Happiness-Samadzadeh

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 83 (2013) 644 – 649 2nd World Conference on Educational Technology Researches – WCETR2013 Study of Fordayce Happiness Model Effectiveness on quality of life in patients undergo Dialysis and patients who suffering from Cancer Mehdi Samadzadeha, Bita Shahbazzadegan b*, MoslemAbbasic a MD of Psychiatrist; Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil- Iran b MSc of Nursing; Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil- Iran c PhD student of psychology; University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil- Iran Abstract The main purpose of present study was investigation of Fordayce happiness model effects on quality of life in patients suffering from dialysis and cancer in Ardabil. The samples in this study were consisted of 60 patients undergo dialysis and cancer patients admitted in hospitals of Ardabil that were selected by random sampling. Educational package of Fordayce happiness model and quality of life questionnaire (SF-36) have been used for data collection. Multivariable variance analysis and LSD test have been used to analysis of hypothesizes. Results reveal that education of Fordayce happiness model affect quality of life in dialysis' and cancer patients (p<0.01). © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Hafize Keser Ankara University, Turkey Keywords: Fordayce Happiness Model, Quality of Life, Dialysis, Cancer; Introduction Quality of life has different interpretations for different people in different situations, but primarily depends on their life satisfaction (Eray, 2000). Quality of life, the person performance in society and family, joy and happiness are of the most fundamental concepts raised and discussed in positive psychology (Brown, 2002). The term "quality of life", typically refers to several areas of individual life beyond the simple measurement of symptoms or member pathology. These areas include areas of personal happiness, role playing and health status such as supportive satisfactory communications, social network performance and freedom from despair (Quoted from Zaki, 2007). On the other hand, joy training is also one of the variables which recently have been entered in the field of psychology. Studying numerous researches, Fordyce a "happiness psychology expert" has prepared a series entitled "Happiness Training" (as quoted by Moradi et al, 2007). Fordyce believes that there are some other factors influencing the joy level except genetics, personality, income, socioeconomic class, education, etc. and their existence could create joy and happiness. The infrastructure of Fordyce (1997) happiness program is that a person is happy if he wants to be happy like other people. He believes that one could learn or teach happiness. Vart (2009) in his research entitled *  
    . Tel.: 00989144515848; E-mail address: [email protected]. 1877-0428 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Hafize Keser Ankara University, Turkey doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.122 645 Mehdi Samadzadeh et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 83 (2013) 644 – 649 with "The Effectiveness of Joy Training on Blood Pressure Reduction in Patients" showed that joy training reduced systolic blood pressure up to 23% and diastolic blood pressure up to 34%. It also caused the happiness to increase up to 56% in patients suffering from blood pressure. One should be aware that disorders and physical discomforts can cause people to suffer from various forms of mental and emotional illnesses. Mental and emotional disorders such as anxiety, depression and so forth could lead to behavioral disorders, reduced social activities, and physical illnesses. Consequently, mental health problems are significantly effective in cost waste, lack of physical health, disability and premature mortality, apathy towards work, activity reductions in work environment, absenteeism, reduced productivity, damage and economic losses and ultimately reducing the overall performance of the individual along with low quality of life. Joy and happiness of people on the other hand, not only plays its role as a safeguard against the physical and mental illnesses and causes the people to enhance their physical, mental and social capability in various fields, but also it directly affects their quality of life to enhance and improve (Postal, 2002). Therefore, as for the increasing number of dialysis and cancer patients in our country, (nearly 20 percent of the adult population are infected with these diseases) and the fact that they are important causes of mortality, besides the effect of happiness training in joy increasing, promotion of life quality, appropriate living conditions, increasing resistance of physical patients against the disease like dialysis and cancer, and creating life expectancy in them, the present study was conducted with the aim of examining the effectiveness of Fordayce happiness model on life quality in dialysis and cancer patients. Methods The statistical universe in this study included all dialysis and cancer patients admitted in Ardabil hospitals in 2009-10. The sample included 60 hospitalized cancer and dialysis patients, whom were selected through a random sampling from among all dialysis and cancer patients admitted in Ardabil hospitals. Fordayce Happiness Training Program Fordayce believes that one could learn and teach happiness. Investigating numerous studies, Fordayce a happiness psychology expert has provided a program titled "Happiness Training." This program includes 14 principles. Eight principles are cognitive and six ones behavioral. At the cognitive level, the trend of performed researches to achieve each of these principles has been explained. Moreover, the arguments for proving that these principles can increase learners' happiness are presented. At the behavioral level, behavioral therapy techniques are used to enforce these 14 principles. Quality of Life Questionnaire Quality of life questionnaire (Short Form 36 Items 36-SF) is a validated questionnaire used for assessing quality of life. Questionnaire (36-SF) includes 36 questions, 35 questions has been summarized in eight multi-article subscales: Eight scales (36-SF) are summarized in 2 dimensions of physical and mental health. The first four subscales, including physical functioning, physical role, bodily pain and general health are combined in the "physical health" dimension, and the last four ones including vitality, social function, the role of emotion and mental health in the "mental health." After preparing the list of dialysis and cancer patients and selecting them randomly, firstly we told them the purpose of the study. Then, quality of life questionnaire as a pre-test questionnaire was given to both groups and they were asked to express their opinion carefully. Then, the test group subjects participated in six sessions of workshops. Twelve principles of Fordayce happiness program were taught in these workshops. After the end of training, the quality of life questionnaire was again performed on the subjects of both groups in the post-test stage. It should be noted that the information was collected individually at the place of hospitalization of cancer and dialysis patients. Then obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and LSD tests. Result Effect Pilar effect Value 0.66 Table 1. Data of Credit index of Variance test F df 12.14 9 Error df 50 Significant Level 0.00 646 Mehdi Samadzadeh et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 83 (2013) 644 – 649 Wilks' Lambda Holting effect Rooting 0.31 2.18 2.18 12.14 12.14 12.14 9 9 9 50 50 50 0.00 0.00 0.00 As you can see in the above table, the value of Wilks' Lambda is 0.31 and this value is significant at the level of P≤0.01. The smaller value of Wilks' Lambda shows that there is a significant difference between the two groups. Table 2. Mean and sd of Quality of Life Variable and its sub score in two groups of dialysis and cancer Variable Pre-Test Quality of Life Post-Test Quality of Life Pre-Test physical functioning Post-Test physical functioning Pre-Test physical role Post-Test physical role Pre-Test physical pain Post-Test physical pain Pre-Test general health Post-Test general health Pre-Test vitality Post-Test vitality Pre-Test social functioning Post-Test social functioning Pre-Test emotional role Post-Test emotional role Pre-Test mental health Post-Test mental health Groups Dialysis Cancer Dialysis Cancer Dialysis Cancer Dialysis Cancer Dialysis Cancer Dialysis Cancer Dialysis Cancer Dialysis Cancer Dialysis Cancer Dialysis Cancer Dialysis Cancer Dialysis Cancer Dialysis Cancer Dialysis Cancer Dialysis Cancer Dialysis Cancer Dialysis Cancer Dialysis Cancer Number 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Mean 60.06 51.53 82.50 74.96 8.33 6.53 10.20 9.33 7.16 6.06 10.60 9.80 8.33 8.33 5.86 5.50 7.16 6.60 10.93 9.13 6.63 5.93 11.23 11.00 6.63 6.26 10.83 9.40 6.73 5.66 11.23 10.80 9.06 5.63 11.60 10.00 sd 3.21 2.99 6.21 5.75 1.26 1.33 1.84 1.71 1.48 1.14 1.84 1.58 1.60 1.34 1.81 1.58 1.46 1.24 2.16 1.90 1.21 1.38 2.71 2.30 1.54 0.98 1.80 1.95 1.17 1.21 2.34 2.05 1.72 1.09 1.88 2.30 Table 3. Variance in quality of life, physical functioning, physical role, physical pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role, mental health in two groups of dialysis and cancer Resource Model Groups Scores quality of life physical functioning physical role physical pain general health vitality social functioning emotional role mental health quality of life physical functioning Sum of squared 1363.26 13.06 987.01 86.40 22.81 38.40 48.60 62.01 50.41 1363.26 13.06 df 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mean of squared 1363.26 13.06 987.01 86.40 22.81 38.40 48.60 62.01 50.41 1363.26 13.06 F 25.75 4.50 11.04 19.97 4.20 7.13 12.59 12.80 8.20 25.75 4.50 Significant Level 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 647 Mehdi Samadzadeh et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 83 (2013) 644 – 649 physical role physical pain general health vitality social functioning emotional role mental health 987.01 86.40 22.81 38.40 48.60 62.01 50.41 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 987.01 86.40 22.81 38.40 48.60 62.01 50.41 11.04 19.97 4.20 7.13 12.59 12.80 8.20 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 As you can see in Table 3, Fordayce happiness model training has a positive impact on increasing life quality of dialysis and cancer patients (P≥0.01), and this means that Fordayce happiness model could increase the life quality of dialysis and cancer patients. As you can see in Table 2, the average quality of life for cancer and dialysis patients has been given in pre and posttest. In fact, test scores pre and post-test is different. Hence, this shows that this model has a significant impact on increasing the quality of life for these patients. Fordayce happiness model training plays an effective role in increasing physical functioning, physical role, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role and mental health of dialysis and cancer patients. This model also is effective in reducing physical pain of cancer and dialysis patients (P≤ 0.01). Discussion The findings of this study showed that Fordayce Happiness Training Model increased effectively the quality of life in dialysis and cancer patients. The results obtained from this study confirms the results of other researches such as (Mansoori, 2006); Moradi, Ja'fari and Abedi 2007, Sedaghat 2008, Mehyer and Diener 2003; Zegans and Lypokan, 2006; Vart, 2009 and Thomas, 2010) indicate that joy and happiness is one characteristic feature as well as a life quality component. Life satisfaction and happiness is one of the most important factors influencing body and mind health. A research conducted by Zaki (2007) showed that the quality of life in dialysis and cancer patients have respectively been higher at the dimensions of functioning, interpersonal relationships, paranormal, symptoms of illness and sense of happiness. The findings indicated that increasing the positive evaluation of cancer and dialysis patients concerning interpersonal relationships, their joy and happiness would lead to their quality of life improvement. Lazarus-Connor and Folkman (2002) have pointed to several directions showing that hopeful, optimistic viewpoint and people happiness would lead to positive emotion to be called forth. They also improve the quality of coping with stress resources, along with the quality of people's life. Mehyer and Diener (2003) showed that life satisfaction is correlated with high mental health. The higher the life satisfaction, the higher the individual experience positive emotions and feelings. This study showed that Fordayce Happiness Model training is effective in increasing physical functioning and bodily role and physical pain of cancer and dialysis patients. The obtained result was consistent with the research results of Mark, Mary Gucci, and Steve Sego (2003), and Postal (2002). The results indicate that people with higher physical health have more hopeful view towards life and thus have higher quality of life. Other findings of this study suggested Fordyce Happiness Model training was effective in increasing general health of dialysis and cancer patients, and these results was consistent with the researches conducted by Andrew and Wyatt (1976); and Dynner and Lucas (2000). The results reveal that the greatest source of satisfaction in life has been "general health", and the greatest source of dissatisfaction "lack of health", "inability to work", and "some family problems". According to the studies, satisfaction and happiness in everyday life is one of the most important factors affecting the health of body and mind. Researchers like Bruhen and et al, studied a group of people all active and financially secure. They found that coronary disease, which is a major problem in having a healthy long life, was more common in unhappy and dissatisfied people, whereas it was rarely seen in those who were happier and more comfortable (Mansouri, 2006). In the present study in agreement with Gordon Research in 1993, Fordyce Happiness Model training was effective in increasing vitality, social function of dialysis and cancer patients. The results also suggested that social functioning in happy and vivacious people is more than that of unhappy people. In fact, the quality of life resembles a pyramid that its concepts include life satisfaction (on top of the pyramid), happiness (in the middle of it) as well as satisfaction from other aspects specific to work such as job satisfaction, wages, colleagues and supervisors. Quality of work life is positively correlated with other variables in 648 Mehdi Samadzadeh et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 83 (2013) 644 – 649 the organization (performance, productivity) including joy and job satisfaction. The present study showed that Fordyce Happiness Model training was effective in increasing excitement role in cancer and dialysis patients, and this was in agreement with the research conducted by Lycher et al (1980). The present study shows that there is a significant negative correlation between personality traits such as emotional instability and happiness. Research results indicate that as emotional literacy rate increases, happiness will be increased, too. Moreover, the study showed that Fordyce Happiness Model training was influential in mental health improvement of cancer and dialysis patients, and this was in consistency with the researches performed by Lazarus-Connor, Folkman, (2002). We found that the quality of life and thereby happiness, job and life satisfaction, is one of the mental health predictors. As the level of life and job satisfaction is higher, a person is predisposed to experience positive emotions and feelings and this experience would lead to mental health promotion. Limited statistical universe only to patients admitted to city hospitals and the fact that the only indicator of life quality evaluation was a questionnaire and there was no other available criteria such as "interview" to measure this variable are among the limitations of this research. In the meantime, as for the effectiveness of happiness training in joy enhancement, positive beliefs, social adjustment, and reduction of anxiety and depression, it is recommended to hold workshops for regular students, children and orphans suffering from psychological problems such as family problems, social problems, educational problems, like conditioned students, along with those who suffer from loneliness to enhance the their quality of life, psychological health and emotional intelligence. Physicians, psychologists and psychiatrists are recommended to implement happiness training on those with physical and mental problems, because physical and mental health is among the issues which can be achieved through happiness training. Such activities provide the best situations for the growth of physical and mental health criteria. If we define the "mental health" as feeling comfortable with ourselves and other people, its criteria will be success, emotional balance, realistic, consistent and agreement, being social, and feeling valuable. Thus, happiness training along with the activation of such criteria not only helps to improve physical health, but also enhances the mental health. Joy and happiness of people not only act as a safeguard against the physical and mental illnesses, and increase people's capability in various social, mental and physical fields, but also directly and positively affect their quality of life. 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