Sustainable Nuclear Energy

Sustainable Nuclear Energy KUMAR RAJENDRAN CENTER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND DUTIES EDUCATION AND RESEARCH, TAMIL NADU DR. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI 600028, INDIA KUMAR RAJENDRAN SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY Table of contents S.NO PARTICULARS PAGE NO. 1. Introduction 3 2. Positive sides of Nuclear Energy 4 3. Negative sides of Nuclear Energy 5 4. The Question of Sustainable Nuclear Energy 7 5. Conclusion 14 6. References 16 2 KUMAR RAJENDRAN SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY “The International Energy Agency estimates 1.4 billion people will still lack access to electricity in 2030 unless new approaches and policies are adopted”1. Introduction: The word “sustain” means to support or maintain, especially over a long period2. The word sustainability is derived from the Latin sustinere (tenere, to hold; sus, up). However the word sustainable development was defined at the Brundtland Commission of the United Nations on March 20, 19873 as “sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Today, 439 nuclear power reactors produce approximately 16 per cent of the world’s electricity. In nine countries, over 40 per cent of energy production comes from nuclear power4. The IAEA, an international organization in the UN family, fosters the safe, secure and peaceful uses of atomic energy and helps ensure the use of nuclear technology for sustainable development. The principal environmental impacts associated with nuclear power and sustainable development are radiation, air pollution, Green House Gas [GHG] emissions and radioactive waste5. For sustainable nuclear energy it is necessary to know the advantages and disadvantages of the nuclear energy. 1 The Case for Meeting the Millennium Development Goals Through Access to Clean Electricity November, 2008 Peter Meisen & Irem Akin - President & Research Associate, Global Energy Network Institute (GENI) at http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/research/meeting-mdgs-through-access-to-electricity/MDG_Final_1208.pdf 2 Black's Law Dictionary (8th ed. 2004) 3 A/RES/42/187 Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development General Assembly meeting 11 December 1987 at http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm 4 An Overview on Atomic Energy by the UN http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/atomicenergy/index.shtml 5 Nuclear Power And Sustainable Development Printed by the IAEA in Austria April 2006 3 KUMAR RAJENDRAN SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY Positive sides of Nuclear Energy: Certain factors, outside nuclear industry make them look more attractive which are the incentives as approached by some nuclear optimists6 are: Continuing very rapid growth in World energy demand Centralized long time approaches to power production systems Treat to security of fuel supplies perhaps because of growing international tension Growing concerns about environmental impact of fossil fuels Failure of renewable technologies to develop both rapidly and economically Failure to develop large scale methods of storing electricity Retention or expansion of centralized power grid systems with concomitant requirements for baseload power production Greener shades of nuclear power as put forward by those who are for nuclear energy to develop it more for the benefit of whole mankind are:  Nuclear power generation does emit relatively low amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2). The emissions of green house gases and therefore the contribution of nuclear power plants to global warming is therefore relatively little. If the nuclear power plants in operation worldwide today were replaced by fossil-fired power plants, the CO2 emissions from the energy sector would increase by more than 8%.Overall for industrialized countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, it's been reported that nuclear power accounted for the greater part of the lowering of carbon intensity of the energy economies over the past 25 years. The IAEA has developed and distributed a package of computer tools and databases that comprise an analytical framework for analyzing the 6 Double Or Quits?: The Global Future of Civil Nuclear Energy, By Malcolm C. Grimston, Peter Beck, Sustainable Development Programme (Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2002) 4 KUMAR RAJENDRAN SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY economic, health, environmental, and social aspects of all energy chains for electricity generation.7  This technology is readily available; it does not have to be developed first.  It is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energy in one single plant.  Once nuclear power plants started their operation, the cost of the power produced is below that of the fossil fuels  No one has been killed in a civil nuclear plant in the United States, while the same cannot be said for the other US electricity generating facilities8 Negative sides of Nuclear Energy:  Non renewable - Nuclear energy uses Uranium as fuel, which is a scarce resource. The supply of Uranium is expected to last only for the next 30 to 60 years (depending on the actual demand). Therefore nuclear energy is not a renewable energy.9 Once uranium is completely depleted from the Earth, it will be full of uranium waste that is dangerously radioactive. Uranium is being «consumed» (i.e. converted) during the operation of the nuclear power plant so it won't be available any more for future generations. This again contradicts the principle of sustainability.  Waste management - The problem of radioactive waste is still an unsolved one. The waste from nuclear energy is extremely dangerous and it has to be carefully looked after for several thousand years (10'000 years according to United States Environmental Protection Agency standards). 7 IAEA Bulletin, 39/1/1997 Nuclear Energy Now, Why The Time Has Come for the World’s Most Misunderstood Energy Source, by Alan M Herbst & George W Hopley, 2007, New Jersey 9 The resource news at http://uranium-plutonium.weebly.com/other-facts.html 8 5 KUMAR RAJENDRAN  SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY Safety - Despite a generally high security standard, accidents can still happen. It is technically impossible to build a plant with 100% security. A small probability of failure will always last. The consequences of an accident would be absolutely devastating both for human being as for the nature. The more nuclear power plants (and nuclear waste storage shelters) are built, the higher is the probability of a disastrous failure somewhere in the world 10.  Energy Security - Nuclear power plants as well as nuclear waste could be preferred targets for terrorist attacks. No atomic energy plant in the world could withstand an attack similar to 9/11 in New York. Such a terrorist act would have catastrophic effects for the whole world.  Nuclear proliferation - During the operation of nuclear power plants, radioactive waste is produced, which in turn can be used for the production of nuclear weapons. In addition, the same know-how used to design nuclear power plants can to a certain extent be used to build nuclear weapons.  Economic competitiveness - The time frame needed for formalities, planning and building of a new nuclear power generation plant is in the range of 20 to 30 years in the western democracies11. In other words: It is an illusion to build new nuclear power plants in a short time.  Environmental protection - Both the nuclear waste as well as retired nuclear plants are a life-threatening legacy for hundreds of future generations 12. It obviously contradicts with the thoughts of sustainability if future generations have to deal with dangerous waste generated from preceding generations. 10 Pros and Cons of Nuclear power and Sustainability at http://timeforchange.org/pros-and-cons-of-nuclearpower-and-sustainability 11 For Whom the (Nuclear) Clock Ticks By Michael Anton, writer in New York who served in national security positions in the Bush administration, CBSNews January 14, 2010 at http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-215_1626098711.html 12 Nuclear power for you - nuclear waste for the others? by http://timeforchange.org/nuclear_power 6 KUMAR RAJENDRAN  SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY Last but not the least – Legislations regarding civil liability are not effective. As a matter of fact there is no Act for civil liability of nuclear damage in India till date only a Bill is pending. The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill, 2010 seeks to create a mechanism for compensating victims of nuclear damage arising from a nuclear incident13. The Question of Sustainable Nuclear Energy: The defaults in nuclear energy, clearly state that, at present it is not sustainable, both in terms of economy and environment. But worldwide efforts are taken to make nuclear energy really sustainable. Global energy demand is expected to increase steeply, creating an urgent need to evolve a judicious global energy policy, exploiting the potential of all available energy resources, including nuclear energy14. Efforts inside United Nations To follow up on the implementation of Agenda 2115, the UN established the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD). The full commission meets annually to address selected topics covered by Agenda 21. Energy was addressed for the first time at the ninth session of the CSD (CSD-9) in 2001. CSD-9’s decision on energy (UN 2001) is thus the first dedicated effort by the CSD to further translate the Brundtland Commission’s definition of sustainable development into specific policy directions with respect to energy. 13 The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill, 2010 at http://www.prsindia.org/ Abstract of ‘Challenges in Materials Research for Sustainable Nuclear Energy’ by Baldev Raj, M. Vijayalakshmi, P.R. Vasudeva Rao and K.B.S. Rao Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, India http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7960262 15 Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and the Statement of principles for the Sustainable Management of Forests were adopted by more than 178 Governments at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janerio, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992. http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21/index.shtml 14 7 KUMAR RAJENDRAN SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY Nuclear power was a particularly controversial topic during the extensive preparatory process for CSD-9 and at the two-week meeting. The debate between countries that consider nuclear power an essential component of their sustainable development strategies and those that consider nuclear power fundamentally incompatible with sustainable development was long and thorough. It reached two main conclusions: (1) Countries agreed to disagree on the role of nuclear power in sustainable development. CSD-9’s final text observed that some countries view nuclear power as an important contributor to sustainable development and others do not, and summarized briefly the logic of each perspective. (2) Countries agreed that “The choice of nuclear energy rests with countries.” The extensive debate at CSD-9 on nuclear power was not repeated the following year at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg16. The Millennium Development Goals [MDGs] were established at the 2000 Millennium Summit to “form a blueprint [for development] agreed to by all the world’s countries and all the world’s leading development institutions” (UN 2006b). UN Energy was created after WSSD to coordinate energy related activities throughout the UN system. The world´s challenging energy scene was one main focus of the latest and 15th Session of the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) meeting at the UN Headquarters in New York, 30 April - 11 May, 200717. The IAEA supports the CSD´s work in key areas, including the development of energy indicators that can help countries achieve the goals of sustainable development. 16 The World Summit on Sustainable Development, WSSD or Earth Summit 2002 took place in Johannesburg, South Africa, from 26 August to 4 September 2002. 17 Date wise discussion available at http://www.iisd.ca/vol05/#csd-15 8 KUMAR RAJENDRAN SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY Efforts outside United Nations: In 1989 the nuclear industry created the World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO) to promote professional excellence and a strong safety culture in every nuclear power plant worldwide. Since 2001 WNA has forged an invaluable complementary role by representing and upholding industry interests on key topics outside WANO’s exclusive focus on safety. "Today, as they work to advance the safe and successful use of nuclear energy around the world, these two organizations deserve the industry’s unwavering support. Each is contributing substantially to the future of nuclear power.18" Efforts by IAEA: 1) In 1999 the IAEA initiated a multi-agency study on Indicators for Sustainable Energy Development (ISED) to supplement the United Nations Work Programme on Indicators of Sustainable Development (WPISD)19. Partners include the OECD International Energy Agency (IEA), UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), Eurostat, and the European Environment Agency. The interim report was presented in 2001 at the 9th session of the Commission on Sustainable Development in New York. In 2002, in connection with the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), this work was registered as a Partnership for Sustainable 18 Official Brochure of WNA, Zack Pate, Chairman-Emeritus, WANO at http://world-nuclear.org/uploadedFiles/WNA_Brochure_%284_Pillars%29.pdf 19 Planning & Economic Studies Section (PESS): Capacity Building for Sustainable Energy Development, 3-E Analysis - Indicators For Sustainable Energy Development (ISED) http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/ST/NE/Pess/ISED.html 9 KUMAR RAJENDRAN SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY Development with the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA). In 2005, a multi-agency report was published on Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Guidelines and Methodologies. This publication presents a set of energy indicators for sustainable development and is a versatile analytical tool for countries to track their progress on energy for sustainable development. In November 2005, a special issue of the Natural Resources Forum was published on 'Policy Applications of Energy Indicators' based on the ISED programme. This special issue features articles highlighting how energy indicators were developed, refined and tested by international and regional agencies and national experts to analyze and meet identified energy needs. In February 2007, a joint report by the United Nations and the IAEA on “Energy Indicators for Sustainable Development: Country Studies on Brazil, Cuba, Lithuania, Mexico, Russian Federation, Slovakia and Thailand”, was published. 2) Long-range and strategic planning for energy system evolution and the potential role of nuclear energy therein requires a sound understanding of the dynamics of technology change and innovation20. Concerns over energy resource availability, energy security and climate change suggest an important role for nuclear power in supplying sustainable energy in the 21st century. The International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO) was initiated in 2000 by a resolution of the IAEA General Conference to help ensure that nuclear energy is available to contribute to meeting global energy needs of the 21st century in a sustainable manner. It is a mechanism for IAEA Member States that have 20 Sustainable Nuclear Energy by Y. Sokolov and R. Beatty, IAEA Bulletin 51-1 | September 2009 | 39 10 KUMAR RAJENDRAN SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY joined the project as INPRO members to collaborate on topics of joint interest. By 2010, INPRO membership had grown to 30 countries and the European Commission21 To assist Member States in assessing their long range strategic planning for existing or future nuclear energy systems, the IAEA’s International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO) developed the ’INPRO Methodology’ with contributions from 300 international experts including some from the Generation IV International Forum (GIF). The Nuclear Energy System Assessment is a holistic approach that uses this internationally validated tool — the INPRO methodology — to support long term planning and strategic decision making on nuclear energy development and deployment in Member States22. The tenth anniversary of INPRO had a Technical Session on “The Future of Nuclear Innovation” and a Dialogue Forum on “Institutional Challenges of Multilateral Approaches to Sustainable Nuclear Energy Deployment”. The meeting discussed deeply about Technology Development of Nuclear Power Reactors with the application of CFD [Computational Fluid Dynamics] Codes for the Design of Advanced Water Cooled Reactors, Fast Reactors and Accelerator Driven Systems, Gas Cooled Reactors, Small and MediumSized Reactors and Non-Electric Applications of Nuclear Power. Goals of INPRO are Supporting Nuclear Power Plants by Evaluation Methodologies in Emerging Nuclear Power States Expanding Nuclear Power Project 21 International Atomic Energy Agency 10-3889 / September 2010 at www.iaea.org/INPRO Background of INPRO By Misha Kidambi, IAEA Division of Public Information at http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2009/inpro.html 22 11 KUMAR RAJENDRAN SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY Commissioning of Nuclear Power Plants by providing guidelines and experiences Nuclear Power Plant Instrumentation and Control Technologies Irradiation Embrittlement and Life Management of Reactor Pressure Vessels in Nuclear Power Plants Maintaining and Operating the Power Reactor Information System (PRIS) Database and its Products Developing the Partnership of Nuclear Industry and Education Human Resources Development and Personnel Training by e-learning system for countries embarking on nuclear power23 Efforts by the United States Legislature24: Atomic Energy Act, 1954 Price Anderson Act, 1957 Private Ownership of Special Nuclear Materials Act, 1964 Energy Reorganization Act, 1974 Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act, 1978 Low Level Waste Policy Act, 1980 Nuclear Waste Policy Act, 1982 Efforts need to taken by India For India to reap the benefits of sustainable nuclear energy, it must take up the following seriously, 23 24 Nuclear Power Newsletter, Vol. 7, No. 4, December 2010 http://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower Nuclear Power, David E. Newton, 2008, Viva Books 12 KUMAR RAJENDRAN SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY The environmental policy must be made stringent as to ensure utmost safety to the environment. The legislations like Water Act needs amendment as to include thermal pollution caused by the nuclear reactors A statutory body for regulating the non radiological effects of nuclear power including the environmental effects of thermal discharge must be set up25 The fruitful results of Indo-US nuclear deal will be large addition to atomic energy program26, which will result in significantly inflated nuclear waste problem. Nuclear waste management should be attempted in major scale. In the US, the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 had consciously opened the door to largescale, private nuclear enterprise, by permitting private industry, under licenses issued by the Atomic Energy Commission, to be engaged with nuclear energy in all non-military aspects, including the production of special nuclear materials. Such legislation contemplates and requires that large nuclear energy liability insurance facilities be available27.Nuclear liability insurance regimes provide many guarantees to both the industry and potential victims of accidents, and the coverage of damages is increasingly taken on by nuclear operators.28 Nuclear insurance must be brought in the 2010 Bill with futuristic view. 25 Nuclear Politics in America, A history and theory of Government regulation, Robert J Duffy, University Press of Kansar, 1997 26 Indo-US Nuclear Deal, Seeking Synergy in Bilateralism, Conclusion – Indo-Us Nuclear Deal, An Uncertain Future by P.R Chari, 2009,Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies 27 Report of the committee on Nuclear Energy Insurance Law, 1956 Chairman John P. Faude 28 Nuclear Energy - sustainable development perspective http://www.oecdnea.org/ndd/docs/2000/nddsustdev.pdf as on 19/April/ 2012 13 KUMAR RAJENDRAN SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY Government-funded Research &Development centers should be set up29 , including the building and operation of equipment such as research reactors, will likely constitute the main subsidy to nuclear energy, as it has in the past. A vigorous R&D effort is required to conceive and develop designs that will meet more stringent safety standards. Reprocessing of spent fuel emerges as the key to sustainable abundant and cheap electricity30. The government must promote the safe use of nuclear energy by setting specialized committees both at the National and State level. Without public awareness and nuclear education the efforts of the government will be politicized and development will come to stand still. Conclusion: A central goal of sustainable development is to avoid the transfer of large burdens through time to future generations. The international goal of sustainable development requires the co-ordinated actions of people around the world, and all the scientific and technological tools at their disposal. In various fields, nuclear energy and its diverse applications have proved to be important components of steps to achieve sustainable solutions to practical problems affecting our social, economic, and environmental development31. To make the right choices in the months and years ahead, governments will need an objective record of experience and facts with which to evaluate their options, set priorities, and marshal the needed resources. Through its 29 Supra Sustainable Nuclear Power, Gallen J Suppes & Truman Strovick, 2007 Elsevier Academic Press 31 Good signs for sustainable development: Nuclear energy's contributions by Arshad Khan, Lucille Langlois, and Marc Giroux, IAEA BULLETIN, 39/1/1997 30 14 KUMAR RAJENDRAN SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY range of services and projects, the IAEA will be assisting countries in their efforts to constructively and safely apply nuclear and radiation technologies where they can be most beneficial, and to plan their energy and electricity development. Nuclear power is not a ‘fix-all’ option. It is a choice that has a place among the mix of solutions, and expectations for the expanding use of nuclear power are rising. In addition to the growth in demand, these expectations are driven by energy security concerns, nuclear power’s low greenhouse gas emissions, and the sustained strong performance of nuclear plants32. “Sustainable development is about growing assets and opening options - not foreclosing them”. 32 Mohamed ElBaradei, Director General, IAEA 15 KUMAR RAJENDRAN SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY Reference: Statutes and Reports – Indian Atomic Energy Act, 1962 The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Bill, 2010 at http://www.prsindia.org/ --International A/RES/42/187 Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development General Assembly meeting 11 December 1987 at http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42187.htm Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and the Statement of principles for the Sustainable Management of Forests were adopted by more than 178 Governments at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janerio, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992. http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/agenda21/index.shtml The World Summit on Sustainable Development, WSSD or Earth Summit 2002 took place in Johannesburg, South Africa, from 26 August to 4 September 2002. --American Report of the committee on Nuclear Energy Insurance Law, 1956 Chairman John P. Faude Atomic Energy Act, 1954 Price Anderson Act, 1957 Private Ownership of Special Nuclear Materials Act, 1964 Energy Reorganization Act, 1974 Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act, 1978 Low Level Waste Policy Act, 1980 Nuclear Waste Policy Act, 1982 16 KUMAR RAJENDRAN SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY Books 1. Indo-US Nuclear Deal, Seeking Synergy in Bilateralism, Conclusion – Indo-Us Nuclear Deal, An Uncertain Future by P.R Chari, 2009,Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies 2. Nuclear Politics in America, A history and theory of Government regulation, Robert J Duffy, University Press of Kansar, 1997 3. Nuclear Power, David E. Newton, 2008, Viva Books 4. Sustainable Nuclear Power, Gallen J Suppes & Truman Strovick, 2007 Elsevier Academic Press 5. Double Or Quits?: The Global Future of Civil Nuclear Energy, By Malcolm C. Grimston, Peter Beck, Sustainable Development Programme (Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2002) 6. Nuclear Energy Now, Why The Time Has Come for the World’s Most Misunderstood Energy Source, by Alan M Herbst & George W Hopley, 2007, New Jersey 7. Black's Law Dictionary (8th ed. 2004) Articles in websites, journals and newsletters 1) The Case for Meeting the Millennium Development Goals Through Access to Clean Electricity November, 2008 Peter Meisen & Irem Akin - President & Research Associate, Global Energy Network Institute (GENI) at http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/research/meeting-mdgs-through-access-toelectricity/MDG_Final_1208.pdf 2) Nuclear Power And Sustainable Development Printed by the IAEA in Austria April 2006 3) Pros and Cons of Nuclear power and Sustainability at http://timeforchange.org/pros-and-cons-of-nuclear-power-and-sustainability 4) For Whom the (Nuclear) Clock Ticks By Michael Anton, writer in New York who served in national security positions in the Bush administration, CBSNews January 14, 2010 at http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-215_1626098711.html 17 KUMAR RAJENDRAN SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY 5) Nuclear power for you - nuclear http://timeforchange.org/nuclear_power waste for the others? by 6) Planning & Economic Studies Section (PESS): Capacity Building for Sustainable Energy Development, 3-E Analysis - Indicators For Sustainable Energy Development (ISED) http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/ST/NE/Pess/ISED.html 7) Nuclear Energy sustainable development perspective http://www.oecdnea.org/ndd/docs/2000/nddsustdev.pdf as on 19/April/ 2012 8) Good signs for sustainable development: Nuclear energy's contributions by Arshad Khan, Lucille Langlois, and Marc Giroux, IAEA BULLETIN, 39/1/1997 9) Nuclear Power Newsletter, Vol. http://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower 7, No. 4, December 2010 10) Abstract of ‘Challenges in Materials Research for Sustainable Nuclear Energy’ by Baldev Raj, M. Vijayalakshmi, P.R. Vasudeva Rao and K.B.S. Rao Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, India http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7 960262 11) An Overview on Atomic Energy by http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/atomicenergy/index.shtml the UN 12) The resource news at http://uranium-plutonium.weebly.com/other-facts.html 13) Date wise discussion of the commission on sustainable development available at http://www.iisd.ca/vol05/#csd-15 14) Official Brochure of WNA, Zack Pate, Chairman-Emeritus, WANO at http://worldnuclear.org/uploadedFiles/WNA_Brochure_%284_Pillars%29.pdf 15) Sustainable Nuclear Energy by Y. Sokolov and R. Beatty, IAEA Bulletin 51-1 | September 2009 | 39 16) International Atomic Energy Agency 10-3889 / September 2010 at www.iaea.org/INPRO 17) Background of INPRO By Misha Kidambi, IAEA Division of Public Information at http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2009/inpro.html 18 KUMAR RAJENDRAN SUSTAINABLE NUCLEAR ENERGY Websites reffered 1. The official website of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development www.oecdnea.org 2. The official website of International Atomic Energy Agency www.iaea.org 3. The official website of World Nuclear Organisation www.world-nuclear.org 4. The official website of CBS News www.cbsnews.com 5. The official website of Time For Change www.timeforchange.org 6. The official website of Global Energy Network Institute www.geni.org 7. The official website of United Nations Organisation www.un.org 8. The official website of Public Relations of India www.prsindia.org 9. The official website of Commission on Sustainable Development www.iisd.ca 10. The official website of Cambrige Journals www.journals.cambridge.org 11. The official website of legal research database heinonline http://heinonline.org The websites were referred on 6-5-2012. 19