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The kinetic theory, or the particle theory of matter, helps explain why solids, liquids and gases behave differently. There are three main ideas in the kinetic theory.

The Kinetic Theory The kinetic theory, or the particle theory of matter, helps explain why solids, liquids and gases behave differently. There are three main ideas in the kinetic theory. First, the kinetic theory states that all matter is made up of small particles. Second, the particles are always moving. When a substance is heated, its particles move faster. When a substance is cooled, its particles move slower. Third, the particles are held together by forces which vary in strength. In solids, the particles are close together, and the forces between the particles are strong. The particles are not free to move, but simply vibrate in fixed positions. In liquids, the particles are close together but not as close as the particles in solids. The forces between the liquid particles are not as strong as those in solids and the liquid particles can roll over one another. In gases, the particles are much further apart and the forces between the particles are extremely weak. Therefore the particles of a gas can move freely. Taken from: Department of Education, Training and Employment. (1998). Teaching ESL through science: A science curriculum for intensive English language programs. Purpose or social function Information reports give descriptive information about natural or social phenomena – in this report the natural phenomenon is the kinetic theory. The Kinetic Theory General statement to reader The kinetic theory, or the particle theory of matter, helps explain why solids, liquids and gases behave differently. There are three main ideas in the kinetic theory. Statements of the main idea of the kinetic theory First, the kinetic theory states that all matter is made up of small particles. Second, the particles are always moving. When a substance is heated, its particles move faster. When a substance is cooled, its particles move slower. Third, the particles are held together by forces which vary in strength. Statements on the substructure of solids, liquids and gases using the kinetic theory In solids, the particles are close together, and the forces between the particles are strong. The particles are not free to move, but simply vibrate in fixed positions. In liquids, the particles are close together but not as close as the particles in solids. The forces between the liquid particles are not as strong as those in solids and the liquid particles can roll over one another. In gases, the particles are much further apart and the forces between the particles are extremely weak. Therefore the particles of a gas can move freely. Reports focus on generalised Participants i.e. the key technical words and concepts. These have been highlighted below. Reports also contain: relational processes – present simple descriptive information material processes - express actions of participants verbal processes – correspond to saying and meaning The text is in the timeless present because it is stating what always happens. The Kinetic Theory The kinetic theory, or the particle theory of matter, helps explain why solids, liquids and gases behave differently. There are three main ideas in the kinetic theory. First, the kinetic theory states that all matter is made up of small particles. Second, the particles are always moving. When a substance is heated, its particles move faster. When a substance is cooled, its particles move slower. Third, the particles are held together by forces which vary in strength. In solids, the particles are close together, and the forces between the particles are strong. The particles are not free to move, but simply vibrate in fixed positions. In liquids, the particles are close together but not as close as the particles in solids. The forces between the liquid particles are not as strong as those in solids and the liquid particles can roll over one another. In gases, the particles are much further apart and the forces between the particles are extremely weak. Therefore the particles of a gas can move freely.
Matching Words Take it in turns to ask your partner if they have a word that means the same as one of yours. E.g. Do you have a word that means the same as If you agree write their word next to yours. having movement kinetic to behave to act force physical energy to vary to differ to vibrate to tremble to turn smoothly to roll to be made up of to consist of to be bound to be held together Stable fixed Matching Words (A) Take it in turns with your partner to ask for a word they have that means the same as one of your words. E.g. Do you have a word that means the same as ’having movement’? If you agree, write their word next to yours. Now let your partner ask you for a word. having movement to behave force to vary to vibrate to turn smoothly to be made up of to be bound stable Matching Words (B) Take it in turns with your partner to ask for a word they have that means the same as one of your words. E.g. Do you have a word that means the same as ‘to act’? If you agree, write their word next to yours. Now let your partner ask you for a word. to act to differ physical energy to be held together fixed kinetic to consist of to roll to tremble
Language Scaffold Melting is the process in which a solid turns to a liquid when heat is added. Evaporation is the process through which _________________________________________________ when heat is _____________________________________. Freezing is the process whereby _________________________________________________________ when heat is____________________________________. Condensation is the process through which _________________________________________________ when heat is __________________________________. Sublimation is the process in which _______________________________________________________ when heat is ____________________________________. Complete the table: Substance State Heat/cool Distance between particles New state Name of change of state Coconut oil solid heat increases liquid melting Water heat Coconut oil cool Steam Naphthalene solid heat Naphthalene gas cool
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