242 21. CRISTINA CAMACHO CRUZ Candiles de piquera. Uso y morfología en la Córdoba del siglo X 248 22. SARA ALMEIDA | ALEXANDRE VALINHO | JOÃO NUNO MARQUES Conjunto medieval cerâmico no contexto da linha de muralha de Cacela Velha (Portugal) 253 23. SILVINA SILVÉRIO | ELISABETE BARRADAS Ocupação islâmica na vertente sudoeste da várzea de aljezur – o sítio da barrada e a envolvente da igreja matriz de n. Sra. Da alva 257 MARIA JOÃO DE SOUSA Uma habitação do século XI/XII sob a muralha do Castelo dos Mouros de Sintra – Evidências arqueológicas de um contexto doméstico 262 MANUEL JESÚS LINARES LOSA Un nuevo lote cerámico del guájares, granada). La casa 7 266 24. 25. poblado fortificado medieval de “el castillejo” (los 26. MARIA INÊS RAIMUNDO | VANESSA DIAS Al-Madan e o seu Contexto na Península Ibérica 271 27. VANESSA FILIPE | CLEMENTINO AMARO Castle of Torres Vedras. Archaeological perspectives on a medieval context 275 28. ALBERTO GARCÍA PORRAS | MANUEL JESÚS LINARES LOSA MOISÉS ALONSO VALLADARES | LAURA MARTÍN RAMOS De castillo fronterizo nazarí a fortaleza castellana. Los materiales cerámicos del entorno de la torre del homenaje del castillo de moclín (granada) 279 PILAR LAFUENTE IBÁÑEZ Cerámica mudéjar sevillana hallada en la excavación del solar nº 16 de la calle cervantes de coria del río (sevilla, españa). Los materiales del pozo b 285 30. SARA ALMEIDA | SUSANA TEMUDO Cerâmica do século XIII, no contexto do Bairro Judaico de Coimbra (Portugal) 291 31. TÂNIA MANUEL CASIMIRO | TELMO SILVA | DÁRIO NEVES | CAROLINA SANTOS* Cerâmicas Medievais da Rua da Corredoura (Évora) 298 32. ALBERTO LÓPEZ MULLOR La cerámica del mas montgròs, el brull (barcelona), siglos xi-xv 303 33. ANTÓNIO MANUEL S. P. SILVA | MANUELA C. S. RIBEIRO Cerâmicas medievais (sécs. Ix-xii) do castelo de arouca (n. Portugal) 310 34. M. CARMEN RIU DE MARTÍN Ladrilleros barceloneses de la primera mitad del siglo xv 318 35. ALEXANDRA GASPAR | ANA GOMES Cerâmicas pintadas a branco do século xv/xvi encontradas no castelo de s. Jorge, lisboa, portugal 326 LUÍS SERRÃO GIL Entre tachos e panelas: cerâmica medieval do silo do castelo de Porto de Mós 333 29. 36. 37. MARIA RAFFAELLA CATALDO Ceramica rivestita dal castello di Circello (Benevento) 340 38. GONÇALO LOPES | JOSÉ RUI SANTOS Cerâmicas islâmicas da natatio das termas romanas de Évora 346 39. MARIA JOSÉ GONÇALVES Contributo para o estudo dos utensílios do quotidiano de um Arrabalde islâmico de Silves: a cerâmica decorada a verde e manganês 353 TEMA: 2 CERÂMICA E ALIMENTAÇÃO POTTERY AND FOOD 40. JOANITA VROOM The archaeology of consumption in the eastern Mediterranean: A ceramic perspective 359 41. F. CANTINI | S. G. BUONINCONTRI | B. FATIGHENTI Ceramica e alimentazione nel Medio Valdarno inferiore medievale: il caso di San Genesio (San Miniato-Pi) 368 42. JAQUELINA COVANEIRO | SANDRA CAVACO Entre tachos e panelas: a evolução das formas de cozinha (Tavira) 377 43. JUAN ZOZAYA Cacharros, fuegos, comidas, servicios, escrituras… 387 44. TÂNIA MANUEL CASIMIRO | LUÍS DE BARROS De quem são estas ollas? Comer, beber, armazenar Em Almada no século XIII 392 TEMA: 3 O MEDITERRÂNEO E O ATLÂNTICO THE MEDITERRANEAN AND THE ATLANTIC ANTÓNIO MANUEL S. P. SILVA | PEDRO PEREIRA | TERESA P. CARVALHO Conjuntos cerâmicos do Castelo de Crestuma (Vila Nova de Gaia, N. Portugal). primeiros elementos para uma sequência longa (sécs. Iv-xi) 401 JORGE DE JUAN ARES | YASMINA CÁCERES GUTIÉRREZ | MARÍA DEL CRISTO GONZÁLEZ MARRERO | MIGUEL ÁNGEL HERVÁS HERRERA | JORGE ONRUBIA PINTADO Objetos para un espacio y un tiempo de frontera: el material cerámico de fum asaca en sbuya, provincia de sidi ifni, marruecos (ss. Xv-xvi) 420 HUGO BLAKE | MICHAEL J. HUGHES The mediterranean and the atlantic archaeometrical research on the provenance of ‘mediterranean maiolica’ and italian pottery found in great britain 432 48. HENRI AMOURIC | GUERGANA GUIONOVA | LUCY VALLAURI Céramiques aux îlles d’Amérique. la part de la Méditerranée (XVIIe-XIXe s.) 440 49. RODRIGO BANHA DA SILVA | ADRIAAN DE MAN Palácio dos Condes de Penafiel: a significant late antique context from Lisbon 455 50. MARCO LIBERATO | HELENA SANTOS Circulação de materiais setentrionais na Santarém medieval 461 51. MIGUEL BUSTO ZAPICO | JOSÉ AVELINO GUTIÉRREZ GONZÁLEZ | ROGELIO ESTRADA GARCÍA Las lozas de la casa carbajal solís, punto de encuentro entre el mediterráneo y el norte de europa 466 ARMANDO SABROSA† | INÊS PINTO COELHO | JACINTA BUGALHÃO As porcelanas da Sé da Cidade Velha, Ilha de Santiago, Cabo Verde 473 45. 46. 47. 52. TEMA: 4 EVOLUÇÃO E TRANSFERÊNCIA DAS TÉCNICAS EVOLUTION AND TRANSFER OF TECHNIQUES JOAN NEGRE PÉREZ Producciones cerámicas en el distrito de ţurţūša entre la antigüedad tardía y el mundo islámico (siglos vi-xii) 483 KONSTANTINOS T. RAPTIS Brick and tile producing workshops in the outskirts of thessaloniki from fifth to fifteenth century: a study of the firing technology that has been diachronically applied in the ceramic workshops of a large byzantine urban center 493 LÍDIA FERNANDES | JOÃO COROADO | MARCO CALADO | CHIARA COSTANTINO Ocupação medieval islâmica no Museu de Lisboa -Teatro Romano de Lisboa: O caso do aproveitamento do post scaenium no decurso do século XII 509 56. ROSALIND A WADE HADDON What was cooking in Aleppo in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries? 519 57. IBRAHIM SHADDOUD Production de poterie chez les Nizarites de Syrie : l’atelier de Massyaf (milieu XIIepremier tiers du XIVe siècle) 525 SERGIO ESCRIBANO-RUIZ | JOSE LUIS SOLAUN BUSTINZA La introducción y normalización de la cerámica vidriada en el Cantábrico Oriental a la luz del registro cerámico de Vitoria-Gasteiz (siglos XII-XV) 534 JAUME COLL CONESA | JOSEP PÉREZ CAMPS | MARTA CAROSCIO | JUDIT MOLERA TRINITAT PRADELL | GLORIA MOLINA Arqueología, arqueometría y cadenas operativas de la cerámica de Manises localizada en el solar Fábricas nº 1 (Barri d’Obradors, Manises, campaña 2011) 549 60. JACQUES THIRIOT | DAVID OLLIVIER | VÉRONIQUE RINALDUCCI Fouiller les encyclopédistes : transfert de modèles aux Antilles françaises 560 61. ELENA SALINAS | JUAN ZOZAYA Pechina: el antecedente de las cerámicas vidriadas islámicas en al-andalus 573 62. GUERGANA GUIONOVA | ROCCO RANTE Aperçu sur la production des ateliers de Paykend, Oasis de Bukhara, Ouzbékistan 577 63. KRINO P. KONSTANTINIDOU | KONSTANTINOS T. RAPTIS Archaeological evidence of an ELEVENtH-century kiln with rods in Thessaloniki 589 64. LAURA APARICIO SÁNCHEZ El alfar cordobés de Ollerías y sus producciones (siglos XII-XIII) 596 65. SERGEY BOCHAROV | ANDREY MASLOWSKIY The Eastern Crimean Centers of Glaze Pottery Production in 13th and 14th centuries 604 66. JAUME COLL CONESA | CLODOALDO ROLDÁN GARCÍA Composición del pigmento de cobalto y cronología de la azulejería medieval de Manises (Valencia) conservada en el Museo Nacional de Cerámica 608 JULIA BELTRÁN DE HEREDIA BERCERO | CLAUDIO CAPELLI | ROBERTA DI FEBO MARISOL MADRID I FERNÁNDEZ | ROBERTA DI FEBO | JAUME BUXEDA I GARRIGÓS Imitaciones de ceràmicas à taches noires en barcelona en el s. Xviii. Datos arqueológicos y arqueométricos 613 ANNA RIDOVICS | BERNADETT BAJNÓCZI | GÉZA NAGY | MÁRIA TÓTH The transfer of the tin-glazed faience technology by hutterite anabaptists to eastcentral europe during 16th and 17th centuries 619 53. 54. 55. 58. 59. 67. 68. TEMA: 5 CERÂMICA E COMÉRCIO CERAMICS AND TRADING YASEMIN BAGCI VROOM A New Look on Medieval Ceramics from the Old Gözlükule Excavations: A Preliminary Presentation 627 EVELINA TODOROVA Policy and trade in the northern periphery of the eastern mediterranean: amphora evidence from present-day bulgaria (7th–14th centuries) 637 71. ISABEL CRISTINA FERNANDES | CLAIRE DÉLÉRY | SUSANA GÓMEZ | MARIA JOSÉ GONÇALVES | ISABEL INÁCIO | CONSTANÇA DOS SANTOS | CATARINA COELHO MARCO LIBERATO | ANA SOFIA GOMES | JACINTA BUGALHÃO | HELENA CATARINO SANDRA CAVACO | JAQUELINA COVANEIRO O comércio da corda seca no gharb al-andalus 649 72. CLAUDIO FILIPPO MANGIARACINA La Sicilia islamica: produzione, circolazione e consumo di ceramica (IX-pieno XI secolo) 667 73. GUERGANA GUIONOVA Céramique d’importation du XIVe au XVIIe s. en Bulgarie 681 74. INÉS Mª CENTENO CEA | ÁNGEL L. PALOMINO LÁZARO | MANUEL MORATINOS GARCÍA Mª J. NEGREDO GARCÍA | J.E. SANTAMARÍA GONZÁLEZ Cerámica de cocina rugosa de pastas claras/campurriana versus cerámica granítica/ zamorana. Patrones de distribución y expansión en época bajomedieval y en la transición a la edad moderna en el norte de castilla y león 692 VASSILEIOS D. KOROSIS Consumption and importation of ceramics in a fairly unknown site of late Roman Greece. A case study from Megara, Attica, Greece 701 76. NATALIA GUINKUT | VICTOR LEBEDINSKI | JULIA PRONINA Medieval amphorae from shipwrecks near Chersones Taurica 707 77. VICTOR FILIPE | MARCO CALADO | SANDRA GUERRA | ANTÓNIO VALONGO JOÃO LEÓNIDAS | ROMÃO RAMOS | MARGARIDA ROCHA | JACINTA COSTA | NATALIA GINKUT A cerâmica de importação no arrabalde ocidental de luxbuna (lisboa). Dados preliminares da intervenção realizada no hotel de santa justa 711 SYLVIE YONA WAKSMAN Late medieval pottery production in South Western Crimea: laboratory investigations of ceramics from Cembalo (region of Sebastopol / Chersonesos)* 719 RAFFAELLA CARTA La ceramica italiana indicatore del commercio tra il mediterraneo occidentale e l’atlantico (secoli xv-xvii) 724 JULIA BELTRÁN DE HEREDIA BERCERO | NÚRIA MIRÓ I ALAIX Barcelona y el comercio interior de cerámica en el siglo xvii y principios del xviii: vilafranca del penedés (barcelona), teruel, villafeliche y muel (zaragoza), valencia, talavera de la reina (toledo), sevilla y portugal 729 69. 70. 75. 78. 79. 80. TEMA: 6 NOVAS DESCOBERTAS NEW DISCOVERIES 81. RICARDO COSTEIRA DA SILVA Medieval pottery from the forum of aeminium (Coimbra, Portugal) : a proposal of chrono-typological evolution 739 82. ABDALLAH FILI Le décor de la céramique de Fès à l’époque mérinide, typologie et statistiques 750 83. SOPHIE GILOTTE | YASMINA CÁCERES GUTIÉRREZ | JORGE DE JUAN ARES Un ajuar de época almorávide procedente de Albalat (Cáceres, Extremadura) 763 84. MARCO LIBERATO A pintura a branco na Santarém medieval. Séculos XI a XVI 777 85. THIERRY JULLIEN | MOHAMED KBIRI ALAOUI | VIRGINIE BRIDOUX | ABDELFATTAH ICHKHAKH | EMELINE GRISONI | CÉLINE BRUN | SÉVERINE LECLERCQ | HICHAM HASSINI | HALIMA NAJI Les céramiques mérinides de kouass (asilah-briech, maroc) 792 ELVANA METALLA La céramique médiévale en Albanie : relations entre les productions byzantines et italiennes 807 ANDRÉ TEIXEIRA | AZZEDDINE KARRA | PATRÍCIA CARVALHO La céramique médiévale d’Azemmour (Maroc) : données préliminaires sur des vestiges de production potière 819 88. EBRU FATMA FINDIK Medieval Glazed Ceramics from Myra and New Results 831 89. SERGEY BOCHAROV | ANDREY MASLOWSKIY | AIRAT SITDIKOV The Kashi pottery in the Western Regions of Golden Horde 840 90. ÉLVIO DUARTE MARTINS SOUSA | FERNANDO CASTRO Novos dados químicos de formas de pão-de açúcar produzidas em Portugal: séculos XV a XVI 846 ALEXANDRA GASPAR | ANA GOMES Cerâmicas comuns da Antiguidade Tardia provenientes do Claustro da Sé de Lisboa – Portugal 851 Mª TERESA XIMÉNEZ DE EMBÚN SÁNCHEZ Tipos y contextos cerámicos en el yacimiento emiral del Cabezo Pardo (San Isidro, Alicante). Una breve reflexión sobre la cultura material en el SE Peninsular 861 93. CRISTINA GONZALEZ Quinta da Granja 1: cerâmica emiral de um povoado da Estremadura 866 94. DÉBORA MARCELA KISS La cerámica del Tossal del Moro (Benilloba, Alacant). Primeros resultados del estudio de los fondos depositados en el Centre d´Estudis Contestans 875 CRISTINA GARCIA | PATRÍCIA DORES | CATARINA OLIVEIRA | MIGUEL GODINHO Tipologia e funcionalidade nas cerâmicas da casa i do bairro islâmico do poço antigo em cacela-a-velha 882 96. MANUEL RETUERCE VELASCO | MANUEL MELERO SERRANO Azulejos almohades vidriados a molde de calatrava la vieja (1195-1212) 887 97. ANA CRISTINA RAMOS | MIGUEL SERRA Novos dados sobre halqal-zawiya (Lagos, Portugal) 893 98. KAREN ÁLVARO | M. DOLORES LÓPEZ | ESTHER TRAVÉ Una nueva contribución al estudio de la loza barcelonesa decorada en verde y manganeso 900 99. CARLOS BOAVIDA Medieval pottery from the castle of Castelo Branco (Portugal) 906 100. FRANCISCO MELERO GARCÍA Pottery of the nasrid period of cártama (málaga) 912 86. 87. 91. 92. 95. 101. CONSTANÇA GUIMARÃES DOS SANTOS | ELISA ALBUQUERQUE A Capela de São Pedro da Capinha através dos materiais: a cerâmica medieval 917 102. RICARDO COSTEIRA DA SILVA “Traços mouriscos” na cerâmica do século XV do antigo Paço Episcopal de Coimbra (Museu Nacional de Machado de Castro) 924 103. IRYNA TESLENKO Crimean Local Glazed Pottery of the 15th century 928 104. MARIA JOSÉ GONÇALVES Cerâmica em Corda Seca de um Arrabalde Islâmico de Silves: contributo para o seu estudo 934 TEMA: 1 AS CERÂMICAS NO SEU CONTEXTO POTTERY WITHIN ITS CONTEXT Vanessa FILIPE ISLAMIC POTTERY FROM THE ÉVORA MUNICIPAL MUSEUM Abstract: The study of Évora Municipality Museum ceramic wares focus a complex network of actions and influences comprising technical and aesthetic choices, transmission of knowledge and innovation, economics and other social forces, use and function, and cultural significance. This article provides some of the fundamental data necessary for reconstructing the day to day life on Évora´s islamic city. Resumo: A análise do espólio cerâmico exumado no arqueossítio do Museu Municipal de Évora abrange a complexa rede de acções e influências compreendendo as escolhas técnicas e estéticas, tal como o seu desenvolvimento e veículos de transmissão, os motivos sócio-económicos, usos e funções e permeabilidade cultural. Este artigo fornece alguns dados fundamentais para reconstruir a vida quotidiana na cidade Islâmica do Évora. MĀDINA YĀBURA The archaeological research that has been developed concerning the city of Évora (Portugal) has unveiled the fundamental importance of its roman origin. The succeeding occupations such as the islamic presence weren’t the main emphasis of archaeological investigation until recently, but nowadays this area of investigation brings a better understanding of this town in the complex economiccultural relations within the wide territory of al- Andalus. The integration of Évora into the range of islamic influence was led by ’Abd al -’Azīz between 714 and 716 (fig.1). During the first two centuries the city was forgotten by the writers. Fig.1 Évora City Plan (8th-10th century) Considering this scarcity of sources we have to deduce that this was due to the political and social instability lived in the Kūra of Beja. It was not until the first years of the 10th century that the first noticeable document related to the islamic city of Évora was written. It is a description of the attack on Évora by Ordoño II, king of León, dated August of 913, which is well known to scholars and which came to light thanks to Ibn Hayyān in Muqtabis V and by an unknown chronicler of Abd alRahmān III al-Nasir. Notwithstanding the lack of detail, the parchment manages to signal an evident weakness – the immerse state of this city COMUNICAÇÃO 85 Fig.2 Évora City plan (10th-12th century) – and further indicates the roman urban elements that are still in use; the presence of an ‘āmil in the city which shows a concern about political-administrative, social and culture aspects; the fear of the Berber intrusion, aristocracy escape, demographic quantification, etc. rebuilt the city walls and joined the muladí cause appointing his friend al-Surunbāqi to be the town government. This insertion of Évora into the kingdom of Badajoz has a strategically point of view considering the location of the city in the andalus road network. Évora’s geopolitical context in 914 is also referred on the historical chronicle. Ibn Marwān took advantage of the situation putting this city under the influence of Badajoz. He With the disintegration of local autonomies, Évora was now under the power of the Umayyad Caliph ‘Abd al-Rahmān III. According to the caliph’s political, ideological and urban 86 AS CERÂMICAS NO SEU CONTEXTO - POTTERY WITHIN ITS CONTEXT entrepreneurship, the symbolic impact of a city wall directly related to the political figures responsible for its construction would be considered a weakness in his political action. We believe that this was the reason why this event (914) was turned into an ideological mark by the caliph government, as well as the building of a new aljama mosque according to the caliphate politics of controling the urban centres and building monumental buildings that symbolized his total control over the cities (fig.2). The disintegration of the Caliph unity by the year 1012, results on a transition to a new political-administrative type, the Taifa - reigns. The Badajoz Taifa wasthestablished as one of the most powerful reigns of the 11 century. The Aftacid principality comprehended the northwest military district extending their authority to Coimbra, Santarem, Lisbon, Sintra, Évora, Alcacer do Sal and Beja. Since the 10th century Évora maintained a socio-political contact with Badajoz and became the second more important city in the Aftacid reign. This economic growth took advantage of Évora’s place and its economic ease with Badajoz. Évora is now a central site in the most important trade route of the reign between Badajoz and two port cities; Lisbon and Alcácer do Sal. The interest on the ports prosperity and its importance in the maritime domain of the main trade routes influences the economic way to East-West. Fig.3 The islamic household complex During the Almoravid period Évora was politically controlled by Sidrāy Ibn Wazīr, a warlord. His path in the Almoravid military hierarchy conferred him rank and control over a strategic territory. The territorial disintegration caused the emergence of a mystique sufí, Ibn Qasī, who in 1144 founded the first independent anti-Almoravid reign in Mértola. In the beginning Ibn Wazīr adhered to Ibn Qasī muridine The statute change in the 11th century that made Évora the second most important city in the Badajoz’s Taifa, led to the city’s control over an economic area that included Alcácer do Sal as its dependent. It is important to remember that Muhammad b.’ Abd Allāh, al – Muzaffar “(…) left there his son al-Mansûr” (Rei, 2005: 24), choosing his first-born son to govern Évora among all the cities in the reign. The death of his father led the “lord” of Évora to the throne. This caused a rebellion in his brother Umar b. Muhammad al – Mutawakkil because of his intentions in the Aftacid reign. Muhammad al – Mutawakkil took the position as Évora’s governor aiming to be the king of all the Badajoz’s territories. The fight between these two brothers for the throne started a new era in Évora´s history. We think that the city tended to individualize as an autonomous political space during three or four years as al-Mansûr was the king in Badajoz. As evidence for this there are coins with the name al– Mutawakkil and a cultural splendor confirmed by the court where poets, musicians and artists pleased their lord. Al-Mansūr’s premature death coincides with al-Mutawakkil’s wishes. His power is legitimized as king of Aftacid taifa and all the territory was unified. The political deterioration and the military debility among the Taifa reigns benefited the Christian progress and it was the leitmotiv to the rise of another political order in the Gharb in 1086: the Almoravid. Fig.4 Unglazed Ceramics COMUNICAÇÃO movement, but then his wishes of power led them to a conflict that resulted in the independence of a new state, with Évora as the capital. Different cities (Beja, Silves and Mértola) which belonged to Ibn Qasī, were then absorbed and gave place to a big reign. Évora had a short life as capital because the potentate submitted to a new Maghreb dynasty, the Almohad. However, Ibn Wazīr did not leave the administrative framework of this region. He assumed himself as a representative of the Almohad sovereignty but his power was confined to Évora and Beja area. Later on he was appointed governor of Silves and devoid of any power in Évora, which was finally handed to the Almohad Mu’nis Ibn Yahyā al‘Arabī in 1151. 87 rim (Gomes e Gomes, 2003:44), of which piece fig.4- c is an example; and the short necked cooking pots with everted rim (Gomes e Gomes, 2003:44), that we can see in item fig.4 - e. Also connected to this aspect, mugs’ fig.4 – f, g, h shape and function also represents an inheritance of ancient pottery making traditions. The small size and the connection to the individual consumption of liquids are clearly relatable to the habits of the Visigoth civilization (Alba e Gutiérrez, 2008:589). The bowls retrieved during the excavation fig.4 i and j also convey information related to the eating habits of the Visigoth society. Their small size gives us data about the individualization of food at the table, reflecting cultural and social attitudes that were different from the islamic civilization, as we will see later in the text. The political instability felt in the Gharb al-Andaluz and the rising pressure by the Portuguese reign from the north led to the Christian conquer of Évora in 1165 by Geraldo Sem Pavor (No Fear). This was also part of a tactic plan to conquer all the military places around Badajoz. These functional items display what we can call a simple decoration, since only one bowl (fig.4 - k) displays fingershaped decoration over the rim, which reflects a sober decorative grammar of Visigoth origin (Alba e Gutiérrez, 2008:589). ARCHAEOLOGICAL SETTING As far as dating these assemblages is concerned, typological analyses of similar styles and shapes from Silves (Gomes, 1995; Gomes e Gomes, 2003) and Mérida (Alba e Feijoo, 2001; Alba e Feijoo, 2001ª; Alba e Gutiérrez, 2008) support a reasonable chronological data regarding the 6th to 9th century’s. These ceramics constitute the most extraordinary examples of these historical periods in Évora. In reality, until now, the archaeological documentation just underlines it with stone examples from the Visigothic period. On the other hand, we deal with a gap of references to those periods which needs an adequate historical and cultural explanation. This archaeological intervention took place in the area of the Évora Municipal Museum in 1996 and 1997 and was headed by Arkhaios Company, in association with Theodor Haushild and Félix Teichner. It unveilled important data about the occupation of the historic center. Regarding the Islamic occupation, it was possible to identify two constructive moments. The first one had an unreadable plant consisting only of the chronological report through the pottery evidences related with the early islamic period. The second constructive moment is related with the centuries right before the Christian conquer of Évora in 1165. There, the identified elements reflect three houses included in a housing complex: the Islamic neighborhood (fig.3) (Filipe, 2013: 923-929). The characterization and interpretation of the archaeological material was vital to understand the site’s organization. Around 115 ceramic fragments were identified and will be shown below. CERAMIC´S INTERPRETATION The oldest ceramic productions correspond to unglazed ceramics reflecting a shoddy production; many “no plastic parts”, ceramic paste baked in a reduction atmosphere and shaped in a slow potter’s wheel. The preserved pieces consist mostly of closed containers used to cook, such as cooking pots (fig.4 – a, b, c, d, e), and to serve liquids at the table, like mugs (fig.4 – f, g, h). In this perspective, the survival of late roman shapes reflects the continuity of local shapes during the first period of islamic settling in Évora. These include the “S” shaped cooking pots with marked necks (Alba e Gutiérrez, 2008:586) such as items fig.4 – i, j, and k ; the high necked pots with slightly everted The material remains in study give us multiple observation possibilities. Firstly, the technological features mentioned above such as the under-refined ceramic pastes, shaped in a slow potter’s wheel and baked in low temperatures, are evidence of a local or regional production. The survival of productive processes and the continuity of the Visigoth objects’ shapes and functions are indicative of an economy that was based in self-sufficiency, a feature that was probably related to the political, social and economic instability lived during the first centuries of islamic settling in the territory, in the 8th and 9th centuries. The presence of materials with a local cultural background indicate the acceptance by the muslim conquerors of certain shapes that represented the functional and aesthetic needs of the local society. We can say that Islam’s cultural impact in Évora was different than in other cities, like Silves, where the consumption of containers based on the local tradition was accompanied by artifacts imported from the Middle East (Gomes, 2002:511). Therefore, the muslim artistic influences were rather late in arriving to Évora. The political, military and social environment of Beja at the time determined the presence 88 Fig.5 Unglazed Ceramics AS CERÂMICAS NO SEU CONTEXTO - POTTERY WITHIN ITS CONTEXT COMUNICAÇÃO of arabic military armies, natural promoters of the muslim culture, which contributed to this cultural and artistic “delay” and motivated Évora’s society to be autonomous and to own their production means. The consequence of this was that the political and/or military forces present in Évora probably used and adopted the local material culture and art set, allowing the existing material and aesthetic orders to survive. This phenomenon inserts Évora in a reality with an indigenous basis, where the local consumption of a seemingly homogeneous production suggests that the trade and diffusion of the ceramic productions and made through regional circuits. This argument finds proof in the self-sufficient late-roman cultural inheritance that we mentioned before. 89 The creative process that led to the implementation of Islamic shapes, functions and icons in Évora’s ceramic clearly took place in the 10th century. The collection in study reflects an evolution and/or change in the shape of the object. This phenomenon is indicative of the process of islamization and acculturation of the indigenous communities, that are now demanding that the potter adapt the common wear container to the islamic taste. Motivated by social and cultural principles, the response to the market’s demands stimulates the production of more delicate and varied ceramic shapes that are also bigger and more adequate to the new eating habits. The ceramic objects from the emiral period demonstrate some individual acts during the meals, but the 10th century Fig.6 - Glazed Pottery: “Corda Seca Parcial”, “Corda Seca Total” and “Verde e Manganês” 90 AS CERÂMICAS NO SEU CONTEXTO - POTTERY WITHIN ITS CONTEXT table ware translates a well-established change to the habit of taking foods directly from collective containers put on the table (Macias e Torres, 1998:57-58). The decoration of the ceramic pieces and the diversity of decorative motifs also points to the introduction of new aesthetic and cultural patterns. By the 11th century, the characteristic islamic technical and stylistic contributions are already an integral part of the ceramic repertoire. This reality created broad time gaps that now allow for the chronological identification of ceramic items, especially when the site’s stratigraphy doesn’t provide an answer for some difficulties, as it happens in this case. Therefore, in order to make a more coherent interpretation of the ceramic set in study, we will develop our reflection based on two historical periods: the caliphate and the taifas period. Based on this, we can ascertain that the diversity in the 10th and 11th centuries unglazed ware means that there are more pieces from this period than any other. The different shapes that existed are represented by different types of bowls (fig.5 - a); mugs (fig.5 – b to h); pitchers (fig.5 - i); bottles (fig.5 - j); cooking pots (fig.5 -k to s); frying pans (fig.5 - t) and water pots (fig.5 - u, v). Several assembling techniques usually accredited to the 10th and 11th centuries point to a development in the islamic pottery making activity, such as the use of a fast potter’s wheel, the presence of several types of baking and the use of different coatings on the pieces. At the same time, we no longer find ceramic assembled in slow potter’s wheels, but we observe the presence of pieces baked in three different types of environment. The pieces baked in oxidant atmosphere prevail in our set (14 fragments), followed by those baked in reduction atmosphere and cooled down in oxidant atmosphere (6 fragments) and those baked and cooled down in oxidant atmosphere (3 fragments). As for the surface coatings, there are some examples of beige or red glaze in some items from this period, a coating technique which we didn’t find in pieces from previous time periods. There is no doubt that the production strategy suggests a more elaborate preparation and baking of the pieces, which represents a clear evolution in the 10th and 11th centuries productions, especially when compared to the few known techniques from the previous two centuries. Highly common on domestic unglazed ceramics were the originality of the decorative motifs such as signs and symbols of the islamic world painted in white, red or black on the surface of the vessels (Grabar, 2000:87). Those decorative techniques derived from those produced in the 8th and 9th century and are not an innovation from the Caliphate or Taifas periods (Goméz Martinez, 2004:554 e 563). Évora´s unglazed wares from the 10th and 11th century have been shown to change in design or form over the time with a variety of interesting cultural and technical similarities with influences from the wider Islamic world. Fig.7 Islamic Pottery in a Christian Realm Is thereany evidence pointing to the provenance of unglazed wares? This research question leads towards a better understanding of Évora as a city; its culture, economy, perhaps even a local industry. There is significant indirect evidence of a local production in the shape, the clay and technology of unglazed sherds discovered at the site. However, the comparison of wares found at different archaeological locations with pottery industries such as Lisbon, Mértola, Silves and Badajoz, provides an initial step in this direction (Bugalhão et alii, 2003; Goméz Martínez, 2004; Gomes, 2002, 2011; Valdés Fernandéz, 1985). So it is not outside the bounds of reason to assume that unglazed ware production would have easily fit into Évora’s industrious, economic-minded society. However, not all the unglazed ware would be produced locally, as is exemplified by the bottle sherd M/97/776: 216, with a red toned clay core suggestinga production from the south of Portugal (Gómez Martinez, 2004: 667) or Lisbon (Bugalhão et alii, 2003: 112), reporting the trade on a medium scale. The appearance of glazed pottery in Évora happened during a time of significant political developments in Évora. First, there was the rise of emphasised self-importance of the Caliphate around the mid-10th century, followed by the early 11th century appointment of Badajoz dinasty in Évora (king of Évora al-Mutawakkil). It is not possible to come to any firm conclusions about how pottery may have played a role in this, but culture serves to articulate social belonging 91 COMUNICAÇÃO and identification. The use of such ceramics and islamic traditions may have served to reinforce the link between the provincial cities and the more powerful centres of power. that appreciated the aesthetic and uniqueness of Islamic art and technique - as we can observe in the set assigned to the 12th and 13th century. Glazed wares comprise a small proportion of ceramic assemblages within the whole set during the Islamic period in question, but can be found in large amounts in some urban areas where active production or high consumption existed, such as Lisbon, Silves and Mértola. The oldest islamic pottery industries documented in Evora were at Porta Nova,: “(...) a porta noua hu chamam as olarias (…)” (Chancelarias, 1984:267) which properties and taxes were levied by the Portuguese Crown. The same written source also provides references to the Moorish craftsmen installation in a shed outside of the lagoon and an oven of tiles in the Chão Domingueiros. In the year 1392 the Albergaria do Corpo de Deus had some houses “on the street which runs from Saint Antoninho to the pottery to the new door” (Moniz, 1967: 7). Glazed bichrome ceramics identified on the site with clear tones on the inside of the vessels indicate andalus provenances such as Málaga, Sevilha e Almeria (Bernus-Taylor, 2000:63). The glazed bichrome wares in green and brown were popular colours for glazed tablewares in the 10th and 11th century, sometimes displaying different shades on the inside and outside of the vessel. The glazed shreds found on the site unvail a probable provenance from La Puerta del Pilar in Badajoz (Valdés Fernandéz, 1985), Córdoba, Madinat alZahra, and Valência (Gisbert, 2000). These data are also demonstrative of a potter muslim tradition that lingers in Évora until the reign of King Manuel (16th century) (Barros, 2007: 65). Glazed wares using the cuerda seca total or partial technique point to provenances from Málaga, Almeria, Toledo, Múrcia and Valência (Bernus-Taylor, 2000:63; Déléry, 2003:193194). Lisboa, INIC/Centro de Estudos Históricos da UNL, 1984., Doc. [505], p.p. 267 Glazed ceramics are found at the site of Évora´s Museum dating from at least the early 10th century to the late 12th century. They provides further evidence for the strong connections between Évora and the al-Andalus. Trade routes criss-crossed this region, leading into Badajoz from the east, across a large territory into the maritime portsof Lisbon and Alcácer do Sal. Glazed pottery, having risen to a certain prominence in Lisbon and Badajoz, where it was produced within certain ‘accepted’ stylistic schools and widely traded, was probably imported intomany inner regions from Évora. The originality and uniqueness of Islamic art will endure in the medieval ceramic repertoire beyond the 12th and 13th centuries. After the Christian conquest in 1165, the city of Évora became a christian strategic point in the centre of the Almohad reign. exerting a regional economic predominance, as the city’s economic activities developed and benefited not only the Christian populations, which traditionally enjoyed of all innovations in the Islamic world, but also favored Muslims who made commercial transactions beyond borders (Torres, 1992: 435). Évora became the main center to where all the andalus arrived. 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