The allocutives in the European Portuguese

2012

The use of ustedes instead of vosotros, in Spanish, and of vocês instead of vós, in Portuguese, is similar in both these languages. These phenomena have arisen due to the simplification of plural forms of address, which express both formality and informality. However, not all the agreements of these forms are governed by a syntactic pattern; that is why we can find elements formed on third person plurals linked to others in second person plural. The data from the Atlas Lingüístico de la Península Ibérica (ALPI) show the situation of this process in both languages during the early part of the last century, and the factors that can influence it.

Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 2018

The employment of você in current European Portuguese is not clear. Although Brazilian Portuguese has specialised it as an informal pronoun in certain geographical areas within the country, the European variety presents its use in contexts which seem to be contradictory: informal address, formal address and pejorative address. Due to the lack of an in-depth study on the evolution of this form, we have collected data from three different corpora that reflect the real usage of você throughout the twentieth century, since it is from the nineteenth century that você started specialising as an informal pronoun. The results show a decreasing use of this pronoun and a certain degree of polyvalence due to a gradual marginalisation experienced for over one hundred years. As a consequence, the strategy of null subject plus 3sg has emerged as the unmarked politeness strategy in current European Portuguese.

Address in Portuguese and Spanish: diachrony and diachronic reconstruction, 2020

South-western Peninsular Spanish (Andalusian) and European Portuguese rely on a single plural pronoun to address a group of people (ustedes/ vocês respectively). However, this can induce two different agreements in the verb, in the object pronouns and in the possessive: (i) second person plural (2PL) and (ii) third person plural (3PL). This chapter studies the linguistic spread of these agreement patterns during the last hundred years as well as the theoretical aspects that led to this variation in use, and it also confirms the Sprachbund theory that has been recently put forward regarding western Andalusian and southern European Portuguese, since both varieties share a series of linguistic behaviours and developments in phonetics, lexicon and morpho-syntax.

Estudos de Lingüística Galega, 2022

The system of forms and pronouns of address in European Portuguese presents great variation throughout the entire country. Although a tripartite and a bipartite paradigm exists in singular and plural, respectively, the dialect reality provides a more complex system that depends on geo and sociolinguistic factors. Despite the most recent studies on this phenomenon, there is little information about the actual usage of pronouns of address in the archipelagos. In this paper, I aim to pinpoint the current paradigm of pronouns of address in Madeira, by also establishing its geolinguistic, sociolinguistic, pragmatic and grammatical constraints, thanks to a quantitative corpus stemming from specific fieldwork. The main results show the elimination of vós as plural, the extension of vocês and its 3pl agreement pattern, as well as various pragmatic changes in progress regarding the conception of family and the spread of pragmatic solidarity.

Lopes, Célia; Marcotulio, Leonardo; Oliveira, Thiago. Forms of address from the Ibero-Romance perspective. In: Martin Hummel & Célia Regina dos Santos Lopes (eds.), Address in Portuguese and Spanish. Studies in diachrony and diachronic reconstruction, Berlin / Boston (Walter de Gruyter) 2020., 2020

The objective of this chapter is to map how the new (sub)systems of second person singular address in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) became organized, examining how address forms in subject position correlate with forms in the other positions (accusative, dative, oblique, genitive). We analyze samples of personal letters written by Brazilians in the 19th and 20th centuries from two regions of the country (Southeast and Northeast). In subject position, the results evidence a gradual loss in use of the pronoun tu 'you' to the benefit of the new form você 'you', starting in the first half of the 20th century. In the other morphosyntactic contexts, we found a very irregular distribution of the innovative form você.

Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie, 2023

The system of pronouns of address in European Portuguese is made up of several pronouns and strategies, some of which vary depending on sociolinguistic, geographical and pragmatic factors. Despite its complexity, there is lack of empirical research that accounts for the actuality and validity of the paradigm depicted in the grammars. In order to compensate for this lack of information, I aim to set out the system of pronouns of address in the Azores, an area that has up to this point not been subject to investigation. Thanks to specific fieldwork, I will establish the type of politeness that currently predominates in this archipelago and the particularities that are not attested elsewhere in Portugal.

Address in Portuguese and Spanish

The objective of this chapter is to map how the new (sub)systems of second person singular address in Brazilian Portuguese (BP) became organized, examining how address forms in subject position correlate with forms in the other positions (accusative, dative, oblique, genitive). We analyze samples of personal letters written by Brazilians in the 19th and 20th centuries from two regions of the country (Southeast and Northeast). In subject position, the results evidence a gradual loss in use of the pronoun tu 'you' to the benefit of the new form você 'you', starting in the first half of the 20th century. In the other morphosyntactic contexts, we found a very irregular distribution of the innovative form você.

Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 2021

The system of pronouns of address in Portuguese is known for its complexity. Although many investigations (mainly case studies) on Brazilian Portuguese have been carried out to this respect, there is lack of in-depth studies about the European variety. In this article, we aim to provide the history of the system of pronouns of address in European Portuguese throughout the 20th century, by analyzing dialect data pertaining to three sociolinguistic corpora. The results highlight that the 20th century meant a time with profound changes in Portugal's society, since it represents a stage in which European Portuguese established a new paradigm that favoured standard responses and pragmatic solidarity. However, this variety is still inclined to pragmatic distance, for the data reveal that it has also come up with new strategies to maintain deference as the unmarked politeness strategy.

Impluvium, 2019

El propósito del artículo es reflexionar sobre las técnicas empleadas para explorar y extraer hidrocarburos no convencionales en México, especialmente impulsadas mediante la reforma constitucional energética de 2013. Pese a que su publicación contradice disposiciones ambientales, los dispositivos legales que regulan las técnicas facilitaron la transmisión y el otorgamiento de concesiones de agua. Con base en este análisis, el trabajo muestra que la fracturación hidráulica es incompatible con el principio precautorio y con los instrumentos internacionales de protección de los derechos humanos. Asimismo, la extracción masiva de hidrocarburos no convencionales fortalece el modelo de dependencia de los combustibles fósiles y contribuye al escenario de distribución desigual de agua, al asegurar los volúmenes requeridos por el proceso industrial de estimulación artificial. Esta situación se traduce en tensiones y disputas, particularmente en comunidades campesinas y territorios indígenas, que generan conflictos de diversa escala, duración e intensidad.

Página 2 de 69 nos próximos meses, viver esse curso intensamente! Não quero descansar um só minuto se isso for necessário para que, ao final, você entre na sua nova casa: a Receita Federal do Brasil! Se depender de mim, você já pode se considerar trabalhando lá!  Vamos falar um pouco sobre a importância da Legislação Aduaneira nos concursos da RFB! Bem, na prova de Auditor Fiscal RFB 2012, tivemos 15 (quinze) questões das disciplinas "Comércio Internacional" + "Legislação Aduaneira".