The typology of philosophical problems

Journal of Humanities and Social Studies, 2016

The aim of this paper is to examine the nature, scope and importance of philosophy in the light of its relation to other disciplines. This work pays its focus on the various fundamental problems of philosophy, relating to Ethics, Metaphysics, Epistemology Logic, and its association with scientific realism. It will also highlight the various facets of these problems and the role of philosophers to point out the various issues relating to human issues. It is widely agreed that philosophy as a multi-dimensional subject that shows affinity to others branches of philosophy like, Philosophy of Science, Humanities, Physics and Mathematics, but this paper also seeks, a philosophical nature towards the universal problems of nature. It evaluates the contribution and sacrifices of the great sages of philosophers to promote the clarity and progress in the field of philosophy.

The word 'Philosophy' involves two Greek words -Philo meaning love and Sophia meaning knowledge. Thus literally speaking, philosophy means love of wisdom. Man is a rational animal. Desire for knowledge arises from this rational nature of man. Philosophy is an attempt to satisfy this very reasonable desire. Philosophy signifies a natural and necessary urge in human-beings to know themselves and world in which they live, move and have their being. It is impossible for man to live without a philosophy. The choice is not 'between metaphysic and no metaphysic ; it is between a good metaphysic and a bad metaphysic'.

Krispolis, 2020

I belong to a group of academics offering our work for FREE downlaod as commercial publishers charge too much for books. https://www.academia.edu/31099506/_Meta-philosophy_Where_to_begin_Philosophy If you wish to think/write about many dimensional things like the‭ ‘‬world‭’‬,‭ ‬persons,‭ ‬consciousness,‭ ‬human thinking etc,‭ ‬you should at least think multi-dimensional and many levelled. Questioning the purpose,‭ ‬the subject-matter and the methodology,‭ ‬methods of the discipline. I have already dealt in detail about the disappearance of different subject from the philosophical discourse with the differentiation of other disciplines, as well as the involvement in philosophy in inter-disciplinary areas such as cognitive sciences, the creation of experimental philosophy and the philosophies of other discourses, eg art, religion, science, mathematics, sport and every subject possible. Philosophy has/is often interpreted as consisting of logic, which in has its own discourse, while other aspects or forms of logic really form part of mathematics. The doing of philosophy as the doing of (usually informal) logic is in some way related to this belief. As far as the method of philosophy goes, it is always seen as employing arguments, argumentation and reasoning. But all kinds of writing and talking employ arguments, argumentation, reasoning and informal logic – not just philosophy. I conclude with a discussion from theoretical physics (in the past associated with the philosophical discourse) that provides us with ontologies as philosophy used to do. Against that background I present articles on the multiverse, more conventional articles on our universe, our world, our physical reality and the origins of life. I think these are some of the many things that it is necessary that philosophy should take note of and consequently question itself, its aims, objectives, subject-matter and methodologies. We might then have something different than one-levelled and one-dimensional thinking and more many layered and levelled and multi-dimensional thinking. Is this not how our consciousness functions? On many levels, layers and dimensions simultaneously? So should this not be the manner in which we conceive of ‘it’, its nature and functioning? We, philosophy, should at least be thinking ( instead of individual concepts, or statements, linear thinking - we should simultaneously think on many layers, on many levels and in several dimensions) in terms of 3D, for example 3D scatter plots .By this I mean the many different aspects of the person (mentally and physically, socially, culturally, as well as our environment, planetary and universe context should be included in every concept we employ; each concept should therefore be at least like a 3D scatter plot image, including all these levels and information)

Open Journal of Philosophy, vol. 9(4), pp. 452-469, 2019

A framework is developed for understanding what is “taken for granted” both in philosophy and in life generally, which may serve to orient philosophical inquiry and make it more effective. The framework takes in language and its development, as well as mathematics, logic, and the empirical sphere with particular reference to the exigencies of life. It is evaluated through consideration of seven philosophical issues concerned with such topics as solipsism, sense data as the route to knowledge, the possible reduction of geometry to logic, and the existence and status of human rights. Various dichotomies and the notion of continuity are evidently highly strategic.

transcultural studies, 2016

In this volume, scholars in the human sciences from different countries examine the meaning of philosophical knowledge today. The answer to the question of what is philosophical knowledge is not self-evident because of different cultural traditions in which national philosophies are situated. Thus philosophical knowledge can be understood as knowledge of history of philosophy, or of philosophical systems, schools and methodologies; or it can be seen as the ability to solve philosophical problems. Sometimes philosophical investigations affect not philosophy alone, but extend to other disciplines. One significant fact is that the problem of philosophical knowledge is not restricted to the theory of philosophy, but reflects the situation in philosophy itself, as well as the status of philosophy among other human sciences and its social prestige in general. Whether we still need philosophy today, in the period of total austerity, will depend upon what criteria we use to define the image of philosophy and its knowledge. On the other hand, the concerns about philosophy today – diagnosed in the present volume – are not merely intra-disciplinary; they are decisive for social outcomes in the world of today. These social outcomes – for educational curricula, for the position of women and minorities, for the political process and the formation of civil society – are the focus of the papers in this issue. In its totality, the issue offers an overview of the contemporary situation in philosophy in different countries in the ‘new’ Europe, which allows reflection about the differences and general tendencies in its development.

I lay out the general contours of the argument here, emphasizing, perhaps surprisingly, what I take to be the ethical significance of the book What is Philosophy? and philosophy more generally. I set the stage for a critique of analytic philosophy in later chapters.

Dunedin Academic Press Ltd

What Philosophy is About What is philosophy? In a sense, we all can answer that question, as philosophy is meant for everyone. We may make of it as little or as much as we please. But the more we make of philosophy, the more seriously we must take it. This book is for those who want to take a serious look at philosophy without necessarily becoming serious philosophers. It will particularly interest young people and adults who want to understand the basics of philosophy and get a gist of what the well-known philosophers were saying. It provides an overview which will hopefully give beginners the confidence to take their study of philosophy further. They may discover areas of special interest to them, be inspired to read the works of the great philosophers, or to consult, for instance, online resources such as the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy and Wikipedia without being bemused by the choice and range of material available. Philosophy ought to appeal to all of us because it comes from our sense of wonder about the universe and our place in it. As a species, we are naturally curious about everything, and we desire to know and understand things. As individuals, we want to be wise rather than plain ignorant. Hence the word ‘philosophy’ means ‘love of wisdom’ in Greek. It originally covered all intellectual pursuits. Everyone earnestly seeking knowledge and understanding was called a philosopher. Whenever we think deeply and consistently about our ideas, concepts, principles, theories, morals, or ways of living, we are doing philosophy. How do we know what we know? What is it to be a good person? What is art? Is an electron a real or imaginary object? Is religion fantasy or reality? These are all philosophical questions, and in considering them, we are philosophers of some type or other, as listed below. Every human activity has its ‘philosophy’. We can have a philosophy of how to run a business, of playing golf, shopping, eating carefully, or whatever. It becomes a philosophy when we think seriously about it and have our reasons for doing what we do. We philosophise about it when we examine what the activity involves and how it relates to other activities similar to or different from it. Philosophy is therefore the ultimate thinking activity. It reflects what is most distinctive about us as a species, namely, our ability to think abstractly about things. Once we humans give up thinking and questioning everything, we are indeed a doomed species. Any attempt to narrow its scope threatens our freedom to think about things from new, different and unaccustomed perspectives. But that is the general view of philosophy. There is also the academic study of philosophy which has developed in western culture as a distinct subject.