The presence of Pumice in LM IIIB levels at Sissi, Crete

PHILISTOR Studies in Honor of Costis Davaras Costis Davaras, Hagios Nikolaos, 2008. PREHISTORY MONOGRAPHS 36 PHILISTOR Studies in Honor of Costis Davaras edited by Eleni Mantzourani and Philip P. Betancourt Published by INSTAP Academic Press Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2012 Design and Production INSTAP Academic Press, Philadelphia, PA Printing and Binding Thomson-Shore, Inc., Dexter, MI Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Philistor : studies in honor of Costis Davaras / edited by Eleni Mantzourani and Philip P. Betancourt. p. cm. — (Prehistory monographs ; 36) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-931534-65-9 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Crete (Greece)—Antiquities. 2. Excavations (Archaeology)—Greece—Crete. 3. Architecture, Minoan—Greece—Crete. 4. Bronze age—Greece—Crete. 5. Minoans. I. Mantzourane, Helene, 1954- II. Betancourt, Philip P., 1936- III. Davaras, Kostes. DF221.C8P47 2012 939'.1801—dc23 2012013140 Copyright © 2012 INSTAP Academic Press Philadelphia, Pennsylvania All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America In Greek the word φιλίστωρ (philistor) means the lover of learning, of history, the person who constantly seeks new knowledge. The characterization of philistor fits the personality of Costis Davaras because he has always tried to expand his knowledge horizons and has never limited himself solely to his fields of specialization. His entire life is full of diverse activities, philosophical self-reflection, and sociopolitical interests. Table of Contents List of Tables in the Text. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi List of Figures in the Text. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Biography of Costis Davaras by Eleni Mantzourani. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi Bibliography of Costis Davaras. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv List of Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi 1. The Frying Pans from Hagia Photia by Philip P. Betancourt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. The Genesis of the Early Minoan Tholos Tomb by Keith Branigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3. Harvesting an Old Rattle: The Bronze Sistrum from the “Royal” Villa at Hagia Triada by Thomas M. Brogan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4. Γαία περίρρυτος: Some Thoughts on “Neo-Minoan” Mythology by Christos G. Doumas. . . . . . . . 25 5. The Presence of Pumice in LM IIIB Levels at Sissi, Crete by Florence Gaignerot-Driessen and Jan Driessen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 viii PHILISTOR: STUDIES IN HONOR OF COSTIS DAVARAS 6. The Kavousi Goddesses with Up-raised Hands: New Information on Technology by Geraldine C. Gesell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 7. An Early Minoan I Long Dagger and Razor from Kalo Chorio, East Crete by Donald C. Haggis. . . 51 8. “Firebars” and Other Ceramics of Problematic Function from Priniatikos Pyrgos by Barbara J. Hayden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 9. A Tomb from Gonies Pediados: The End of Final Neolithic IV Merges with the Dawn of the Early Bronze Age by Athanasia Kanta with contributions by Eleni Nodarou and Argyro Nafplioti. . . . . 65 10. Two Stone Kernoi from the Juktas Peak Sanctuary by Alexandra Karetsou with a contribution by R.D.G. Evely. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 11. A New Idol of Cycladic Type from Hagia Triada by Vincenzo La Rosa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 12. Sexuality or Fertility Symbol? The Bronze Figurine from Makrygialos by Eleni Mantzourani. . . . 105 13. A Story of Lions: Palatial Ideology in Egypt, Knossos, and Mycenae by Nanno Marinatos. . . . . . 113 14. Earth and Fire: Cretan Potting Traditions and Replicating Minoan Cooking Fabrics by Jennifer Moody, Jerolyn E. Morrison, and Harriet Lewis Robinson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 15. A Terracotta Foot Model from the Syme Sanctuary, Crete by Polymnia Muhly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 16. East Cretan Peak Sanctuaries Revisited by Krzysztof Nowicki. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 17. An Early Minoan Boat Model from Kephala Petras, Siteia by Yiannis Papadatos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 18. New Evidence on the Origin of the Late Minoan III Chest-shaped Larnax by Lefteris Platon. . . . . 161 19. God Save Our Homes: The Case of the Horns of Consecration from Galatas by Giorgos Rethemiotakis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 20. The Hypostyle Crypt (Quartier Kappa) and the Large Court, Malia: An Athletic Center? by Martin Schmid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 21. Mochlos Boats by Jeffrey S. Soles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 22. The “Vrysinas Ephebe”: The Lower Torso of a Clay Figurine in Contrapposto by Dimitris Sphakianakis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 23. Kampos Group Pottery from the Prepalatial Cemetery of Petras, Siteia by Metaxia Tsipopoulou. . . 213 24. Minoan Bee Smokers: An Experimental Approach by Loeta Tyree, Harriet Lewis Robinson, and Paraskevi Stamataki. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 25. Headless, Armless but Sexuated Bodies: On Some Particular Figurines from the Peak Sanctuary of Vrysinas, near Rethymnon, Crete by Iris Tzachili. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 26. Armenoi: The Late Minoan III Necropolis and the Town by Yannis Tzedakis and Holley Martlew. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 27. The Neopalatial “Farmhouse” at Kephali Lazana, Chondros Viannou, Re-examined by Giorgos Vavouranakis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 TABLE OF CONTENTS ix 28. The Apogee of Minoan Civilization: The Final Neopalatial Period by Peter M. Warren. . . . . . . . . . 255 29. An Overview of Secondary State Formation on Crete: The Mirabello Region during the Bronze Age by L. Vance Watrous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 List of Tables in the Text Table 9.1. Results of the element analysis on the three collared jars with cylindrical neck. . . . . . . . . 73 Table 14.1. MACFA description of the archaeological Minoan cooking pots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Table 14.2. MACFA description of the replicated Minoan cooking pots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Table 24.1. Neopalatial bee smokers from Zakros. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Table 29.1. Neopalatial settlement changes by percentage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 List of Figures in the Text Frontispiece. Costis Davaras, Hagios Nikolaos, 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii Figure 1.1. Pottery from the Hagia Photia cemetery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Figure 1.2. Pottery from the Hagia Photia cemetery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Figure 1.3. Stand (HNM 12,570) from the Hagios Charalambos Cave, EM IIA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Figure 2.1. Plan of Lebena Gerokampos II as first constructed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Figure 2.2. Plan of tholos A at Moni Odigitria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Figure 3.1. Detail view of the Harvester Vase showing the sistrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Figure 3.2. Linear A Tablet no. 6a from Hagia Triada, with sistrum ideogram on the far right of the third line from the top. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Figure 3.3. Photograph of the bronze sistrum from Mochlos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Figure 3.4. Photograph of the bronze sistrum (HM 1346) from Hagia Triada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Figure 3.5. Drawing of the bronze sistrum (HM 1346) from Hagia Triada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 xiv PHILISTOR: STUDIES IN HONOR OF COSTIS DAVARAS Figure 3.6. Plan of the Villa at Hagia Triada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Figure 3.7. Drawing of a possible clay sistrum bead from Mochlos E4/4334.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Figure 5.1. Sissi-Kephali tou Hagiou Antoniou. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Figure 5.2. Sissi 2008, state plan of Zones 3 and 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Figure 5.3. Pumice densities in excavated areas of Zone 3 at Sissi associated with LM IIIB levels. . . 38 Figure 5.4. Concentration of pumice near fallen pithos close to north wall of space 3.5. . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Figure 5.5. Selection of pumice samples from Zone 3, space 3.6 at Sissi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Figure 5.6. Pumice densities in LM IIIB Quartier Nu at Malia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Figure 6.1. Kavousi Goddess 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Figure 6.2. Goddess 9: left arm, palm (a); right arm, palm (b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Figure 6.3. No. 916: right hand, palm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Figure 6.4. Arms, backs of hands: left nos. 153/154 (a); right no. 953 (b); right no. 327 (c); right no. 957 (d). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Figure 6.5. Goddess 17: right arm, palm (a); left hand, palm (b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Figure 6.6. Goddess 24: left arm, thumb side of broken hand showing middle finger and interior of wrist (a); left arm, palm (b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Figure 7.1. Copper razor fragment (a) and long dagger (b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Figure 7.2. Ground stone tools from levels 14–15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Figure 8.1. Examples of “firebars” found at Priniatikos Pyrgos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Figure 8.2. Map of trenches at Priniatikos Pyrgos showing location of “firebar” and “firebox” sherds. . . 61 Figure 8.3. Kiln G1004 from northwest showing location of “firebar” in left channel. . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Figure 8.4. Sherds of possible “fireboxes”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Figure 9.1. Map of Crete showing relevant sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Figure 9.2. Village of Gonies, with Karphi visible in the top left. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Figure 9.3. Village of Gonies and the way toward the Lasithi plateau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Figure 9.4. Aerial view of the village, with the location of the Papadakis house circled. . . . . . . . . . . 67 Figure 9.5. The Papadakis houses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Figure 9.6. Collared jar with cylindrical neck (HM 19811). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Figure 9.7. Collared jar with cylindrical neck (HM 19812). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Figure 9.8. Collared jar with cylindrical neck (HM 19813). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Figure 9.9. Unnumbered bowl sherd in the Herakleion Museum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 LIST OF FIGURES IN THE TEXT xv Figure 9.10. Stone beads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Figure 9.11. Collared jar HM 9441 from the Amnissos Eileithyia Cave. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Figure 9.12. Skeletal material from the grave. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Figure 9.13. Skeletal material from the grave. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Figure 10.1. Veined serpentinite kernos 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Figure 10.2. Poros kernos 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Figure 10.3. Kernos 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Figure 10.4. Detail of kernos 1 upper surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Figure 10.5. Detail of kernos 1 base with encrustation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Figure 10.6. Poros kernos 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Figure 10.7. The altar from the south. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Figure 10.8. The chasm from the northwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Figure 10.9. Terrace I, south side of the altar, with arrows indicating the kernos find spots. . . . . . . . . 87 Figure 10.10. East side of the altar during discovery with preserved off-white stucco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Figure 10.11. Kernos 1 as found during excavation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Figure 10.12. “Pebbles” and clay bird figurines (indicated by arrows) from the stratum in which kernos 1 was found. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Figure 10.13. Pit showing votive copper axes in situ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Figure 10.14. Foundation deposit of the shrine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Figure 10.15. Pottery from the deposit of Terrace I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Figure 10.16. Unfinished(?) kernos HM 3900 of grayish-white schist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Figure 10.17. Poros kernos HM 4213 from the Juktas Peak Sanctuary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Figure 10.18. Sandstone(?) kernos HM 2276 from the Temple Tomb at Knossos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Figure 11.1. Schematic and reconstructive axonometric plan of the so-called Tomba degli Ori and the Complesso della Mazza di Breccia, with the findspot of the idol (inv. no. HTR 2600) indicated by an arrow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Figure 11.2. Hagia Triada idol (inv. no. HTR 2600). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Figure 11.3. Small idol in “Cycladic marble” retrieved from Phaistos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Figure 12.1. Makrygialos ground plan and the built altar of the central court. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Figure 12.2. The bronze figurine HNM 4652 from Makrygialos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Figure 12.3. Bronze figurine HNM 4652 from Makrygialos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Figure 12.4. Representations of naked females. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 xvi PHILISTOR: STUDIES IN HONOR OF COSTIS DAVARAS Figure 13.1. Lion head fragment from Tell el-Dabca as found (left) and slightly restored (right). . . . . 114 Figure 13.2. Fragment of lion (F 45) preying upon a bull from Tell el-Dabca. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Figure 13.3. Scene of lions preying on bull from Tell el- Dabca. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Figure 13.4. Ring Impression from Tylissos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Figure 13.5. Seal from Midea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Figure 13.6. Lion inlay from Shaft Grave III, Mycenae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Figure 14.1. Locations mentioned in the text. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Figure 14.2. Replicated Chania Akrotiri Aeolianite “calc” fabric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Figure 14.3. Replicated Hagia Marina (Sphakia) Mixed Metamorphic fabric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Figure 14.4. Replicated Hagios Vasileios MIg Meta fabric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Figure 14.5. Morrison collecting “clay” in Hagios Vasileios Valley, October 1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Figure 14.6. Moody and Robinson collecting “clay” in Hagia Marina (Sphakia), May 2001. . . . . . . . 124 Figure 14.7. Robinson and Moody crushing Hagia Marina clay, May 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Figure 14.8. Moody sieving clay, May 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Figure 14.9. Morrison making pinch pots out of Chania Akrotiri clay, October 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Figure 14.10. Hagia Marina pinch pots set out to dry, May 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Figure 14.11. Morrison demonstrating fuel processed into “armloads,” October 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Figure 14.12. Fuel processed into “armloads,” May 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Figure 14.13. Hagia Marina fabric firing, May 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Figure 14.14. Chania Akrotiri fabric firing: Morrison placing warmed pinch pots on twig platform, October 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Figure 14.15. Hagia Marina firing, May 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Figure 14.16. Fired pots showing blackened surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Figure 14.17. Use-life experiment: boiling water in Hagia Marina cooking pot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Figure 15.1 Terracotta foot model from Syme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Figure 15.2. Terracotta exedra model from Syme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Figure 16.1. Peak sanctuaries in the Siteia region in East Crete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Figure 16.2. Cape Trachilos and Ambelos with Kephala (A) seen from the northwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Figure 16.3. Etiani Kephala (A) and the hill above Etia (B) from the north. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Figure 16.4. Chandras-Armeni Plateau from the south: (B) the hill above Etia, (C) Etia, (D) the peak sanctuary on Prinias. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Figure 16.5. Kalamaki Kephala (A) from the north. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 LIST OF FIGURES IN THE TEXT xvii Figure 16.6. Plan of Kalamaki Kephala. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Figure 16.7. Peak sanctuary on Prinias (A) from the east. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Figure 16.8. Prinias, Terrace I from the south. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Figure 16.9. Plan of Prinias. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Figure 16.10. Phaneromeni Trachilos from the west. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Figure 16.11. Phaneromeni Trachilos from the south. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Figure 16.12. Plan of the hilltop/peak sanctuary at Phaneromeni Trachilos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Figure 17.1. Drawing of the Kephala Petras boat model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Figure 17.2. The Kephala Petras boat model, side view (left) and top view (right). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Figure 18.1. The interior of the larnax of Tomb B, with an almost intact interment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Figure 18.2. The larnax of Tomb A as found. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Figure 18.3. Bottom pieces of a chest-shaped larnax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Figure 18.4. Section showing lip and bottom of a chest-shaped larnax. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Figure 18.5. Small six-legged chest-shaped larnax from Tomb B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Figure 18.6. Section of a slightly domed larnax lid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Figure 18.7. Drawing of the jug found in the larnax of Tomb A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Figure 18.8. The larnax of Tomb A with the protruding frame. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Figure 19.1. Ground plan (2005) of the excavation at Galatas showing the locations of the four horns. . 170 Figure 19.2. Horns from House 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Figure 19.3. Horns from the east wing of the palace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Figure 19.4. Building 3: the “recess” and the horns in Room 1 during the excavation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Figure 19.5. Both sides of the horns from Building 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Figure 19.6. Building 3: the stepped construction in Room 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Figure 19.7. House 2: the model of horns in situ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Figure 19.8. House 2: detail of the model in situ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Figure 19.9. Model of horns from House 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 Figure 19.10. Drawing of horns from House 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Figure 20.1. Aerial photograph of Hypostyle Crypt and Court, facing south. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Figure 20.2. General plan of the quarter at Malia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Figure 20.3A. Restored plan, Hypostyle Crypt: basement and ground floor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Figure 20.3B. Restored plan, Hypostyle Crypt: ground floor and upper story. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 xviii PHILISTOR: STUDIES IN HONOR OF COSTIS DAVARAS Figure 20.4. Hypostyle Crypt, room 5, access to magazines 1 and 2, facing south. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Figure 20.5. Hypostyle Crypt, view from west, facing south. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Figure 20.6. Bull-leaping rhyton from Hagia Triada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Figure 20.7. Knossos bull-leaping fresco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Figure 20.8. Bull-leaping scene on a modern Cretan house. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Figure 20.9. Bull-leaping gold ring from Archanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Figure 21.1. Boat 1 on gold signet ring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Figure 21.2. Boats (2) painted on cup IB.202. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Figure 21.3. Clay boat 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Figure 21.4. Stone boat 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Figure 21.5. Boat 5 drilled on signet seal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Figure 21.6. Boat 6 incised on pithos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Figure 21.7. Boat 7 incised on sealstone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Figure 21.8. Clay boat 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Figure 21.9. Clay boat 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Figure 21.10. Clay boats 8 and 9 in situ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Figure 21.11. Clay boats 8 and 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Figure 21.12. Stone boat 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Figure 21.13. Clay boat(?) 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Figure 21.14. Clay boat 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Figure 21.15. Clay boat 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Figure 22.1. The Vrysinas Ephebe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Figure 22.2. Front and back view of the Vrysinas Ephebe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Figure 22.3. Views of the Vrysinas Ephebe with superimposed hypothetical grid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Figure 22.4. Two variations of the loincloth (zoma) for the Vrysinas Ephebe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Figure 22.5. Possible method of binding a single piece of cloth around the torso of the Vrysinas Ephebe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Figure 22.6. Modern mannequin used to display men’s undergarments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Figure 23.1. Globular pyxides 1–5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Figure 23.2. Globular pyxides 6–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Figure 23.3. Globular pyxides 11 and 12; pyxis lids 13 and 14; cylindrical pyxis 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Figure 23.4. Bottles 16 and 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 LIST OF FIGURES IN THE TEXT xix Figure 24.1. Zakros Neopalatial ceramic bee smoker HM 2113. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Figure 24.2. Underside of ceramic bee smoker HM 2133. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Figure 24.3. Traditional bee smoker from Paros with a large tubular opening for adding fuel and a smaller tubular opening (nozzle) at the opposite end to emit the smoke. . . . . . . . . 225 Figure 24.4. Traditional bee smoker from Kos with a perforated dome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Figure 24.5. Cross-section of the air flow pattern through the Zakros bee-smoker replica. . . . . . . . . . 227 Figure 24.6. Zakros clay replica made by Archanes potter Theonimphi Genetzaki. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Figure 24.7. Beekeeper Dimitris Vogopoulos of the Herakleion area lights pine needles used for fuel in the Zakros bee-smoker replica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Figure 24.8. Beekeeper Dimitris Vogopoulos moves the smoking Zakros clay replica with the aid of a stick that is placed through the vessel’s handles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Figure 24.9. The Zakros clay replica at the bees’ entrance to a modern vertical beehive where beekeeper Dimitris Vogopoulos inspects his bees after smoking the hive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Figure 25.1. Figurine 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Figure 25.2. Figurine 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Figure 26.1. Geological map of West Central Crete showing metal and stone resources for the region. . . 240 Figure 26.2. View from Mt. Vrysinas. Arrows indicate the Minoan house complex and the village of Kastellos, which are above and slightly southwest of the necropolis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Figure 26.3. Larnax RM 1710. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Figure 26.4. Larnax RM 1712. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Figure 26.5. Larnax RM 1707. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Figure 26.6. Larnax RM 5121. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Figure 26.7. Larnax RM 1706. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Figure 27.1. Ground plan of the building at Kephali Lazana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Figure 27.2. Space D at Kephali Lazana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Figure 27.3. Bench outside room A1 at Kephali Lazana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Figure 28.1. LM IB sites mentioned in the text. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Biography of Costis Davaras Eleni Mantzourani Costis Davaras was born in Athens on the 19th of March in 1933. He grew up in a highly intellectual environment. His mother, Julia, came from an old family of Cephallonia and was awarded the Ouranis Prize for Literature. Costis graduated from the high school of Plaka, located just below the Acropolis. The window of his room overlooked Hadrian’s Gate. He studied Archaeology at the Universities of Vienna, Munich, and mainly Athens, from which he received his first degree in 1956. His professors of archaeology, indeed all of them outstanding scholars, were Ernst Buschor in Munich and Spyridon Marinatos, Georgios Mylonas, Nikolaos Kontoleon, and Anastasios Orlandos in Athens. During his undergraduate years, he took a degree at the Palmer Technical School in Athens as a wireless operator of the Merchant Marine in order to be able to travel, which he actually did for a short time, visiting various countries. This, among other features of his character, shows his inquisitive spirit. He continued his postgraduate studies as a bursar of the German State in Munich. His Professors were Ernst Homann-Wedeking for Archaeology and Hans Wolfgang Müller for Egyptology. He served in the Greek Army as an interpreter and translator for several NATO languages. Before entering the Greek Archaeological Service he served, for a short time, as an assistant to the Ephor Markellos Mitsos in the Epigraphical Museum in Athens and Ioannis Threpsiades in the excavations at Athens and the Temple of Artemis at Aulis in Boeotia. Davaras entered the Archaeological Service in 1960 after examinations, which, unfortunately, were later abolished for some decades, indeed a heavy blow in meritocracy. His first position as Epimeletes was in Herakleion under Nikolaos Platon and later under Stylianos Alexiou, both well-known scholars and excellent tutors. At that time, those three men were the only archaeologists serving on Crete. xxii PHILISTOR: STUDIES IN HONOR OF COSTIS DAVARAS He was an assistant to Platon in several of his excavations all over Crete, including the peak sanctuary at Kophinas and the palace of Zakros. He also conducted his own excavations, including tholos tomb II at Apesokari and the important caves of Skoteino near Knossos and Eileithyia at Inatos. A second campaign, in collaboration with Nikolaos Platon, was undertaken at Eileithyia. He also brought to light several Minoan chamber tombs and a Geometric tomb at Knossos. In 1964 he was transferred to Athens as Epimeletes of Attica and Boeotia. There he excavated the Geometric cemetery of Anavyssos and the Thesmophorion of Eretria, later turned over for publication to Ingrid Metzger of the Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece. During this period he was the first Greek archaeologist to be trained by the Navy in underwater archaeology. He even directed a research team below the temple of Poseidon at Sounion in order to locate fallen blocks and part of its sculpture. At his own insistence he was re-posted to Crete in 1965, this time as Head of the Archaeological Service for West Crete (Chania–Rethymnon) with Yiannis Tzedakis as his assistant. Davaras’s excavations in the region included the tholos tomb at Maleme, a tholos tomb at Apodoulou, and the rich peak sanctuary of Vrysinas overlooking the Rethymnon area. His main care in this new post was the legal protection of the numerous archaeological sites of West Crete, which, until then, were not officially listed as such and thus “ignored” by the State. It should be noted that the “Palace of Minos” at Knossos and a narrow zone around it, under the auspices of the British School at Athens, was the only legally defined archaeological site on Crete before that time. By specific order of the Ministry he also tried, alas in vain, to protect the Venetian–Ottoman old towns of Chania and Rethymnon and even received serious threats on his life in his office by a furious fishmonger. It was during this period that he married his beloved Dione, a Baroque harpsichordist and his life companion ever since. In 1968 he went to the Sorbonne University in Paris for his Ph.D. under the supervision of Pierre Demargne, Henri van Effenterre, and Jean Deshayes. His two-volume typewritten dissertation was a study on the MinoanMycenaean Double Axe, including a corpus of all then-extant axes in corpore—the functional ones, the votives, and the representations in painting. The subject was examined mainly from a religious point of view. Davaras managed to show that the functional double axe was definitely a tool and not a weapon, as even today many scholars continue to believe it was a weapon. The dissertation was not published, as this was not required by the French Law, pending the collection of photographs for publication in the German Series Prähistorische Bronzefunde, a work that would, by agreement with H. Müller-Karpe, also include the pottery. However, the future reserved much adversity for him and his family. After his return to Greece in 1970, and during the dictatorship of the Colonels, he was not allowed to go back to Crete, his second home and place of archaeological interests. Instead, he was transferred to Sparta, in Laconia, as well as to Mystras, as an “acting” Epimeletes of Byzantine Antiquities. There he managed to officially establish and define the ancient town of Sparta for the first time as an archaeological site. Additionally, he organized, again for the first time, the extensive archives of Mystras. It also should be noted that Davaras protected with strict rules the Medieval town of Monemvasia. A year later he was again transferred, this time to Patras for six months, under the Ephor Photios Petsas, who was also in disfavor. At his insistence, he managed to return to Crete. This time he was appointed as a newly promoted Ephor in East Crete (Nomos Lasithiou and Malia). By necessity, East Crete had also been “promoted” to an Ephorate, the now well-known 24th Ephorate of Antiquities. This is the only reason why Crete has three Ephorates, and not two or four. As a matter of fact Davaras was the first and last Ephor of this Ephorate, for the title of “Ephor of Antiquities,” the oldest title in Greece (since 1830), was later abolished by the newly elected administration that advocated “the equality of all civil servants” with titles such as “Director of Antiquities” and so forth. However, the title of Ephoreia paradoxically remained. Characteristically, all administrations that followed until today did not reinstate the title of the Ephor, as archaeologists have obviously been “the black sheep” of the state apparatus, above pressures and other concomitant evils. When Costis Davaras became the head of the new Ephorate in Hagios Nikolaos, its state was BIOGRAPHY OF COSTIS DAVARAS embryonic, with the telephone on the floor. He had to organize everything ex nihilo. He considered it his duty to begin the legal protection of the numerous and highly important archaeological sites of East Crete, as he had done in West Crete. This was, indeed, an onerous and difficult task, as the protected areas (Zones A and B) had to be accurately defined on the map. At the same time this was a very delicate enterprise as these areas were not supposed to be excessively large and beyond the rule of “pan metron Ariston.” The trouble was that these new measures went hand-in-hand with the beginning of the touristic development of the island. Thus, a reaction to this novel legality was to be expected. For instance, Davaras managed to stop the demolition of the Venetian fortress of Spinalonga (albeit outside his official jurisdiction), the spolia of which were being taken and imbedded as decoration in the “grand hotels” then under construction. Unfortunately, he did not manage to bring about the conviction in court of a serious perpetrator of bulldozing part of the Minoan town of Palaikastro, who was actually a school teacher! Again regarding Spinalonga, Davaras managed, despite the serious threats he received, to avert the construction there of a base for torpedo boats, which the administration of the Colonels wished to build. Fortunately, finally they realized the enormity of it and constructed the base near Cavo Sidero. Some years later, after the Colonels were gone, the dismal fate of another small island was also averted: the Air Force wished to make the beautiful, subtropical Chryssi to the south of Ierapetra a target area for bombing. Fortunately, the Ministry of Defense gave up this enterprise, persuaded by Davaras’s personal arguments. After some time he was again transferred to Komotini in Thrace, but he never went there as he was then suspended from his duties. He was reinstated after the happy end of an adventure in a court of justice. As an Ephor in Hagios Nikolaos Davaras installed a new provisional exhibition at the Museum, and he conducted many rescue excavations under very difficult conditions, some of which, alas, came too late. In any case, the volume of new material collected was so enormous that it would take several archaeological lives to be properly published. Perhaps the most important of these excavations was the exploration of part of xxiii the Early Minoan I Cycladic cemetery at Hagia Photia, near Siteia, with no assistants, architects, photographers, or other assistants, but with armed workers watching it at night. This excavation is now partly published in collaboration with his close friend Prof. Philip Betancourt. Among Davaras’s other important excavations were those of several Minoan peak sanctuaries in various stages of plundering, including Traostalos, Petsophas (re-excavated), Prinias Zou, Modi, and others. The re-excavation of the oval house at Chamaizi was also crucial, as he was able to clarify its function. It was neither a peak sanctuary, as usually believed, nor oval because of lack of space. The early burial cave of Hagios Charalambos Gerontomouri on the plateau of Lasithi, with its rich finds—especially seals and a great number of human skulls, some of them showing signs of trepanation, the earliest in Greece—is also included among Davaras’s field work. This excavation was later continued with Phil Betancourt as codirector. Other less important excavations include Minoan and later tombs and cemeteries (especially the one at Krya in Siteia) as well as a number of Hellenistic and later houses at Hagios Nikolaos and Ierapetra. Last but not least in his long list of fieldwork comes the important excavation of the Late Minoan I “cult villa” at Makrygialos on the southern coast. According to his view, this building is unique insofar that it closely imitates the Minoan palaces on a very small scale. He gave the edifice this strange name because of its rich religious elements, although he later thought that it should rather be named a “mini palace,” as it is actually a real miniature of a Minoan palace in several of its architectural features. In fact, its central court has the dimensions and orientation of the palace at Petras on the opposite north coast. He does not consider it as a simple “country mansion” aping its superiors. Instead, he believes that, exactly because of its close resemblance, its functions would have been similar to those of the palaces, especially regarding religion. Hence, it was initially dubbed a “cult villa.” He has raised the question whether the edifice at Makrygialos could perhaps help us better understand the main function of the palaces, which it so closely mirrors. It is true that Davaras is very happy and proud that he had the opportunity to re-open East Crete xxiv PHILISTOR: STUDIES IN HONOR OF COSTIS DAVARAS to the excavations of American archaeologists. This was done under the form of a synergasia as a co-director. These excavations took place at Pseira and Mochlos for several campaigns, in collaboration with his eminent colleagues and friends Phil Betancourt and Jeffrey Soles. These excavations, with extraordinary results, funded with grants from several sources, including the Institute for Aegean Prehistory (INSTAP) founded by Malcolm Wiener, the great benefactor of this branch of archaeology, are being published by the INSTAP Academic Press in a rhythm and perfection unthinkable for Greece. Thus, Davaras is quite proud of his official archaeological contribution to these projects. Many eminent scholars involved in Minoan archaeology have, on different occasions, praised his role in these projects. It should be mentioned that the very last official paper out of several thousands Davaras signed as an Ephor was the one that founded, from the Greek side, the INSTAP Study Center for East Crete at Pacheia Ammos, a center that astounds and dazzles every visiting Greek archaeologist. He has always been happy and proud that he has been the instigator of the new British excavations at Palaikastro, a site that was then seriously endangered by developers, both local and foreign. The new excavations have not only been extremely successful, but they stopped pending threats—at least for the time being. The Cavo Sidero area, property of the Toplou monastery north of Palaikastro, seemed at this time to be safe, and so no special measures were taken. Another side of Davaras’s character may be traced through an interesting event. In an unusual way he was able to contribute financially to the great Greek excavations of Zakros. He refused the offer of a Mexican millionaire to re-open the excavation of the famous Diktaian Cave, which must certainly still contain many treasures in its bowels. Instead, he persuaded the gentleman to support the Palace of Zakros project. As tourism developed by leaps and bounds at the shores of Crete, it was unavoidable that woes were yet to come. In 1985, as he continued to press to save archaeological sites in the face of mounting pressure from building, Davaras was once more suspended from his duties as an Ephor for East Crete for five long years. He was ordered to go to Herakleion to the “Archaeological Institute of Crete,” which until then did not exist. He has confessed that he was personally grateful to the Minister of Culture Melina Merkouri, who graciously allowed him to stay in the Hagios Nikolaos Museum in “suspended animation,” as he humorously states. As a measure of clemency he stayed there to supervise its exhibition and cleanliness. In 1990, under the new “Coalition Administration,” Davaras was re-instated in his duties as an Ephor, but as he says, “he had lost his mood” for the Archaeological Service and turned to a new challenge, the University of Athens. In 1993 he was elected Associate Professor of Minoan Archaeology and later Full Professor. There he concentrated on his new duties, a real heaven in comparison to the past, as he usually says. He retired as Professor Emeritus in 2000. To quote his own words, “now I have more time for carefree, less stressful research.” Now his ardent wish and vision is to see in the European Union commission a new member: a Commissioner for Cultural Heritage who would cover a most important area, until now sadly unprotected and badly needed for Greece. Davaras has received many academic and other distinctions. He is Member for Life of the Archaeological Society at Athens; Honorary Member of the Historical and Archaeological Society of Crete in Chania; Honorary Citizen of the Municipality of Ierapetra; Korrespondierendes Mitglied des Deutsches Archäologischen Instituts, Berlin; Chevalier dans l’Ordre des Arts et Lettres de la République Française; Member of the Editorial Board of the periodical Kadmos, Berlin; and General Editor of the periodical Cretan Studies, Amsterdam. Finally, he has received an Honorary Diploma from the University of Tehran for the protection of the endangered remaining mosques on Crete. Indicative of Costis’s vividness, creativity, and overall devotion to a better future for Greece is his very recent participation in the newly formed party of Greek Ecologists, of which he is an active member. Costis is one of the last noblemen in the Greek and international archaeological family and will always remain “young at heart.” From the depth of my heart, I wish him all the best in every aspect of his life. He still has much to offer us. Bibliography of Costis Davaras Davaras, C. 1960. “ Ἐπιγραφαὶ ἐκ Κρήτης I,” CretChron 14, pp. 457–465. Davaras, C., and N. Platon. 1960. “Ἀρχαιολογικὴ κίνησις ἐν Κρήτῃ κατὰ το ἔτος 1960,” CretChron 14, pp. 504–527. ———. 1961–1962. “Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ μνημεῖα Κρήτης,” ArchDelt 17 (B΄, Chronika) [1963], pp. 281–291. ———. 1967. “Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ μνημεῖα Δυτ. Κρήτης 1966,” ArchDelt 22 (B΄, 1 Chronika) [1968], pp. 495–501. ———. 1967. “Εἷς νεώσοικος παρὰ τὴν Σητείαν,” ArchEph 106, pp. 84–90. ———. 1967. “Zur Herkunft des Diskos von Phaistos,” Kadmos 6, pp. 101–105. Davaras, C. 1963. “Ἐπιγραφαὶ ἐκ Κρήτης II,” ArchDelt 18 (A΄, Meletes) [1964], pp. 141–160. ———. 1968. “ Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ μνημεῖα Κεντρικῆς καὶ Ἀνατολ. Κρήτης: Περιοχὴ Μονῆς Ὁδηγητρίας,” ArchDelt 23 (B΄, 2 Chronika) [1969], pp. 405–406. Crile, G., and C. Davaras. 1964. “The Possible Site of Menelaus’ Shipwrecks,” CretChron 17, pp. 47–49. ———. 1968. “Two Geometric Tombs at Atsalenio near Knossos,” BSA 63, pp. 133–146. Davaras, C. 1965. “Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ μνημεῖα Εὐβοίας 1964,” ArchDelt 20 (B΄, 2 Chronika), pp. 256–261. ———. 1969. La double hache minoenne et mycénienne, Ph.D. diss., Sorbonne University. ———. 1965. “Ἀττικὴ (1. Περιφέρεια τέως Διοικήσεως Πρωτευούσης, 2. Ὑπόλοιπος περιφέρεια Ἀττικῆς),” ArchDelt 20 (B΄, 1 Chronika) [1967], pp. 118–127. ———. 1969. “Trois bronzes minoens de Skoteino,” BCH 93, pp. 620–650. ———. 1966. “Ἀνασκαφὴ θολωτοῦ τάφου Μάλεμε,” Prakt 121 [1968], pp. 185–188. ———. 1970. “Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ μνημεῖα Λακωνίας 1969,” ArchDelt 25 (B΄, 1 Chronika) [1972], pp. 172. xxvi PHILISTOR: STUDIES IN HONOR OF COSTIS DAVARAS ———. 1970. “Δαιδαλικὸν ἄγαλμα ἐξ Ἀστριτσίου Κρήτης,” ArchDelt 25 (A΄, Meletes) [1971], pp. 87–96. ———. 1970. “Νέοι διπλοῖ πελέκεις ἐκ τῆς ΣΤ΄ Ἀρχαιολογικῆς Περιφερείας,” AAA 3, pp. 311–313. ———. 1971. “Ἀνασκαφαὶ εἰς Στῦλον Ἀποκορώνου,” AAA 4, pp. 42–44. ———. 1972. Die Statue aus Astritsi: Ein Beitrag zur dädalischen Kunst auf Kreta und zu den Anfängen der griechischen Plastik (Beiheft zur Halbjahresschrift Antike Kunst 8), Bern. ———. 1972. “Two Linear A Inscriptions on Libation Vessels from Petsophas,” Kadmos 11, pp. 101–112. ———. 1971. “Ἀρχαιολογικὲς ἔρευνες στὴ Σητεία κατὰ τὸ θέρος 1971,” Ἀμάλθεια 8, pp. 197–200. ———. 1973. “Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ μνημεῖα Ἀνατολικῆς Κρήτης 1972,” ArchDelt 28 (B΄, 2 Chronika) [1977], pp. 585–596. ———. 1971. “Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ μνημεῖα Δυτ. Κρήτης 1970: Ἀνασκαφὴ εἰς Στύλον Ἀποκορώνου,” ArchDelt 26 (B΄, 2 Chronika) [1975], pp. 517–519. ———. 1973. “Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ μνημεῖα Δυτ. Κρήτης 1972: Βρύσινας Ρεθύμνης, Στύλος Ἀποκορώνου,” ArchDelt 28 (B΄, 2 Chronika) [1977], pp. 583–584. ———. 1971. “Νέαι ἔρευναι εἰς τὴν ἐλλειψοειδῆ οἰκίαν Χαμαιζίου,” in Πεπραγμένα τοῦ Γ′ Διεθνοῦς Κρητολογικοῦ Συνεδρίου A′, Athens, pp. 46–53. ———. 1971. “Περισυλλογὴ ἀρχαίων Ἀνατολικῆς Κρήτης,” Prakt 126 [1973], pp. 301–303. ———. 1971. “Πρωτομινωικὸν νεκροταφεῖον Ἁγίας Φωτιᾶς Σητείας,” AAA 4, pp. 392– 397. Davaras, C., and P.P. Betancourt. 1971–1994. “Diktaion,” in Enciclopedia dell’ arte antica, classica e orientale, Suppl. II, Rome, pp. 382–383. ———. 1973. “Cremations in Minoan and Sub-Minoan Crete,” in Antichità cretesi: Studi in onore di Doro Levi 1 (Cronache di archeologia 12), G.P. Carratelli and G. Rizza, eds., Catania, pp. 158–167. ———. 1973. “Κεραμεικὴ κάμινος εἰς Ἴστρωνα Ἀνατολικῆς Κρήτης,” ArchDelt 28 (A΄, Meletes) [1975], pp. 110–115. ———. 1973. “Μινωικὴ κεραμεικὴ κάμινος εἰς Στῦλον Χανίων,” ArchEph 112, pp. 75–80. ———. 1973. “Μινωικαὶ σφραγῖδες τοῦ Μουσείου Ἁγ. Νικολάου,” ArchEph 112, pp. 81–86. ———. 1971–1994. “Hagios Nikolaos,” in Enciclopedia dell’arte antica, classica e orientale, Suppl. II, Rome, pp. 17–18. ———. 1973. “A New Hieroglyphic Seal from Mochlos,” Kadmos 12, pp. 109–113. ———. 1971–1994. “Hagia Photia,” in Enciclopedia dell’arte antica, classica e orientale, Suppl. II, Rome, pp. 11–12. ———. 1973–1974. “Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ μνημεῖα Ἀνατολικῆς Κρήτης 1974,” ArchDelt 29 (B΄, Chronika) [1977], pp. 931–934. ———. 1971–1994. “Lato,” in Enciclopedia dell’arte antica, classica e orientale, Suppl. II, Rome, pp. 297–299. ———. 1974. “Ἀρχαιότητες καί μνημεῖα Ἀνατολικής Κρήτης,” Ἀμάλθεια 18–19, pp. 40–62. ———. 1971–1994. “Makrygialos,” in Enciclopedia dell’arte antica, classica e orientale, Suppl. II, Rome, pp. 518–519. ———. 1971–1994. “Olunte,” in Enciclopedia dell’arte antica, classica e orientale, Suppl. II, Rome, pp. 73–75. ———. 1971–1994. “Palekastro,” in Enciclopedia dell’arte antica, classica e orientale, Suppl. II, Rome, pp. 208–210. ———. 1971–1994. “Pseira,” in Enciclopedia dell’arte antica, classica e orientale, Suppl. II, Rome, pp. 668–670. Davaras, C. 1972. “Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ μνημεῖα Ἀνατολικῆς Κρήτης 1971,” ArchDelt 27 (B΄, 2 Chronika) [1977], pp. 645–654. ———. 1972. “The Oval House at Chamaizi Reconsidered,” AAA 5, pp. 283–288. ———. 1974. “Ἀνασκαφὴ ΜΜ ἱεροῦ κορυφῆς Βρύσινα Ρεθύμνης,” AAA 7, pp. 210–212. ———. 1974. “Rock-Cut Fish Tanks in Eastern Crete,” BSA 69, pp. 87–93. ———. 1974. Σούνιον: Ἀρχαιολογικός Ὁδηγός, Athens. ———. 1975. “Early Minoan Jewelry from Mochlos,” BSA 70, pp. 101–114. ———. 1975. “Λαξευτὴ ἰχθυοδεξαμενὴ στὰ Φέρμα Ἱεραπέτρας,” ArchDelt 30 (A΄, Meletes), pp. 149–154. ———. 1975. “Three Sherds Inscribed in Linear A, from Traostalos,” Kadmos 13, pp. 167. ———. 1976. “Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ μνημεῖα Ἀνατολικῆς Κρήτης 1975,” ArchDelt 31 (B΄, 2 Chronika) [1984], pp. 373–383. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF COSTIS DAVARAS ———. 1976. Guide to Cretan Antiquities, Park Ridge, NJ. ———. 1976. “Σύνθετα ἱερὰ κέρατα ἀπὸ τὸ ἱερὸ κορυφῆς τοῦ Πετσοφᾶ,” in Πεπραγμένα τοῦ Δ΄ Διεθνοῦς Κρητολογικοῦ Συνεδρίου Α′ (1), Athens, pp. 88–93. Davaras, C., and W. Brice. 1977. “A Fragment of a Libation Table Inscribed in Linear A, from Vrysinas,” Kadmos 16, pp. 5–6. xxvii ———. 1980. “Χρονικὸ ΚΔ′ Ἐφορείας Ἀρχαιοτήτων,” ArchDelt 35 (B΄, 2 Chronika) [1988], pp. 518–523, 525–526. ———. 1981. “Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ μνημεῖα Ἀνατολικῆς Κρήτης 1981,” ArchDelt 36 (B΄, 2 Chronika) [1989], pp. 405–406. ———. 1981. “Ἀρχιτεκτονικὰ στοιχεῖα τῆς ΥΜ ΙΒ ἔπαυλης τοῦ Μακρυγιαλοῦ,” in Πεπραγμένα τοῦ Ε΄ Διεθνοῦς Κρητολογικοῦ Συνεδρίου A′, Herakleion, pp. 77–92. Davaras, C. 1977. “Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ μνημεῖα Ἀνατολικῆς Κρήτης 1976,” ArchDelt 32 (B΄, 2 Chronika) [1984], pp. 334–340. ———. 1981. Μουσεῖον Ἁγίου Νικολάου: Ἀρχαιολογικός ὁδηγός, Athens. ———. 1977. “Μινωικὸς ἐγχάρακτος ἀγωγὸς ἀπὸ τὸ Παλαίκαστρο,” ArchDelt 32 (A΄, Meletes), pp. 65–69. ———. 1981. “Ὁ χρυσὸς στὴν προανακτορικὴ Κρήτη,” Ἀρχαιολογία 1, pp. 11–16. ———. 1977. “Περισυλλογὴ ἀρχαίων Ἀνατολικῆς Κρήτης,” Prakt 132 [1980], pp. 491–496. ———. 1983. “Χρονικὸ ΚΔ΄ Ἐφορείας Ἀρχαιοτήτων,” ArchDelt 38 (B΄, 2 Chronika) [1989], pp. 375–376. ———. 1977. “Χάλκινοι μινωικοὶ λάτρεις τῆς Συλλογῆς Μεταξᾶ,” ArchEph 116 [1979], pp. 109–127. Davaras, C., and O. Masson. 1983. “Cretica: Amnisos et ses inscriptions,” BCH 107, pp. 383–403. ———. 1978. “Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ μνημεῖα Ανατολικῆς Κρήτης 1977,” ArchDelt 33 (B΄, 2 Chronika) [1985], pp. 385–395. ———. 1979. “Ἀρχαιότητες καὶ μνημεῖα Ἀνατ. Κρήτης 1979,” ArchDelt 34 (B΄, Chronika) [1987], pp. 402– 406, 410. ———. 1979. “A Double Axe – Design (?) from Vrokastro,” ArchEph 118 [1981], pp. 114–117. ———. 1979. “Das Grab eines kretischen Wettkampfsiegers?” Stadion 5, pp. 193–219. ———. 1979. Μινωικὴ τέχνη στὸ Μουσεῖον Ἡρακλείου: Ἀρχαιολογικὸς ὁδηγός, Athens. ———. 1979. Φαιστός—Ἁγία Τριάδα—Γόρτυς: Ἀρχαιολογικός Ὁδηγός, Athens. ———. 1980. Κνωσός: Ἀρχαιολογικὸς ὁδηγός, Athens. ———. 1980. “Κρητικὲς ἐπιγραφὲς III,” ArchEph 119 [1982], pp. 1–42. ———. 1980. “A Minoan Graffito from Traostalos,” Kadmos 19, pp. 87–92. ———. 1980. “A Minoan Pottery Kiln at Palaikastro,” BSA 75, pp. 115–126. Davaras, C. 1984. “Μινωικὸ κηριοφόρο πλοιάριο τῆς Συλλογῆς Μητσοτάκη,” ArchEph 123 [1986], pp. 55–95. ———. 1984. “Une tombe à voûte en Crète orientale,” in Aux origines de l’Hellénisme: La Crète et la Grèce. Hommage à Henri van Effenterre, Paris, pp. 297–310. ———. 1985. “Ρωμαϊκὸ νεκροταφεῖο Ἁγίου Νικολάου,” ArchEph 124 [1987], pp. 130–216. ———. 1985. “Une tombe à voûte en Crète orientale (note complémentaire),” BCH 109, pp. 625–628. ———. 1986. “A New Interpretation of the Ideogram *168,” Kadmos 25, pp. 38–43. Betancourt, P.P., and C. Davaras. 1986. “Ἀνασκαφικὴ ἔρευνα Ψείρας: Περίοδοι 1985 καί 1986,” Ἀμάλθεια 68–69, pp. 183–200. Davaras, C. 1986. “Ἕνα παλαιοανακτορικὸ πρῖσμα ἀπὸ τὸ σπήλαιο Γεροντομουρί Λασιθίου,” Cretan Studies 1, pp. 49–55. ———. 1988. “A Minoan Beetle-Rhyton from Prinias Siteias,” BSA 83, pp. 45–54. ———. 1988. “Mykene und Kreta,” in Das Mykenische Hellas: Heimat der Helden Homers, K. Demakopoulou, ed., Athens, pp. 58–59. ———. 1980. “Περισυλλογὴ ἀρχαιοτήτων στὴν Πραισό,” Prakt 135 [1982], pp. 408–411. ———. 1988. “Πρώιμες μινωικὲς σφραγίδες και σφραγιστικοὶ δακτύλιοι ἀπὸ τὸ σπήλαιο Γεροντομούρι Λασιθίου,” ArchEph 125 [1990], pp. 9–43. ———. 1980. “Une ancre minoenne sacrée?” BCH 104, pp. 47–71. Betancourt, P.P., and C. Davaras. 1988. “Excavations at Pseira,” Cretan Studies 1, pp. 35–38. xxviii PHILISTOR: STUDIES IN HONOR OF COSTIS DAVARAS ———. 1988. “Excavations at Pseira, 1985 and 1986,” Hesperia 57, pp. 207–225. Davaras, C. 1989. “Μινωικὰ μελισσουργικὰ σκεύη,” in Φίλια ἔπη εἰς Γεώργιον Ἐ. Μυλωνᾶν διὰ τὰ 60 ἔτη τοῦ ἀνασκαφικοῦ του ἔργου Γ′ (Βιβλιοθήκη τῆς ἐν Ἀθήναις Ἀρχαιολογικῆς Ἑταιρείας 103), Athens, pp. 1–7. Davaras, C., and J. Soles. 1994. “Ἕνας νέος ἀνατολικὸς σφραγιδοκύλινδρος ἀπὸ τὸν Μόχλο,” Cretan Studies 4, pp. 71–76. Soles, J.S., and C. Davaras. 1994. “Excavations at Mochlos, 1990–1991,” Hesperia 63, pp. 391–436. ———. 1989. “Νέαρχος ὁ Λάτιος,” Ἀμάλθεια 80–81, pp. 233–240. Betancourt, P.P., and C. Davaras. 1995. “Recent Excavations at Pseira, Crete,” in Πεπραγμένα τοῦ Ζ΄ Διεθνοῦς Κρητολογικοῦ Συνεδρίου Α′ (1), Rethymnon, pp. 81–86. Betancourt, P.P., and C. Davaras. 1990. “Ἀρχαιολογικὲς ἔρευνες στὴν Ψείρα: Περίοδοι 1987–1989,” Ἀμάλθεια 82–85, pp. 20–37. Betancourt, P.P, and C. Davaras, eds. 1995. Pseira I: The Minoan Buildings on the West Side of Area A (University Museum Monograph 90), Philadelphia. Soles, J., and C. Davaras. 1990. “Theran Ash in Minoan Crete: New Excavations on Mochlos,” in Thera and Aegean World III. 3: Chronology, D.A. Hardy and C. Renfrew, eds., London, pp. 89–95. Davaras, C., and J.S. Soles. 1995. “A New Oriental Cylinder Seal from Mochlos. Appendix: Catalogue of the Cylinder Seals Found in the Aegean,” ArchEph 134 [1997], pp. 29–66. Davaras, C. 1991. “The Wace and Blegen Conference in Athens, 1989,” Kadmos 30, pp. 81–82. ———. 1996. “Excavations at Mochlos, 1992–1993,” Hesperia 65, pp. 175–230. Betancourt, P.P., and C. Davaras. 1991–1993. “Ψείρα 1989,” Κρητική Εστία 4, pp. 304–305. Soles, J.S., and C. Davaras. 1995. “Some Stratigraphic Observations at Mochlos,” in Πεπραγμένα τοῦ Ζ΄ Διεθνοῦς Κρητολογικοῦ Συνεδρίου Α′ (2), Rethymnon, pp. 881–886. Davaras, C. 1992. “Ajios Nikolaos: Archäologisches Museum,” in Kleinere griechische Sammlungen: Ägina–Korinth (CMS V, Suppl. 1A), I. Pini, ed., Berlin, pp. 29–71. ———. 1992. “Chamaizi,” in The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete, J.W. Myers, E.E. Myers, and G. Cadogan, eds., Berkeley, pp. 78–81. ———. 1992. “Makrygialos,” in The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete, J.W. Myers, E.E. Myers, and G. Cadogan, eds., Berkeley, pp. 172–174. Davaras, C. 1997. “The Cult Villa at Makrygialos,” in The Function of the “Minoan Villa.” Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium at the Swedish Institute at Athens, 6–8 June 1992 (SkrAth 4°, 46 ), R. Hägg, ed., Stockholm, pp. 117–135. Betancourt, P.P., and C. Davaras. 1998. “Lithic Materials,” in Pseira III: The Plateia Building (University Museum Monograph 102), by C.R. Floyd, with P.P. Betancourt and C. Davaras, eds., Philadelphia, pp. 153–162. ———. 1992. “Minoan Civilization,” “The Clay Boat,” “Bronze Figurines,” “Bronze Double Axes,” and “Gold Double Axes,” in Minoan and Greek Civilization from the Mitsotakis Collection, L. Marangou, ed., Athens, pp. 31–38, 107–108, 243–257, 262–266, 267–268. Betancourt, P.P., and C. Davaras, eds. 1998. Pseira II: Building AC (the “Shrine”) and Other Buildings in Area A (University Museum Monograph 94), Philadelphia. ———. 1992. “The Seventh International Conference for Cretan Studies, Rethymnon 1991,” Kadmos 31, pp. 164–170. ———, eds. 1998. Pseira III: The Plateia Building (University Museum Monograph 102), C.R. Floyd, Philadelphia. Davaras, C., P.P. Betancourt, and W.R. Farrand. 1992. “Pseira,” in The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete, J.W. Myers, E.E. Myers, and G. Cadogan, eds., Berkeley, pp. 262–267. ———, eds. 1999. Pseira IV: Minoan Buildings in Area B, C, D, and F (University Museum Monograph 105), Philadelphia. Davaras, C., and J.S. Soles. 1992. “Ἀνασκαφές στόν Μόχλο Σητέιας: Περίοδος 1989,” Ἀμάλθεια 90–93, pp. 37–43. Soles, J.S., and C. Davaras. 1992. “Excavations at Mochlos, 1989,” Hesperia 61, pp. 413–445. ———. 1993. “Ἀνασκαφὲς στὸν Μόχλο Σητείας: Περίοδος 1990–91,” Ἀμάλθεια 94–97, pp. 45–65. Davaras, C. 1999. “Comments on the Plateia (Area BR),” in Pseira IV: Minoan Buildings in Area B, C, D, and F (University Museum Monograph 105), P.P. Betancourt and C. Davaras, eds., Philadelphia, pp. 167–169. ———. 2000. “Ἀρχαιότητα,” in Ο Άγιος Νικόλαος και η περιοχή του, Herakleion, pp. 11–45. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF COSTIS DAVARAS ———. 2001. “Comments on the Plateia Building,” in Pseira V: The Architecture of Pseira (University Museum Monograph 109), J.C. McEnroe, with P.P. Betancourt and C. Davaras, eds., Philadelphia, pp. 79–86. Betancourt, P.P., and C. Davaras, eds. 2001. Pseira V: The Architecture of Pseira (University Museum Monograph 109), J.C. McEnroe, Philadelphia, ———, eds. 2003. Pseira VI: The Pseira Cemetery. 1: The Surface Survey (Prehistory Monographs 5), Philadelphia. ———, eds. 2003. Pseira VII: The Pseira Cemetery. 2: Excavation of the Tombs (Prehistory Monographs 6), Philadelphia. Soles, J.S., and C. Davaras, eds. 2003. Mochlos IA: Period III. Neopalatial Settlement on the Coast: The Artisans’ Quarter and the Farmhouse at Chalinomouri. The Sites (Prehistory Monographs 7), J.S. Soles, Philadelphia. ———, eds. 2003. Mochlos IB: Period III. Neopalatial Settlement on the Coast: The Artisans’ Quarter and the Farmhouse at Chalinomouri. The Neopalatial Pottery (Prehistory Monographs 8), K.A. Barnard and T.M. Brogan, Philadelphia. Davaras, C. 2003. Führer zu den Altertümern Kretas, Athens. ———. 2003. Parallels and Affinities between Crete and India in the Bronze Age: Some Speculations (Cretan Studies Suppl. 1), Amsterdam. Davaras, C., and E. Banou. 2003. “A Post-palatial Tomb at Kalochoraphitis, Messara,” Cretan Studies 8, pp. 41–78. Betancourt, P.P., C. Davaras, and R. Hope Simpson, eds. 2004. Pseira VIII: The Archaeological Survey of Pseira Island. Part 1 (Prehistory Monographs 11), Philadelphia. Davaras, C. 2004. “The Mochlos Ship Cup,” in Mochlos IC: Period III. Neopalatial Settlement on the Coast: The Artisans’ Quarter and the Farmhouse at Chalinomouri. The Small Finds (Prehistory Monographs 9), J.S. Soles and C. Davaras, eds., Philadelphia, pp. 3–16. xxix Davaras, C., and P.P. Betancourt. 2004. The Hagia Photia Cemetery I: The Tomb Groups and Architecture (Prehistory Monographs 14), Philadelphia. Soles, J.S., and C. Davaras, eds. 2004. Mochlos IC: Period III. Neopalatial Settlement on the Coast: The Artisans’ Quarter and the Farmhouse at Chalinomouri. The Small Finds (Prehistory Monographs 9), J.S. Soles, C. Davaras, J. Bending, T. Carter, D. Kondopoulou, D. Mylona, M. Ntinou, A.M. Nicgorski, D.S. Reese, A. Sarpaki, W.H. Schoch, M.E. Soles, V. Spatharas, Z.A. Stos-Gale, D.H. Tarling, and C. Witmore, Philadelphia. Betancourt, P.P., C. Davaras, and R. Hope Simpson, eds. 2005. Pseira IX: The Archaeological Survey of Pseira Island. Part 2: The Intensive Surface Survey (Prehistory Monographs 12), Philadelphia. Soles, J.S., and C. Davaras, eds. 2008. Mochlos IIA: Period IV. The Mycenean Settlement and Cemetary. The Sites (Prehistory Monographs 23), J.S. Soles, Philadelphia. Betancourt, P.P., and C. Davaras, eds. 2009. Pseira X: The Excavation of Block AF (Prehistory Monographs 28), Philadelphia. Davaras, C. 2010. “One Minoan Peak Sanctuary Less: The Case of Thylakas 71,” in Cretan Offerings: Studies in Honour of Peter Warren (BSA Studies 18), O. Krzyszkowska, ed., London, pp. 71–88. Soles, J.S., and C. Davaras, eds. 2010. Mochlos IIB: Period IV. The Mycenaean Settlement and Cemetery. The Pottery (Prehistory Monographs 27), R.A.K. Smith, Philadelphia. Kanta, A., and C. Davaras. 2011. ΕλΟυθιΑ ΧΑριΣΤηιΟΝ: Το ιερό σπήλαιο της Ειλειθυίας στον Τσούτσουρο, Heraklion. Soles, J.S., and C. Davaras, eds. 2011. Mochlos IIC: Period IV. The Mycenaean Settlement and Cemetery. The Human Remains and Other Finds (Prehistory Monographs 32), J.S. Soles, J. Bending, T.M. Brogan, K. Caldwell, T. Carter, A. Giumlia-Mair, K. Kopaka, D. Mylona, A. Nicgorski, M. Ntinou, D.S. Reese, G. Rethemiotakis, R.A.K. Smith, S.L. Smith, M.E. Soles, S. Triantaphyllou, and P. Westlake, Philadelphia. List of Abbreviations ASCSA American School of Classical Studies at Athens km kilometer L. length LBA Late Bronze Age LC Late Cycladic or Late Cypriot LH Late Helladic LM Late Minoan cm centimeter dia. diameter dim. dimension EBA Early Bronze Age EM Early Minoan LN Late Neolithic EN Early Neolithic m asl meters above sea level FAF folded-arm figurine m meter gr gram h. height HM Herakleion Archaeological Museum HNM Hagios Nikolaos Archaeological Museum HTR Hagia Triada kg kilogram MACFA macroscopic ceramic fabric analysis max. maximum MHS Minoan Hall System MM Middle Minoan MN Middle Neolithic xxxii PHILISTOR: STUDIES IN HONOR OF COSTIS DAVARAS MNI minimum number of individuals th. thickness pers. comm. personal communication w. width pers. obs. personal observation wt. weight pres. preserved XRF X-ray fluorescence RM Archaeological Museum of Rethymnon C H A P T E R 5 The Presence of Pumice in Late Minoan IIIB Levels at Sissi, Crete Florence Gaignerot-Driessen and Jan Driessen The honoree, Costis Davaras, has always expressed a deep interest in the natural environment and beauty of the island of Crete, which, for many decades, he has explored, excavated, and protected. Many of his excavations took place on isolated mountain peaks, in deep caves, near rivers and beaches, and he was fascinated by the use the Minoans made of their habitat, sometimes through the most discrete interventions.* Harmony between man and his environment was a “fil rouge” throughout his distinguished career. We take the opportunity of this Festschrift to combine two aspects dear to his heart: a site he helped to protect and a feature of the natural environment, used by the Minoans. One of Costis Davaras’s archaeological interventions took place in 1962 at Sissi, then a small coastal hamlet dependent on the nearby mountain village of Vrachasi, which is situated a few kilometers east of Malia. The Kephali tou Hagiou Antoniou—a 3-halarge hill located east of Sissi harbor and situated immediately on the shore at the mouth of the Selinari River—had, by this time, received the visit * This is but a simple token, but it contains great respect, gratitude and friendship for a scholar who, in many different ways, has been instrumental for Cretan archaeology, not in the least through the protection of its sites in their natural habitat. We also thank the head of the 24th Ephorate, Stavroula Apostolakou, and Vasiliki Zografaki for making field work at Sissi possible, and the Institute for Aegean Prehistory (INSTAP), the Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), the Fonds National de Recherche Scientifique (FNRS), the Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO), and private sponsors for financial support. We also thank Alexandre Farnoux and Rodney Fitzsimons for making available the data of Quartier Nu and David Sewell for additional information. 36 FLORENCE GAIGNEROT-DRIESSEN AND JAN DRIESSEN of a series of distinguished Cretan explorers such as Pierre Demargne, André Dessenne, Paul Faure, Sinclair Hood, Peter Warren, and Gerald Cadogan (Driessen 2009). Indeed, in the 1920s, Demargne (1929, 529) had come across a ritual deposit of terracotta figurines of humans and animals, vases, and miniature vessels in the flat area to the west of the hill, at Kremasma. Demargne assumed this deposit was Archaic in date, but this was later corrected by Dessenne, who identified it as Minoan. He connected it with the settlement east of Kremasma, on the Kephali hill, where walls, sherds, and galopetres (milk-stone seals) were observed and collected (Dessenne 1949). Dessenne assumed the hill was a look-out post for the palace at Malia (Dessenne 1949, 310), guarding a potential anchorage. The Kephali tou Hagiou Antoniou, better known among the locals as “the Bouffos” (named after the beach located to the west of the hill), was explored for only a few days by Davaras in 1962, but this sufficed for the settlement to be protected as an archaeological site in 1976 (see Driessen 2009 for the history of exploration of the site). Davaras’s successors in the archaeological service took care to expropriate the Kephali in 1996 and to protect it further by fencing it. The survey team of the French School also gave it some attention in the 1990s (Müller 1996). During the winter of 2006–2007, the Belgian School at Athens successfully applied for a permit to start excavations on the Bouffos, partly to explore the site before more damage was done by encroaching tourism, and partly with the specific aim to find out more data on the potential link between a main palatial center—at Malia—and a secondary site that could help, eventually, to elucidate the nature of Minoan society (Driessen 2009, 20). We opened trenches at different areas of the hill (Fig. 5.1), including on the rocky shore (where the cemetery is located), on the middle terrace to the northwest of the hill (the area first explored by Davaras), and at several points on the summit of the hill. The campaigns of 2007 (three weeks) and 2008 (six weeks) have illustrated what seems to be a continuous occupation of the site from the Early Minoan (EM) IIA period until Late Minoan (LM) IIIB, approximately the same time span during which Malia was occupied. In this paper, we concentrate on a curious find made during the 2007 and 2008 campaigns on the north summit of the hill, where large quantities of pumice were encountered within a LM IIIB context. The summit of the Kephali hill (Fig. 5.1) is formed by a relatively flat plateau measuring a maximum of ca. 100 x 100 m in size. The northern end of the summit was occupied, from EM III onward, by a building of which the northwest and northeastern outside walls form the contours of the hill (Gaignerot-Driessen and Letesson 2009). Some of the walls of this building were subsequently incorporat ed into a Neopalatial construction, which, in turn, was used as the core of a LM IIIA–IIIB complex, later destroyed during the advanced LM IIIB phase. The size of the latter edifice, approximately 25 x 40 m, and its position may imply that it was the main building of the settlement at Sissi during this phase when occupation seems to have been limited to the summit of the hill (Fig. 5.2). For excavation facility, the building is currently being excavated in eastern (Zone 3) and western areas (Zone 4). The destruction layer and floor deposits are located immediately beneath the topsoil at a depth of only 20–40 cm. Despite this shallowness, the floor deposits are relatively well preserved. There are some signs that the destruction in some areas of Zone 3 was accompanied by fire, but an earthquake may be the main agent, explaining the on-the-spot collapse of vessels and architectural features. Surprisingly, only the excavation of the eastern rooms of the main building has yielded an astonishing quantity of pumice, and more than 82 kg in all were collected during the 2008 campaign. If one takes into account that only a few rooms have hitherto been excavated and some not entirely, this quantity is staggering. We consistently collected, weighed, and kept the pumice in calibrated bags that allowed us to arrive at the equation that one kilo of pumice equaled 4.61 liters (GaignerotDriessen 2009, 127). The stratigraphical units in which pumice was encountered were then mapped, and the density of pumice within the excavated earth calculated for the archaeological layer corresponding to the LM IIIB occupation for the entire zone (Fig. 5.3). Pumice still arrives on the beaches of Crete, and it is obvious that there were particular moments in time during which masses of this material were deposited by eruptive activities. Although no analysis has yet been done on the Sissi pumice, this does not affect the essence of this paper; it is plausible that the Thera eruption is, for reasons of proximity, THE PRESENCE OF PUMICE IN LATE MINOAN IIIB LEVELS AT SISSI, CRETE Figure 5.1. Sissi-Kephali tou Hagiou Antoniou. Site plan after the 2007 and 2008 campaigns (P. Hacıgüzeller). 37 38 FLORENCE GAIGNEROT-DRIESSEN AND JAN DRIESSEN Terrace Wall Plaster Floor Bedrock Architectural Feature Possible Hearth Finds 4.9 Ceramics 4.8 Stone Trenches 2007 4.5 2008 3.1 N 4.4 3.9 3.10 3.6 4.1 3.4 3.8 4.6 3.5 3.2 4.3 4.2 3.3 0 10 m 3.7 Figure 5.2. Sissi 2008, state plan of Zones 3 and 4 (plan by P. Hacıgüzeller following data and plans by Zone 3 team directed by F. Gaignerot-Driessen). N 3.1 3.9 3.10 3.6 3.4 3.8 3.5 3.2 3.3 % of pumice/m3 0 5m 0.1%–0.4% 14%–59% 0.4%–14% >59% Figure 5.3. Pumice densities in excavated areas of Zone 3 at Sissi associated with LM IIIB levels (plan by F. Gaignerot-Driessen). THE PRESENCE OF PUMICE IN LATE MINOAN IIIB LEVELS AT SISSI, CRETE the origin of most of the pumice that is still found on Cretan beaches rather than Milos, Nisyros, Giali, or Kos. Tsunami and tidal waves have sometimes been suggested as transporters of pumice. The road cutting for the sea path to the Kalimera Kriti hotel, east of the Kephali, shows such a thick layer of pumice deposition, about 2 m above the present sea level, and, farther along the coast, about 500 m east of the hotel, large quantities of pumice still cover the coast up to a distance of 40 m from the present shore line to a height of 2 m. Both instances could be the result of tsunami action. The summit of the Kephali hill is, at present, located at about 20 m asl and must have been at about 25 m asl in Minoan times. We deduce this from the one-time presence of EM architectural remains in the Kharkoma Bay immediately east of the Kephali. These were seen by Hood’s company in the early 1960s and examined by the archaeological service before the Kalimera Kriti hotel was constructed. The building of the hotel required the installation of a mole to protect the sandy beach, which resulted in the covering of the Minoan remains. The question is whether tsunami action could have been responsible for transporting such large quantities of pumice up the slopes of the Kephali and depositing them within the LM IIIB building(s)? There are several arguments against such a hypothesis, all related to the archaeological context. The presence of pumice in Neopalatial contexts has often been considered in relationship with the Santorini eruption and its dating and effect (Driessen and Macdonald 1997, 91; Sewell 2001, 96), but the later occurrence of this material rarely receives attention, although there have been some attempts to suggest another, much later eruption. Indeed, although L. Pomerance (1970) could only invoke a single LM IIIB discovery of pumice from a context at Chania, he proposed to see the massive wave of destructions happening at the end of LM IIIB as related to another, more serious eruption of the Santorini volcano. D. Hatzi-Vallianou, backed by some geologists, explored a similar line of thinking for the destruction of the LM IIIB site at Gouves. Because of the discovery of masses of pumice, sometimes in layers up to 20 cm thick, stratified above the floors but below the collapse of the walls, Gouves, a site only 100 m from the sea and presently 7 m asl, was also assumed to have 39 been destroyed by a Santorini-related tsunami (Vallianou 1996, 161–165; 1997). Since the Gouves pumice has now been dated to the Minoan eruption (Minoura et al. 2000; see also Sewell 2001, 96), this hypothesis can now be disproved, and we wonder whether another interpretation cannot be considered in view of the evidence elsewhere. The analysis of the Sissi case in particular allows us to conclude that the pumice was collected on the beaches below the site, brought up the hill, and deliberately stored during LM IIIB in specific areas of the building according to certain parameters, and that it was destined for an artisanal use. As clearly illustrated by the density plan of the pumice found in Zone 3 at Sissi (Fig. 5.3), pumice was not encountered everywhere, and, where it did occur, its density differed considerably. Close observation of the distribution patterns of the pumice in the different spaces allows the conclusion that at least some of the pumice must have been stored in some of the large vases that were found during the dig. The excavation of space 3.5, an area of which the entrance from space 3.3 was blocked before the final destruction, yielded no finds apart from a toppled pithos with a large quantity of pumice (ca. 20 kg) around it that was located near the northern wall (Fig. 5.4). Moreover, the highest density of pumice—more than 59% of the total amount, or about 44 kilos— within Zone 3 was collected in space 3.6, particularly in the corridor that separates spaces 3.3 and 3.4. Within this narrow L-shaped space of about 2 m² were found two collapsed pithoi and a third storage vase of large size. This suggests that space 3.6 was a storage area in which vases containing pumice were standing, probably beneath a staircase of which the lowest two steps were in stone, found to the north of space 3.3. This area provides access to spaces 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.8, and a space that still needs to be excavated and may have served as a sottoscala. The area beneath the stairs seems to have been accessed easily, which may imply that it was visited often. The pumice nodules collected were mostly of the size of a lemon, sometimes larger, sometimes smaller (Fig. 5.5). The archaeological evidence speaks against it forming part of the destruction agent: the differences in densities, its absence from certain spaces, and the association with storage vessels imply a specific function for this volcanic material. The widest use of pumice is as an abrasive for industrial, artisanal, and personal hygiene purposes. Pumice is often used to 40 FLORENCE GAIGNEROT-DRIESSEN AND JAN DRIESSEN Figure 5.4. Concentration of pumice near fallen pithos close to north wall of space 3.5 (Sissi, Zone 3; photo by F. GaignerotDriessen). Figure 5.5. Selection of pumice samples from Zone 3, space 3.6 at Sissi (photo by F. Gaignerot-Driessen). grind and polish a number of materials including stone, wood, ivory, metal, and glass, largely because it is an effective yet gentle abrasive. The latter quality is especially important in the sculpting of stone (seals, vases) and, in particular, ivory. Its refractory qualities also make it an interesting medium in metal and pottery production. What were the uses of pumice at Sissi? Interestingly, during the 2008 campaign, the areas with the highest density of pumice yielded, apart from different types of ceramic containers, a variety of stone objects, including tools, refuse, and trial products. In the northwestern corner of space 3.3— i.e., the area close to the steps—and in the area located between spaces 3.3 and 3.4—the area in which debris was found associated with the collapsed staircase—we found several obsidian blades, fragments of stone vases, and fragments of serpentine cores. The latter do not show the circular traces that are commonly observed on the cores that result from stone drilling, as noted by Warren (1969, 159), but they are polished and even. This may suggest that they are evidence for a rather unusual artisanal practice, perhaps related to the advanced date of the evidence since lapidary activities seem rather rare during LM III, or it could imply that the cylindrical fragments had been polished to be re-used for something else (cf. Poursat 1996, 120). In both cases, the use of an abrasive such as pumice would have been indispensable (Faure 1971). In space 3.5, a conical so-called Mycenaean button, stone vase fragments, obsidian chips, and small saws were found as well as some pebbles that could have served as polishers. We are then perhaps justified in assuming that the northern part of space 3.3 or perhaps some of the first floor rooms in or near space 3.5 were working areas in which the use of pumice was essential. The association of pumice with artisanal activities is confirmed by a brief analysis of the excavations of Quartier Nu at nearby Malia. During the excavations of the French School at Athens, directed by A. Farnoux and J. Driessen between 1988 and 1993 (Driessen and Farnoux 1994), pumice was also encountered in large quantities; a distribution map of the site was prepared by Rodney Fitzsimons, and it forms the basis for our map (Fig. 5.6). Incidentally, all pumice nodules were examined individually by Don Evely, who noted traces of use on some pieces (Evely 1993; Driessen and Farnoux 1994, 62). The excavation data show that the highest density of pumice in Qu artier Nu at Malia was also encountered in a centrally located L-shaped corridor (space X1), which is similar to the situation at Sissi. Likewise, it is interesting to observe that this corridor gave access to several other areas (X2, X6, XII1, XII3) in which many fragments of stone vases, stone tools, and a few bits of metal were found. Moreover, space X1 in Quartier Nu, similar to space 3.6 at Sissi, contained three storage vessels as well as two slabs of an original staircase. Both at Sissi and in Quartier Nu at Malia, the highest density of pumice seems related to a sottoscala storage area with evidence for artisanal activities. Bietak (1996, 78) also notes that all pumice lumps at Avaris (Tell el-Dab ca) were retrieved from workshops where they were used as abrasive materials. Whereas the highest pumice densities at Sissi and Quartier Nu at Malia can, we believe, be linked to 41 THE PRESENCE OF PUMICE IN LATE MINOAN IIIB LEVELS AT SISSI, CRETE industrial activities, pumice was encountered regularly throughout parts of the respective LM IIIB buildings. Its overall presence in specific areas of the buildings may also be explained by its concomitant structural use. Because of its lightness, pumice has often been used as a roofing material, both in antiquity and afterward (Faure 1971). Apart from its light weight, it also has interesting qualities for insulation, against both cold and heat, is sound absorban t, and is resistant to pests. Its incorporation in the roof or ceiling material at both sites could explain this presence, and its limitation to only part of the building may then form an indication of which areas actually carried an upper storey or at least had a roof area used for specific activities that was accessible from the ground floor spaces. It remains to be examined during the following excavation campaigns at Sissi, whether more evidence can be gathered to illustrate the specific kind of activities that took place in the spaces opening into corridor 3.6. We also must wonder what the use of pumice was in space 3.1, an area in which higher densities of pumice were encountered together with a number of large storage containers and a possible press (Gaignerot-Driessen 2009, 128). Since it has been observed that, for reasons of security and practicality, Minoan lapidaries only stored a limited amount of primary material on hand (Platon 1993, 120–121), we should assume that the quantity of collected abrasive was proportional. This would then imply that a large quantity of pumice powder was deemed necessary for the creation of stone vases but also perhaps for other activities. Against this perspective, we may wonder what the precise nature and diversity was of the uses made of pumice during the process. The massive presence of pumice at Sissi and Malia Quartier Nu, two LM IIIB sites, allows us perhaps to reconsider its presence at contemporary Gouves (Vallianou 1996). The latter site is especially noteworthy because of a series of kilns and potter’s installations that are linked to residential areas and domestic industries. The preliminary reports do not allow for it to be indentified whether a close association exists between artisanal activities and pumice densities, but the refractory qualities of pumice may suggest that it was also used in connection with kiln activities. Indeed, Vallianou (1996, 161) mentions how, in space XI, all the tools of the potter, together with a pithos and pumice, were found concentrated in a corner of the room. Elsewhere, too, larger densities of only pumice seem to have been located at particular points of the building (Vallianou 1996, 161). The massive presence of pumice at a number of North-Cretan coastal sites during LM III, including N pit X3 X4 X2 X1 X6 X3 XII3 XII1 pit pit Figure 5.6. Pumice densities in LM IIIB Quartier Nu at Malia (plan by F. Gaignerot-Driessen following data collected by R. Fitzsimons). Fragments of pumice/room 0 5m 1–100 500–1,200 101–500 >1,200 42 FLORENCE GAIGNEROT-DRIESSEN AND JAN DRIESSEN Malia, Gouves, and Sissi (but perhaps also Amnissos, Nirou Chani, Hagioi Theodoroi, and elsewhere), can hardly be explained by the Neopalatial eruption of Santorini. While, at this point, it cannot be excluded that another less well-documented eruption was the cause of another massive layer of pumice deposition during the LM IIIB period, the archaeological context of the pumice, at least at Sissi and Quartier Nu at Malia, points to a more intensive use of this volcanic material for artisanal activities during this period. References Bietak, M. 1996. Avaris: The Capital of the Hyksos. Recent Excavations at Tell el-Dabca, London. Demargne, A. 1929. “Chronique des Fouilles,” BCH 53, p. 529. Dessenne, A. 1949. “Têtes minoennes,” BCH 73, pp. 307– 315. Driessen, J. 2009. “Excavations on the Kephali at Sissi: Introduction,” in Driessen et al. 2009, pp. 17–36. Minoura, K., F. Imamura, U. Kuran, T. Nakamura, G.A. Papadopoulos, T. Takahashi, and A.C. Yalciner. 2000. “Discovery of Minoan Tsunami Deposits,” Geology 28 (1), pp. 59–62. Müller, S. 1996. “Prospection archéologique de la plaine de Malia,” BCH 120 (2), pp. 921–928. Platon, L. 1993. “Ateliers palatiaux minoens: Une nouvelle image,” BCH 117 (1), pp. 103–122. Driessen, J., and A. Farnoux. 1994. “Mycenaeans at Malia?” Aegean Archaeology 1, pp. 54–64. Pomerance, L. 1970. The Final Collapse of Santorini (Thera) 1400 B.C. or 1200 B.C.?, with Addenda, Gothenburg. Driessen, J., and C.F. Macdonald. 1997. The Troubled Island: Minoan Crete before and after the Santorini Eruption (Aegaeum 17), Liège and Austin. Poursat, J.-C. 1996. Fouilles exécutées à Malia: Le Quartier Mu III. Artisans Minoens: Les maisonsateliers du Quartier Mu (ÉtCrét 32), Athens. Driessen, J., I. Schoep, F. Carpentier, I. Crevecoeur, M. Devolder, F. Gaignerot-Driessen, H. Fiasse, P. Hacıgüzeller, S. Jusseret, C. Langohr, Q. Letesson, and A. Schmitt. 2009. Excavations at Sissi: Preliminary Report on the 2007–2008 Campaigns (Aegis 1), Louvain-la-Neuve. Sewell, D. 2001. Earth, Air, Fire and Water: An Elemental Analysis of the Minoan Eruption of Santorini Volcano, Ph.D. diss., University of Reading. Evely, R.D.G. 1993. Minoan Crafts: Tools and Techniques. An Introduction (SIMA 92 [1]), Gothenburg. Faure, P. 1971. “Remarques sur la présence et l’emploi de la Pierre Ponce en Crète du Néolithique à nos jours,” in Acts of the 1st International Scientific Congress on the Volcano of Thera, Held in Greece, 15th–23rd September 1969, A.G. Kalogeropoulou, ed., Athens, pp. 422–427. Gaignerot-Driessen, F. 2009. “Le bâtiment du sommet de la colline: La fouille de la Zone 3,” in Driessen et al. 2009, pp. 115–128. Gaignerot-Driessen, F., and Q. Letesson. 2009. “Le bâtiment du sommet de la colline: Introduction,” in Driessen et al. 2009, pp. 113–114. Vallianou, D. 1996. “New Evidence of Earthquake Destructions in Late Minoan Crete,” in Archaeoseismology (BSA Fitch Laboratory Occasional Paper 7), S. Stiros and R.E. Jones, eds., Exeter, pp. 153–168. Vallianou, D. 1997. “The Potters’ Quarter in LM III Gouves,” in TEXNH: Craftsmen, Craftswomen, and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age. Proceedings of the 6th International Aegean Conference, Temple University, Philadelphia, 18–21 April 1996 (Aegaeum 16), R. Laffineur and P.P. Betancourt, eds., Liège, pp. 336–343. Warren, P.M. 1969. Minoan Stone Vases, Cambridge.