The Moral Case for Free Trade
Robert McGeevisibility
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The vast majority of the books and articles that have been written over the past few centuries about trade policy in general and protectionism in particular have been written from a utilitarian perspective. Indeed, it would only be a slight overstatement to say that the only works written about protectionism have been written from a utilitarian perspective. The reason for this fact is that most analyses on protectionism are written either by economists or by people who adopt the ideas of economists to support their positions. And economists tend to be utilitarians. Those who have political agendas will tend to incorporate only those sources that support their own view and ignore or downplay opposing views, but even biased commentators use utilitarian arguments to support their positions. This paper takes a distinctly different approach. Rather than starting from a utilitarian premise, it begins from the premise that conduct that violates human rights is improper, then examines whether protectionism violates human rights. Part II presents an overview of the utilitarian approach to the examination of protectionism. Part III points out the deficiencies in the utilitarian approach and offers an alternative approach based on property, contract and association rights. The author concludes that the only trade policy that does not violate human rights is a policy of total, immediate and unilateral free trade. An extensive bibliography with links to more than 100 trade articles is also included.
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A note on the ethics of free trade
Arguments against free trade are often couched in ethical terms. They usually describe the plight of those who lose from free trade, but seldom consider the costs of protectionism. This essay examines free trade from the perspective of several important ethical theories and concludes that free trade is consistent with each of them.
Trade and Human Rights
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The use, or threat of use, of trade policy instruments to ensure that human rights are respected by governments of partner countries is not new. Its latest and controversial manifestation is the proposal for the inclusion of a so-called social clause in the mandate of the World Trade Organization (WTO) that would condition access of a member to markets of other members on that member's ensuring that certain 'core' labour standards prevail in its economy. The proposal is ostensibly based on a sweeping claim of universality and eternity for a particular set of 'core' labour standards, viz. freedom of association, the right to organize and bargain collectively, freedom from forced labour, and a minimum age for employment of children. The paper analyzes the moral, philosophical and economic arguments for and against linking trade and human rights. It finds that while claims of universals of labour standards are overblown, addressing the legitimate concerns that citizens of one country may have about what they deem 'poor' conditions of work or 'exploitation' of children by parents or employers in other countries are better does not require the use of trade sanctions. The fact that the proposal for a social clause is being pushed by major developed countries when labour-intensive imports from developing countries are penetrating their markets suggests that protectionist interests have captured the drive for labour standards. The paper concludes with a discussion of the role of multilateral institutions in improving labour standards.
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International Economic Law: Is There Any Tension Between the Trade Regime and Human Rights?
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It is well-known that being efficiency-oriented and utilitarian, the International Economic Law focuses on the market itself, while the human rights should protect the individual within the global economy. During the first part of the XXth century, human rights experts and their trade policy counterparts ignored each other. There was no interest about how international trade policy could affect protection
Re-thinking trade and human rights
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The last decade has seen the development of a burgeoning literature on the relationship between international trade and the protection of human rights, driven in part by a series of influential reports produced by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. Some human rights commentators have been heavily critical of the trade regime, pointing to a variety of ways in which obligations under international trade law purportedly undermine the ability of governments to fulfil their human rights obligations. Others see the potential for strong synergies between the two regimes, and argue that international trade can be a powerful force for raising global standards of human rights protection.
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This paper examines the various arguments that have been put forth in favor of protectionism, from both an accounting and philosophical perspective. The author concludes that arguments against free trade are based on faulty premises, illogical reasoning or incorrect facts. Part 2.
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International Trade and Human Rights: An Unfinished Debate
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Minimal Ethical and Legal Absolutes in Foreign Trade
Foreign trade is an area about which much has been written. The majority of economists, going back to Adam Smith, have generally concluded that trade is good, and that it should be free and unhampered, at least most of the time. The reasoning behind their conclusion is almost always utilitarian-based. Free and unrestricted trade is good because the majority benefits, or because the gains from trade exceed the losses. In economic terms, one would say that trade is a positive-sum game. Economists-or more likely, politicians-who say that trade should be restricted generally try to make a special case for some special interest that has come to the legislature seeking protection. The approach in this chapter is distinctively different from what one would find in a standard economics textbook. While utilitarian approaches will be used to illustrate various points, the flaws inherent in any utilitarian approach are many. In fact, utilitarian arguments will be shown to be fatally flawed. Ethical arguments based on utilitarian approaches will be shown to be inferior to a rights approach. I will show that trade protectionism, in any form, must necessarily violate individual rights. I will also attempt to fill a gap in the trade literature which, until now, has almost always failed to view trade from the perspective of individual rights. A bibliography with links to more than 100 articles on international trade is also included.
The Moral Case for Free Trade
Robert W. McGee
Fayetteville State University
https://ssrn.com/author=2139
WORKING PAPER
October 25, 2016
ABSTRACT
The vast majority of the books and articles that have been written over the
past few centuries about trade policy in general and protectionism in particular have
been written from a utilitarian perspective. Indeed, it would only be a slight
overstatement to say that the only works written about protectionism have been
written from a utilitarian perspective. The reason for this fact is that most analyses on
protectionism are written either by economists or by people who adopt the ideas of
economists to support their positions. And economists tend to be utilitarians. Those
who have political agendas will tend to incorporate only those sources that support
their own view and ignore or downplay opposing views, but even biased
commentators use utilitarian arguments to support their positions.
This paper takes a distinctly different approach. Rather than starting from a
utilitarian premise, it begins from the premise that conduct that violates human rights
is improper, then examines whether protectionism violates human rights. Part II
presents an overview of the utilitarian approach to the examination of protectionism.
Part III points out the deficiencies in the utilitarian approach and offers an alternative
approach based on property, contract and association rights. The author concludes
that the only trade policy that does not violate human rights is a policy of total,
immediate and unilateral free trade.
An extensive bibliography with links to more than 100 trade articles is also
included.
Key Words: utilitarianism, rights, protectionism, property rights, contract rights,
association rights, ethics, trade, bibliography
JEL: F1, F13, F6, D63, D72, D86, F52, L52, O24, O51, P14
An earlier version of this paper appeared in Journal of World Trade 29(1): 69-76
(1995). The full paper may be downloaded at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2859183
BIO
Robert W. McGee is an accounting professor and best-selling novelist who has
published 58 nonfiction books and more than 700 scholarly articles. He is an attorney
1
The Moral Case for Free Trade
and CPA who has lectured or worked in more than 30 countries, and has earned 13
doctorates from universities in the United States and four European countries. The
Social Science Research Network has ranked him as high as #2 in the world All-Time
among accounting professors and #30 in the world All-Time among all social
scientists. Various studies have ranked him #1 in the world for both business ethics
and accounting ethics scholarship. He has won 19 gold medals in Taekwondo
National Championship tournaments (USA), 6 first places in Karate National
Championship tournaments (USA), and 4 silver and 2 bronze medals in Martial Arts
World Championship tournaments. He has been ranked as high as #2 in the world in
taekwondo and #4 in karate. He spends most of his time in Fayetteville, North
Carolina, Southeast Asia and Europe. Information about his novels can be found at
http://robertwmcgee.com. Some of his scholarly papers may be found at
http://ssrn.com/author=2139.
TRADE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Baumanis, Leilani O. and Robert W. McGee. 2009. The Economic, Ethical and
Cultural Effects of International Outsourcing, in Readings in Business Ethics.
Hyderabad, India: ICFAI University Press, pp. 77-91.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1078023
Block, Walter, Robert W. McGee and Kristi Spissinger. 1999. No Policy Is Good
Policy: A Radical Proposal for U.S. Industrial Policy, Glendale Law Review
17(1): 47-58. http://ssrn.com/abstract=115075
Block, Walter, Robert W. McGee and Yeomin Yoon. 2002. Rethinking the
Antidumping Laws and Policies with Reference to East Asian Trading
Partners of the U.S. (China, Japan and Korea). International Trade & Finance
Association, held in conjunction with the Allied Social Science Association
(ASSA) Annual Meeting, Atlanta, January. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2858442
Desai, Renu and Robert W. McGee. 2010. Is Outsourced Data Secure? The CPA
Journal 80(1): 56-59, January. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2858460
Desai, Renu and Robert W. McGee. 2010. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act: Deterrent or Aid
to Finance and Accounting Outsourcing? Currents: International Trade Law
Journal, Summer, 18(2), 22-29. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1517223
McGee, Robert W. 1989. "The Trade Deficit Mentality: An Accounting and
Philosophical Analysis," The Mid-Atlantic Journal of Business 25(6): 67-81.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2848069
McGee, Robert W. 1989. "The Protectionist Mentality: An Accounting and
Philosophical Analysis -- Part I," The Mid-Atlantic Journal of Business 25(7):
63-83. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2848052
McGee, Robert W. 1989. The Protectionist Mentality: An Accounting and
Philosophical Analysis -- Part II, The Mid-Atlantic Journal of Business 26(1):
81-104. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2848087
2
The Moral Case for Free Trade
McGee, Robert W. 1990. The Trade Policy of a Free Society, Capital University Law
Review 19(2): 301-41. Reprinted in Prace Z Zakresu Ekonomii Politycznej I
Historii Mysli Ekonomicznej (Works on Political Economy and the History of
Economic Thought), Akademia Ekonomiczna W Krakowie Zeszyty Naukowe
Nr. 389 (Cracow Academy of Economics Scientific Book Number 389),
Cracow, Poland: Cracow Academy of Economics, 1992, pp. 87-127.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2848054
McGee, Robert W. 1990. The Cost of Protectionism, The Asian Economic Review
32(3): 347-64. For a different paper on the same topic, see
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2858509
McGee, Robert W. 1991. The Trade Policy of the Free Society, Cracow Academy of
Economics, Poland, April. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2848054
McGee, Robert W. 1992. Trade Deficits and Economic Policy: A Law and Economics
Analysis, Journal of Law and Commerce 11(2): 159-174.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2859145
McGee, Robert W. 1992. How Free Should Trade Be? Rector's Lectures No. 10,
Cracow Academy of Economics (Poland), 25 pages.
McGee, Robert W. 1992. The Trade Policy of a Free Society," in Prace Z Zakresu
Ekonomii Politycznej I Historii Mysli Ekonomicznej (Works on Political
Economy and the History of Economic Thought), Akademia Ekonomiczna W
Krakowie Zeszyty Naukowe Nr. 389 (Cracow Academy of Economics
Scientific Book Number 389), Cracow, Poland: Cracow Academy of
Economics, pp. 87-127. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2848054
McGee, Robert W. 1993. The Case to Repeal the Antidumping Laws, Northwestern
Journal of International Law & Business 13(3): 491-562.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2858524
McGee, Robert W. 1993. The Cost of Protectionism: Should the Law Favor Producers
or Consumers? Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law
23(3): 529-57. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2858509
McGee, Robert W. 1993. An Economic Analysis of Protectionism in the United
States with Implications for International Trade in Europe, The George
Washington Journal of International Law and Economics 26(3): 539-573.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2858365
McGee, Robert W. and Yuhua An. 1994. The Development and Performance of
American Antidumping Laws, Customs Study Conference, University of
International Business and Economics, Beijing, China, June. In Chinese.
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 1994. Technical Flaws in the Application of
the U.S. Antidumping Laws: The Experience of U.S.-Korean Trade,
University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Business Law 15(2): 259297. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2858550
3
The Moral Case for Free Trade
McGee, Robert W. 1994. Business in the Global Community, The Freeman 44(7):
377-379. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2858395
McGee, Robert W. 1994. A Trade Policy for Free Societies: The Case Against
Protectionism, Quorum Books.
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 1994. Trade Policy for the Computer Industry:
Time for a Change, Temple International and Comparative Law Journal 8(2):
219-256. http://ssrn.com/abstract=91270
McGee, Robert W. 1994. U.S. Trade Policy Toward Malaysia and Thailand: Recent
Case Studies, ASEAN-US Relations Symposium, University of Central
Oklahoma, November 2. http://ssrn.com/abstract=91189
McGee, Robert W. 1994. U.S. Trade Policy Toward Malaysia and Thailand: Recent
Case Studies, Western Pacific Journal 4: 40-61.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=91189
McGee, Robert W. 1994. The Fatal Flaw in NAFTA, GATT and All Other Trade
Agreements, Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business 14(3):
549-565. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2348720
McGee, Robert W. and Walter Block. 1995. Initiating Antidumping Actions: Some
Ethical Issues," Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Eastern Economic
Association, New York City, March.
McGee, Robert W. and Walter Block. 1995. Must Protectionism Always Violate
Rights? Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Eastern Economic Association,
New York City, March.
McGee, Robert W. 1995. The Moral Case for Free Trade, Journal of World Trade
29(1): 69-76. A revised version of this article is published at
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2859183
McGee, Robert W. 1995. Antidumping Laws in the Twenty-First Century, Conference
Proceedings, Fifth International Conference of the International Trade and
Finance Association, San Jose, Costa Rica, May. Published in Khosrow
Fatemi and Susan E.W. Nichols, editors, International Business in the 21st
Century, Volume I, International Trade. (Laredo, TX: International Trade and
Finance Association, 1995), 37-47.
McGee, Robert W. 1995. Recent Antidumping Cases Involving the People's Republic
of China, Proceedings, Fifth Asian Business and Economics Conference,
Economic Trends and Accounting Practice in Asia, edited by Ibrahim Badawi
and Edward B. Flowers, St. John's University, New York City, November 4,
pp. 125-130.
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 1995. Trade Protectionism of the United
States Toward Japan and Korea, International Journal of Korean Studies 2:
45-74. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2859301
4
The Moral Case for Free Trade
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 1995. Recent Antidumping Cases Involving
Korea in the United States Domestic Market," Korea's Turn to Globalization
and Korea-U.S. Economic Cooperation, conference co-sponsored by the
International Society for Korean Studies in the Americas and Seton Hall
University, Short Hills, New Jersey, July 28-29. Published by the Division of
Research, W. Paul Stillman School of Business, Seton Hall University, pp.
73-86. Book Chapter.
McGee, Robert W. 1996. Application of the Antidumping Laws in Latin America: A
Review of Recent Case Studies and Prospects for the Future," Sixth Business
and Economics Conference, St. John's University, October 18-19.
McGee, Robert W. 1996. U.S. Trade Policy Toward the People's Republic of China:
Some Thoughts and Suggestions, Policy Analysis No. 4, The Dumont Institute
for Public Policy Research, July. 13 pages. http://ssrn.com/abstract=39260
McGee, Robert W. 1996. Protectionism and Morality, Policy Analysis No. 5, The
Dumont Institute for Public Policy Research, July. 18 pages.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=79474
McGee, Robert W. 1996. Why Trade Deficits Don't Matter, Policy Analysis No. 6,
The Dumont Institute for Public Policy Research, July. 18 pages.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2138 Also see http://ssrn.com/abstract=2859145
McGee, Robert W. 1996. Applying the Antidumping Laws to the PRC: An
Examination of Recent Case Studies," 1996 Silver Anniversary Meeting of the
Association for Asian Studies, Mid-Atlantic Region, held at Seton Hall
University, South Orange, New Jersey, October 25-27.
McGee, Robert W. 1996. Should the Law Favor Consumers or Producers? A Look at
the Effects of Protectionist Trade Policies, Policy Analysis No. 7, The Dumont
Institute for Public Policy Research, July. 36 pages.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=98348
McGee, Robert W. 1996. The Philosophy of Trade Protectionism, Its Costs and Its
Implications, Policy Analysis No. 10, The Dumont Institute for Public Policy
Research, July. 43 pages. http://ssrn.com/abstract=91369
McGee, Robert W. 1996. Antidumping Laws: A Bright Future for a Bad Idea, Policy
Analysis No. 12, The Dumont Institute for Public Policy Research, July. 13
pages. http://ssrn.com/abstract=73991
McGee, Robert W. 1996. Antidumping Laws as Protectionist Trade Barriers: The
Case for Repeal, Policy Analysis No. 14, The Dumont Institute for Public
Policy Research, July. 88 pages. http://ssrn.com/abstract=91268
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 1996. Trade Policy in the Computer Industry:
Suggestions for Change, Policy Analysis No. 15, The Dumont Institute for
Public Policy Research, July. http://ssrn.com/abstract=91270
5
The Moral Case for Free Trade
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 1996. A Discussion of Protectionist Trade
Policies in the USA, Japan and Korea, Policy Analysis No. 16, The Dumont
Institute for Public Policy Research, July. http://ssrn.com/abstract=91308
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 1996. Some Recent U.S. Antidumping Cases
Against Korea, Policy Analysis No. 17, The Dumont Institute for Public
Policy Research, July. http://ssrn.com/abstract=91288
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 1996. Do We Need Protectionism From
Imports? A Reply to Alan Tonelson, Policy Analysis No. 18, The Dumont
Institute for Public Policy Research, July. http://ssrn.com/abstract=91228
McGee, Robert W. 1996. Some Recent Studies on the Application of the U.S.
Antidumping Laws Toward Malaysia and Thailand, Policy Analysis No. 23,
The Dumont Institute for Public Policy Research, July.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=91189
McGee, Robert W. 1996. The Forgotten Issue in Trade Talks, Competitiveness
Review 6(1): 30-32.
McGee, Robert W. 1996. Some Thoughts on Antidumping Laws: Utilitarianism,
Human Rights and the Case for Repeal, European Business Review 96(5): 2733.
McGee, Robert W. 1996. Application of the Antidumping Laws to the People's
Republic of China: Nine Recent Case Studies, Policy Analysis No. 26, The
Dumont Institute for Public Policy Research, October.
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 1997. Recent Antidumping Cases Initiated by
the United States against the People's Republic of China," Twenty-Sixth
Annual Meeting of the Association for Asian Studies, Mid-Atlantic Region,
West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, October.
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 1997. Korea and the World Trade
Organization: Problems and Prospects," Proceedings of the Fifth International
Conference on Korean Studies, Vol. 3, pp. 59-69, International Society for
Korean Studies, Osaka, Japan, August.
McGee, Robert W. 1997. Application of the Antidumping Laws against Latin
American Countries: Six Case Studies and Prospects for the Future," 14th
Conference of the Business Association of Latin American Studies, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, April. Published in David Gertner, Paulo F. Bocater and
Ricardo P.C. Leal, editors, Regionalism and Globalization in Latin America:
A Contradiction? Proceedings of the Business Association of Latin American
Studies 14th Conference, Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro: Business Association
of Latin American Studies and Instituto de Administração e Gerência
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, 1997), Volume I, 302310. Book Chapter.
McGee, Robert W. 1997. Some Ethical Issues for Accountants in Antidumping Trade
Cases: An Examination of Recent Case Studies with Emphasis on Latin
6
The Moral Case for Free Trade
America, 14th Conference of the Business Association of Latin American
Studies, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, April. Abstract published in David Gertner,
Paulo F. Bocater and Ricardo P.C. Leal, editors, Regionalism and
Globalization in Latin America: A Contradiction? Proceedings of the Business
Association of Latin American Studies 14th Conference, Rio de Janeiro (Rio
de Janeiro: Business Association of Latin American Studies and Instituto de
Administração e Gerência Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro,
1997), Volume II, 838. Abstract published in Financial Accounting Abstracts
WPS, Vol. 1, No. 2, February 10, 1997. Abstract published in International
Trade Abstracts WPS, Vol. 2, No. 14, May 23, 1997.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=15069
McGee, Robert W. 1997. The Violation of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
in the Area of Trade Regulation: An Examination of Some Recent Asian
Antidumping Cases Brought by the United States Commerce Department,
Fourth Annual Global Finance Conference, Montreal, Canada, May, 1997.
Abstract published in Global Finance Conference Yearbook, pp. 27-28.
McGee, Robert W. 1997. Accounting for Exchange Rate Fluctuations in Antidumping
Trade Cases: Ethics, the Absence of Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles and Some Suggestions for Change, Conference Proceedings,
International Business in the New Millennium, Seventh International
Conference of the International Trade and Finance Association, Porto,
Portugal, May, 1997. Published in Khosrow Fatemi, editor, International
Business in the New Millennium, Volume III: International Capital Markets
and Economic Integration (Laredo, TX: Texas A&M International University,
1997), 619-628. Book chapter.
McGee, Robert W. 1997. Some Ethical Issues for Accountants in Computing the Cost
of Production in Antidumping Trade Cases: An Examination of Recent Case
Studies with Emphasis on the People's Republic of China, Conference
Proceedings, International Business in the New Millennium, Seventh
International Conference of the International Trade and Finance Association,
Porto, Portugal, May. Abstract published in Khosrow Fatemi, editor,
International Business in the New Millennium, Volume III: International
Capital Markets and Economic Integration (Laredo, TX: Texas A&M
International University, 1997), 948.
McGee, Robert W. and Walter Block. 1997. Must Protectionism Always Violate
Rights? International Journal of Social Economics 24(4): 393-407.
McGee, Robert W. and Murray Sabrin. 1997. The Place of Trade Protectionism in a
Free Society, International Convention of the Association of Private
Enterprise Education, Washington, DC, April.
McGee, Robert W. 1997. The People's Republic of China as the Number One Target
of Antidumping Actions: What To Expect Under the World Trade
Organization Rules, International Business with China: Opportunities and
Challenges, a conference sponsored by the University of International
Business and Economics and Montclair State University, Beijing, China, June.
Abstract published in International Business with China: Opportunities and
7
The Moral Case for Free Trade
Challenges, Conference Program, pp. 24-25. Full article published in China
Conference Proceedings, pp. 279-283. Book Chapter.
McGee, Robert W. 1997. The USA's Assault on Trade With the People's Republic of
China: Antidumping Laws as Weapons of Protectionism, in Trade and
Investment in Asia, edited by Edward B. Flowers, Thomas P. Chen and
Ibrahim Badawi (New York: Center for Global Education, St. John's
University, 1997), 187-198. Book Chapter. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1081965
McGee, Robert W. and Walter Block. 1997. Ethical Aspects of Initiating
Antidumping Actions, International Journal of Social Economics 24(6): 599608.
McGee, Robert W. 1997. Accounting for Exchange Rate Fluctuations in Antidumping
Trade Cases: Some Ethical Issues, Commentaries on the Law of Accounting &
Finance 1: 101-110.
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 1997. Do We Need Protection from Imports?
A Reply to Alan Tonelson, Commentaries on Law & Economics 1: 21-27.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=91228
McGee, Robert W. 1997. Some Ethical Questions for Attorneys Who Initiate
Antidumping Actions, Commentaries on Law & Public Policy 1: 170-177.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2859283.
McGee, Robert W. 1997. The Ethics of Tax Evasion and Trade Protectionism from an
Islamic Perspective,” Commentaries on Law & Public Policy 1: 250-262.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=461397
McGee, Robert W. and Welber Barral. 1998. Aplicação De Medidas Antidumping
Pelos Estados Unidos,” [Application of Antidumping Measures by the United
States], Revista do Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos, Divisão Jurídica, No. 20,
Instituição Toledo de Ensino Bauru (Brasil), Dezembro a Março de 1998,
267-274.
McGee, Robert W. 1998. Trade Embargoes, Sanctions and Blockades: Some
Overlooked Human Rights Issues, Journal of World Trade 32(4): 139-144.
McGee, Robert W. 1998. Some Ethical Issues in Trade Policy, Chinmaya
Management Review (India) 2(2): 71-75. A revised version may be found at
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2859168
McGee, Robert W. 1998. MFN Status, Trade Embargoes, Sanctions and Blockades:
An Examination of Some Overlooked Property, Contract and Other Human
Rights Issues," Eighth International Conference, International Trade and
Finance Association, Atlantic City, NJ, May, 1998. Published in Gulser Meric
and Susan E.W. Nichols, editors, The Global Economy at the Turn of the
Century, Vol. I, International Trade, (Laredo, TX: International Trade &
Finance Association, 1998), 3-13. Book Chapter.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=87810
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The Moral Case for Free Trade
McGee, Robert W. 1998. Antidumping and the People's Republic of China: Five Case
Studies, Eighth International Conference, International Trade and Finance
Association, Atlantic City, NJ, May, 1998. Robert W. McGee and Yeomin
Yoon. Published in Gulser Meric and Susan E.W. Nichols, editors, The Global
Economy at the Turn of the Century, Vol. I, International Trade, (Laredo, TX:
International Trade & Finance Association, 1998), 63-78. Book Chapter.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=87811
McGee, Robert W. 1999. Application of the Antidumping Laws in Latin America: A
Review of Recent Cases and Prospects for the Future, in Edward B. Flowers,
Thomas Chen and Jonchi Shyu editors, Interlocking Global Business Systems:
The Restructuring of Industries, Economies and Capital Markets (Westport,
CT: Greenwood Press, 1999), 275-286. Book Chapter.
McGee, Robert W. 1999. Antidumping Laws, the World Trade Organization and the
People's Republic of China, in Nigel Campbell, series editor, Advances in
Chinese Industrial Studies, Vol. 6, The Managerial Process and Impact of
Foreign Investment in Greater China (Stamford, CT: JAI Press, 1999), 141155. Book Chapter.
McGee, Robert W. 1999. Minimal Ethical and Legal Absolutes in Foreign Trade, in
Tibor Machan, editor, Business Ethics in the Global Market (Stanford, CA:
Hoover Institution Press, 1999), 63-86.. Book Chapter.
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 2000. Some Thoughts on Antidumping Laws
with Special Reference to Korea, presented at the Joint Korea-America
Economic Association and Korea Economic Association Conference in Seoul,
Korea in August 18-20.
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 2000. The Takings Clause and Compensation
for Trade Sanctions, Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship.
5(2): 161-171. http://ssrn.com/abstract=242428
McGee, Robert W. 2000. The Cost of Protectionism: Rent-Seeking by Producers at
the Expense of Consumers, in Sir Hans Singer, Neelambar Hatti and
Rameshwar Tandon, editors, TRIPS, The Uruguay Round and Third World
Interests, Volume 15 of the New World Order Series, (New Delhi, India: B.R.
Publishing Corporation, 2000). Book Chapter. For a different paper on the
same topic, see http://ssrn.com/abstract=2858509
McGee, Robert W. 2000. Some Ethical Aspects of Antidumping Laws," Reason
Papers 25: 55-67. http://ssrn.com/abstract=242412
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 2001. A Look at Economic Sanctions from a
Business Perspective, International Applied Business Research Conference,
Cancun, Mexico. March 2001. Published in the Conference Proceedings, pp.
1-7. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2861240
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 2001. Some Economic and Ethical Problems
with Trade Sanctions, International Trade & Finance Association International
Conference, Washington, DC, May 2001. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2861234
9
The Moral Case for Free Trade
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 2002. A Close Look at the U.S. Steel Industry:
Protective Tariffs and Their Effect on the Economies of East Asia. The 10th
Annual Economics Convention sponsored jointly by the Korea-America
Economic Association and Korea Economic Association, Yonsei University,
Seoul, Korea, August 12-13. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2858439
McGee, Robert W. 2002. The Ethics of the U.S. Antidumping Laws and Policies,
International Trade & Finance Association, held in conjunction with the
Allied Social Science Association (ASSA) Annual Meeting, Atlanta, January.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2861273
McGee, Robert W. 2002. Legal Ethics, Business Ethics and International Trade:
Some Neglected Issues, Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative
Law 19(1): 109-216. http://ssrn.com/abstract=442660
McGee, Robert W. 2002. Abolish the Antidumping Laws. Economic Affairs 22(4):
49-57. http://ssrn.com/abstract=368782
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 2003. Labor Standards and Trade Agreements:
Raising Standards or Raising the Walls of Protectionism? International Trade
& Finance Association, held in conjunction with the Allied Social Science
Association (ASSA) Annual Meeting, January, 2003, Washington, DC.
McGee, Robert W. 2003. The Ethics of Using Government to Subvert Competition:
The Case of the Antidumping Laws. In Jerry Biberman and Abbass F.
Alkhafaji, editors, Business Research Yearbook: Global Business
Perspectives, Volume X (Saline, MI: McNaughton & Gunn, Inc., 2003), copublished by arrangement with the International Academy of Business
Disciplines, pp. 303-307. http://ssrn.com/abstract=242411
McGee, Robert W. 2003. Trade Policy as Corporate Welfare: The Case of the U.S.
Steel Industry. In Jerry Biberman and Abbass F. Alkhafaji, editors, Business
Research Yearbook: Global Business Perspectives, Volume X (Saline, MI:
McNaughton & Gunn, Inc., 2003), co-published by arrangement with the
International Academy of Business Disciplines, pp. 585-589.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=410817
McGee, Robert W. 2004. The Two Faces of U.S. Trade Policy: Advocating Free
Trade while Practicing Protectionism with Emphasis on Applying
Antidumping Laws against Republics of the Former Soviet Union (CIS), in
Erdener Kaynak and Talha D. Harcar, editors, International Management
Development Research Yearbook, Hummelstown, PA: International
Management Development Association, 2004, pp. 410-417.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=546342
McGee, Robert W. 2004. Recent Antidumping Cases involving Companies in Russia
and Ukraine, in Erdener Kaynak and Talha D. Harcar, editors, International
Management Development Research Yearbook, Hummelstown, PA:
International Management Development Association, 2004, pp. 526-533.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=572141
10
The Moral Case for Free Trade
McGee, Robert W. 2004. Recent Antidumping Cases involving Companies in Russia
and Ukraine. Published in the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual World
Business Congress, International Management Development Association
(IMDA), Maastricht, the Netherlands, July 14-18, 2004, pp. 526-533.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=572141
McGee, Robert W. 2004. Outsourcing: Creative Destruction, Effective Executive
6(12): 33-37.
McGee, Robert W. 2004. Trade Sanctions as a Tool of International Relations.
Commentaries on Law & Public Policy 2: 229-303.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=615724
McGee, Robert W. 2004. Recent Antidumping Cases involving Companies in Russia
and Ukraine. Russian/CIS Energy & Mining Law Journal 5: 7-16.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=572141
McGee, Robert W. 2004. Two Faces of U.S. Trade Policy: Advocating Free Trade
While Practicing Protectionism with Emphasis on Applying Antidumping
Laws against Republics of the Former Soviet Union (CIS). Andreas School of
Business Working Paper, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL 33161 USA,
May. http://ssrn.com/abstract=546342
McGee, Robert W. 2005. Ethical Issues in Outsourcing Accounting and Tax Services.
Marjorie G. Adams and Abbass Alkhafaji, editors, Business Research
Yearbook: Global Business Perspectives, Volume XII, No. 1 (International
Graphics: Beltsville, MD), 45-49. http://ssrn.com/abstract=648766
McGee, Robert W. 2005. Ethical Issues in Outsourcing Accounting and Tax Services.
17th Annual Meeting, International Academy of Business Disciplines,
Pittsburgh, PA. April 7-10, 2005. An abbreviated version was published as a
book chapter in Marjorie G. Adams and Abbass Alkhafaji, editors, Business
Research Yearbook: Global Business Perspectives, Volume XII, No. 1,
Beltsville, MD: International Graphics, pp. 45-49.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=648766
McGee, Robert W. 2005. Outsourcing: An Ethical Analysis of an International Trade
Issue. Marjorie G. Adams and Abbass Alkhafaji, editors, Business Research
Yearbook: Global Business Perspectives, Volume XII, No. 1 (International
Graphics: Beltsville, MD), 335-339. http://ssrn.com/abstract=648764
McGee, Robert W. 2005. Outsourcing: An Ethical Analysis of an International Trade
Issue. 17th Annual Meeting, International Academy of Business Disciplines,
Pittsburgh, PA. April 7-10. An abbreviated version was published as a book
chapter in Marjorie G. Adams and Abbass Alkhafaji, editors, Business
Research Yearbook: Global Business Perspectives, Volume XII, No. 1,
Beltsville, MD: International Graphics, 2005, pp. 335-339.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=648764
11
The Moral Case for Free Trade
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 2006. Should Labor Standards be a Part of
Trade Talks? In Robert V. Weeks, editor, Trends in International Trade Issues,
Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2006, pp. 119-128. Book chapter.
McGee, Robert W. 2006. Ethical Aspects of Using Government to Subvert
Competition: Antidumping Laws as a Case Study of Rent Seeking Activity.
Andreas School of Business Working Paper, Barry University, Miami Shores,
FL 33161 USA, September, 2006. http://ssrn.com/abstract=242411
McGee, Robert W. 2006. Antidumping, Business Ethics and International Relations.
Andreas School of Business Working Paper, Barry University, Miami Shores,
FL 33161 USA, November, 2006. http://ssrn.com/abstract=947929
McGee, Robert W. 2007. Antidumping, Ethics and International Relations. Presented
at the 2007 International Academy of Business and Public Administration
Disciplines ( IABPAD) Winter Conference, Orlando, Florida, January 4-7,
2007. Published in the Proceedings of the International Academy of Business
and Public Administration Disciplines 4(1): 693-708 (2007).
http://ssrn.com/abstract=947929
McGee, Robert W. 2008. Ethical Aspects of Using Government to Subvert
Competition: Antidumping Laws as a Case Study of Rent Seeking Activity.
Journal of Business Ethics 83: 759-771. http://ssrn.com/abstract=242411
McGee, Robert W. 2008. Antidumping, Business Ethics and International Relations,
International Journal of Business, Accounting and Finance 2(1): 37-51
(2008). http://ssrn.com/abstract=947929
McGee, Robert W. 2008. Antidumping Laws as Weapons of Protectionism: Asian
Case Studies, Manchester Journal of International Economic Law 5(1): 36-69.
https://www.electronicpublications.org/stuff.php?id=221
McGee, Robert W. 2009. Essays in International Trade. Hyderabad, India: ICFAI
University Press.
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 2009. Labor Standards and Human Rights: A
Look at Some Neglected Rights Issues, in Readings in Business Ethics.
Hyderabad, India: ICFAI University Press, pp. 100-112.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=409040
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 2009. A Close Look at the U.S. Steel Industry:
Protective Tariffs and Their Effect on the Economies of East Asia, in Essays
in International Trade. Hyderabad, India: ICFAI University Press, 2009, pp.
76-91. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2858439
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 2009. Rethinking the Antidumping Laws and
Policies with Reference to East Asian Trading Partners of the U.S. (China,
Japan and Korea) in Essays in International Trade. Hyderabad, India: ICFAI
University Press, 2009, pp. 143-151. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2858442
12
The Moral Case for Free Trade
McGee, Robert W. and Galina G. Preobragenskaya. 2009. Some Accounting and
Technical Problems with Antidumping Trade Cases involving Transition
Economies: A Russian Case Study, in Essays in International Trade.
Hyderabad, India: ICFAI University Press, 2009, pp. 200-221.
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 2009. Incorporating Labor Standards into
Trade Agreements: An Ethical Analysis, in Essays in International Trade.
Hyderabad, India: ICFAI University Press, 2009, pp. 222-234.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=410362
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 2010. Antidumping Laws Should be
Consigned to the History Books. Presented at the International Law Society of
Rutgers University Symposium, Newark, NJ, April 2, 2010.
McGee, Robert W. 2011. Economic Protectionism and the Philosophy of Frédéric
Bastiat, Brooklyn Journal of Corporate, Financial & Commercial Law 5(2):
427-446. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2435943.
McGee, Robert W. 2011. Ethical Aspects of Economic Sanctions: A Third Theory,
International Journal of Business and Public Administration, 8(2): 125-137.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2417824
McGee, Robert W. 2011. Ethical Aspects of Economic Sanctions: A Third Theory,
International Journal of Business and Economics Perspectives 6(2): 29-41.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2417824
McGee, Robert W. 2014. Some Thoughts on the Ethics of Parking Profits Offshore.
Journal of Accounting, Ethics & Public Policy 15(1): 165-174.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2410020
McGee, Robert W. 2014. Should We Impose Sanctions on Russia Because of the
Crimea? European Law & Politics Journal 1(2): 1-9. Reprinted at
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2545725
McGee, Robert W. 2014. Trade. In Markus Vodosek and Deanne Van Hartog (eds)
Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, 3rd edition, Volume 6: International
Management. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
McGee, Robert W. 2016. Ethics in International Trade. Working Paper, October 24,
2016. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2858409
McGee, Robert W. 2016. Business in the Global Community. Working Paper,
October 24, 2016. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2858395
McGee, Robert W. 2016. Trump, and the Trade Policy of a Free Society. Working
Paper, October 24, 2016. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2858396
McGee, Robert W. 2016. Why the USA is Doomed to Have Trade Deficits, and Why
It Doesn’t Matter. Working Paper, October 24, 2016.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2858432
13
The Moral Case for Free Trade
McGee, Robert W. 2016. Outsourcing. Working Paper, October 24, 2016.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2858485
McGee, Robert W. 2016. Minimum Ethical and Legal Absolutes in Foreign Trade.
Working Paper. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2859162
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 2016. A Look at Labor Standards and
Neglected Human Rights Issues. Working Paper.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2861247
McGee, Robert W. and Yeomin Yoon. 2016. Antidumping Laws Should Be
Consigned to the History Books. Working Paper.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2861270
McGee, Robert W. 2016. The Ethics of the U.S. Antidumping Laws and Policies.
Working Paper. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2861273
McGee, Robert W. 2016. Ethics in International Trade. Working Paper.
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2861293
Yoon, Yeomin & Robert W. McGee. 1997. Applying the Antidumping Laws after the
Uruguay Round: Some Recent Case Studies, The Northeast Business &
Economics Association 1997 Annual Conference, Philadelphia, PA,
September 26-27. Yeomin Yoon and Robert W. McGee. Extended abstract
published in Northeast Business & Economics Association 1997 Annual
Conference Proceedings, pp. 140-141.
Yoon, Yeomin & Robert W. McGee. 1997. The Korean Chip Dumping Controversy:
A Case Study of Antidumping as Rent-Seeking Behavior, Commentaries on
Law & Economics 1: 128-163. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2859293
Yoon, Yeomin, Robert W. McGee and Walter Block. 1999. Antidumping and the
People's Republic of China: Five Case Studies, The Asian Economic Review,
41(2): 208-217. http://ssrn.com/abstract=87811
Yoon, Yeomin and Robert W. McGee. 2001. What's Wrong with America's
Antidumping Policy? International Trade & Finance Association International
Conference, Washington, DC, May. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2861237
Yoon, Yeomin & Robert W. McGee. 2001. The Problem with the WTO's
Antidumping Provision, 52nd International Atlantic Economic Society
Conference, Philadelphia, October 11-14.
Yoon, Yeomin and Robert W. McGee. 2002. Protective Tariffs of the U.S. on Steel
Imports and Their Effect on the Economies of East Asia. Journal of Global
Business 13(25): 27-38. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2858439
14
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