EFFECTIVE e-LEARNING ENVIRONMENT A CLASSICAL INSIGHT

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2015. Vol.78. No.2 © 2005 - 2015 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved. ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195 EFFECTIVE e-LEARNING ENVIRONMENT A CLASSICAL INSIGHT 1 MR. A. SENTHIL KARTHICK KUMAR , 2DR. A.M.J MD. ZUBAIR RAHMAN 1 Research Scholar, Research and Development Center, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore Tamilnadu, India. Pin Code-641 046 2 Principal, Al-Ameen Engineering College, Erode, Tamilnadu, India. Pin code-638104 [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT The objective of this article provides an idea to every corporate, university and institutions on how to upload the knowledge towards the eLearning aspect for human resources. The discussion deals with three aspects: (1) eLearning is increasingly developed with lots of inputs, how these inputs are upgraded to be utilized in problem oriented areas of educational industry in a healthier way. (2) The concerns to provide a better platform to the learning community in which human behavioral analysis can be pursued on training and development schemes. (3) The ability to change continually and acquire new understanding towards the future developments. The main purpose of this article is for identifying or classifying the needs of better educational system to the current generation. In this research, researcher would like to provide a detailed report of learning methods and how technological endurance has provided better teaching aids in various dimensions. Keywords – Elearning; Cloud Oriented Learning; Courseware Creation And ICT 1. INTRODUCTION Innovations always lead to developments. Thus the so called computers also have paved a wonderful way towards global improvements and in the same way knowledge process flow obtained a great change in this scenario since 1974. The period of study concentrates the literature survey from 2000. In October 2014, a search was pursued through keyword indices on the Elsevier SCOPUS (Sciencedirect.com), which found 2500 Journals and 26000 books in the massive online database such as EBSCO (Professional Development Collection, Business Source Complete), Google Scholar and special concentration has been given to few list of journals which includes leading International journals in eLearning and knowledge engineering, proceedings like WCES, WCLTA, ICAPIE, ICEEPSY, DSAI, ICEL, ICTE, ICCS, ICII, UKMTLC, CY-ICER, ICEECS, WCETR, ITQM, ICVARE , ALSC, INTE, WCPCG, IJELLO SSBP, I-SEEC, fine-tuning has been made through topic filtering and it was found that 1417 articles were related to eLearning. By using another filtering process with the constraint of open access journals it comes to 333 articles, from which nearly 11 classifications has been sorted out by the researcher in the following topics it has been provided in Figure: 1. The researcher would like to organize the paper in such way to give clarity of the implementation of the above mentioned sources in the first part and the second part of the paper discusses on the future enhancements and implementation along with conclusion. 2. DRIFTS TOWARDS ELEARNING: Globally it is an accepted fact that the internet usage has grown tremendously in the day-to-day activities of human life. The technology and life has become the two sides of a coin. Especially when it comes to knowledge sharing and recent trends in learning system, the students prefer to be on the net to acquire the knowledge [2, 3]. eLearning has experienced a lot of changes, and improved teaching conditions, while crossing the temporal and spatial constraints [79]. Today’s tertiary students have been exposed to information and networking technologies from an early age. After the Internet evolution the learner’s community has been clustered with three major categories: The first is embryonic period (1994-1999), conventional materials has been converted in to digital format. The Second is multimedia orchestration (20002003), where virtual environment with rich streaming media, digitalization of art works, course content preparations, and communication reached the learners. 303 Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2015. Vol.78. No.2 © 2005 - 2015 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved. ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org sectors, in the providence of educational segment, the major growth rate has been occurred, and the terminologies are changing towards different perspectives. In this section researcher has classified the eLearning system especially with WWW consortium services. KnowledgeManagement Course Content Personalization Intelligent Planning Model Courseware Creation Model Semantics Supports Recommendation System Data Mining Techniques Open Source Technological Support Privacy and Security Cloud Computing and its support Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis 2.1.1 eLearning and its Empowerment: Figure 1: eLearning Key Factors Classification The Third Category is socialization of knowledge transfer through social networking sites, project based learning, sport centric learning and etc. ICT reforms struck the learning process, firstly, teaching has been converted to learning and learning grows persistently, secondly class room space has gone as virtual space and finally facilitation and learning process has become more hyperactive. Students are performing their activity through online mode; this shows their dedication and enthusiasm towards online facilities. Virtual learning produces lot of benefits to the institutions, corporate and training & development centers. Besides few constraints, need to be measured in: learning rate, quality, ease of use, standards and instructional designs. All these together make a good eLearning atmosphere. 2.1 E-ISSN: 1817-3195 Different Perspective of Learning Classifications in contemporary circumstances: The traditional learning system so far is factorizing the community. Traditional learning mainly focuses on: Expert Knowledge, Communication, Knowledge Sharing, Individual Student Concentration (ISC) and so on. On the other side, the heavy competitiveness required in the student’s community on the basis of communication spreading, creates an awareness of social media and social networks e.g. face book, Twitter, Linked in. When we analysis the statistical report of these sites which the researcher mentioned above has grown in tremendous way due to the knowledge sharing [4]. eLearning systems are becoming technologically sophisticated and, complicated with regard to training management or course management. Their use doesn’t match with traditional modes of teaching and learning and much care needs to be taken when considering the use of eLearning in educational institutions [68]. The time rolls on forward; in looking for a paradigm shift in all the eLearning is a dynamic process rather than a static one, the progression of time has redefined towards technological developments. Open-source platforms for educational purposes appeared more than 15 years ago. But only recently it is seen as a viable alternative to proprietary software. Rather, these platforms are frequently being modified by new demands in both technical and pedagogical aspects [67]. Web based learning resource is an alternative to meet the expectations and needs of students in line with current modes of learning style [33]. eLearning moved towards automation and administration in the form of Learning Management System, this system has been supported by Technology Acceptance Model along with Self Directed Learning. Social Networking Sites has obtained this learning system in default that, sharing of resource and posting of various comments in the online forums, supports the credentials of collaborative learning etiquettes. 2.1.2 Collaborative eLearning and its Supports: One of the most effective ways to improve learning is collaborative eLearning system; it’s stanch from the unit of social interaction with mutual support. eLearning system offer new ways of collaborative learning that may enhance student performance [27, 20]. Collaborative learning aims to promote students individual cognition, group cognition and community cognition. The learner’s characteristics are key pedagogical aspects for designing collaborative learning [39]. Collaborative constructivism emphasizes the importance of shared learning through interaction [24]. The COOPER (Cooperative Open Environment for Project Centered Learning) Project aims to support team based, project centered learning process, where learners belonging to distributed team are asked to work on projects and to cooperate to produce some results [71]. 2.1.3 Blended eLearning in Real Time Environment: Blended learning combines synchronous and asynchronous activities, technologies, audience (both local and global) and media types [18, 74]. 304 Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2015. Vol.78. No.2 © 2005 - 2015 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved. ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195 These environments combine instructor-facilitated (COKB-ONT) [55] and its models have been activities with student-directed activities, which established from Object-Oriented approach to may overlap but nonetheless, achieve specific represent knowledge together with programming training goals and outcomes [75]. Country like techniques for symbolic computation. India requires this kind of approach to enroute the necessity of education; it also removes constraints 3.2 Course Content Personalization for better like time, geography and learners willingness. All eLearning Environments: together it is a variable surrounded to improve the From an educational point of view, educational proficiency of education as well as a challenging paradigm shift is required, where teachers play a environment. But it requires only additional vital role in the learning process. This can be hardware and software support for making a achieved by content generation process with product to run in a smoother way. support of experienced designer and pedagogues; it will be portrayed based on learner’s profile 3. ELEARNING CLASSIFICATIONS: adaptation, again further refinement will be processed based on learner’s potentials. This kind 3.1 Knowledge Management in eLearning: of planning process is required for improving their Information is retrieved by sequencing the knowledge levels and bridging the gaps between happenings i.e. data. This data is considered in to learners and eLearning services. Several authors two types, empirical or discrete, where this data have used planning for generating learning routes will act as a resource of information intern based on student’s preferences [15, 42, 14] , there knowledge Domain (KD). Paul et al., brings out are many model for content personalization in few important transformation details, through which IEEE LOM (Learning Object Metadata) which learner’s community is getting benefited. model is standard for eLearning, which use label The rapidly growing use of information and contents by using metadata. Web based systems communication technology (ICT) in academia is also known as Course Management System (CMS) changing the way in which knowledge is created, fulfill three goals: 1) Allow instructors to share organized, stored, managed and disseminated [50]. learning resources such as lecture presentation The convergence of eLearning and knowledge slides; 2) Make it possible for lecturers to conduct management fosters a constructive, open, dynamic, online exams or evaluate students learning by interconnected, distributed, adaptive, user friendly, grading their assignments; 3) Provide an interactive socially concerned and accessible wealth of environment through the discussion forums to knowledge [44]. Generic process of knowledge encourage collaborative learning. CMSs are management involves acquisition, creation, generally categorized into two types: Open or refinement, storage, transfer, sharing and Licensed Sources [45]. As part of the course utilization. Knowledge repositories created by content personalization the major issue lies with eLearning grows often to support the employees at documentation and space management. Hence we any particular moment. This is applicable in all have to device a simple and efficient mechanism to types of institutions and corporate; this makes a access, manage and share the information. It should promising approach to accomplish complex tasks provide fundamental document manipulation, and facilitating the future circumstances. In process synchronization, sharing functionality and support of knowledge sharing the major issue which the of heterogeneous system called Document organization faces is based on proprietary Management System (DMS). knowledge and so the corporate avoids open innovations. With the scope of technological 3.3 Intelligent Planning Models for Super support many institutions are integrating their Visioning: applications in Open Educational Resources Recent research however has begun to query the (OERs) for uploading the instruction materials. link between exposure to information and OERs provide quality of education based on communication technologies and learning informative materials, teaching guides, syllabi, text preferences. The frequent usage of technological books, experimental demonstration, simulations accessing may lead to hesitation in participation, and capacity building for all categories. The and learners become passive. To overcome this Ontology is a new method which gives us a modern scenario Intelligent planning is very useful. approach for designing knowledge components of Adapting the route to the new situation, making it Knowledge Based System (KBS) [56]. The valid again and minimizing changes to avoid Computational Object Knowledge Based Ontology further problems to students and teachers, maintains 305 Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2015. Vol.78. No.2 © 2005 - 2015 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved. ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195 a kind of inertia. PPDL (Planning Domain set of pedagogical and non pedagogical Definition Language) helps to define their requirements. The Concept-based Courseware structural and dynamic properties [7]. Another Analysis tool (CoCoA) developed at Carnegie model which deal with Class room Response Technology Education, uses two types of System (CRS) which is incorporated with validation: typed items and advance concept roles Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) through [62]. web-based CRS to create the system with computer playfulness, friendly interface and interactivity that 3.5 Semantics Support to Ensure eLearning to be enhance the teaching and learning experience and a Nascent Technology: remain extensible and developer friendly. In this Semantics is the basic scenario in the World approach the researcher used three variables to Wide Web consortium, which suggests the use of build Personal Innovativeness in the domain of the data and Metadata information to satisfy the Information Technology (PIIT), 1. Subjective necessity of end-users and it is a continual process. norm; 2. Self-efficacy; 3. Personal- innovativeness; The Semantic web is a mesh of information to be to understand the effect of web-based CRS [17] . process able by machines, on a global scale. It is a IEEE’s Learning Technology Standards Committee new generation web that makes possible to express stated that learning objects are “any entity, digital information in precise, machine interpretable form, or non-digital, that can be used, re-used or ready for software agents to process, share and referenced during technology-supported learning reuse it, as well as to understand the terms, Data [29]. ARCS motivational model provides a [54]. According to [72], Ontology defines “a set of systematic approach in the design of the representational primitives with which to model a instructions. According to the ARCS model the domain of knowledge or disclosure”. Ontologies four components that need to be satisfied in order to usage in educational systems may be approached construct a learning system, including eLearning from various points of view: as a common applications, which can motivate learners are 1) vocabulary for multi-agent system, as a chain Attention; 2) Relevance; 3) Confidence; 4) between heterogeneous educational systems, for Satisfaction [30, 37]. An intelligent learning system pedagogical resources sharing or for sharing data based on a multi-agent approach consists of a set of and to mediate the search of the learning materials intelligent agents, which have to communicate [69]. on the internet [69]. Ontological representation of A multi-agent system proposed by [22], contains student domain skills can be automatically six software intelligent agents: the communication processed by intelligent software agents [6, 77]. In agent, the exam agent, the tutor agent, the the context of web-based learning, we consider pedagogic agent, the interface agent and the ontology as a tool for representation of subject supervisor agent. The agents cooperate; they have domain knowledge, rather than for representation of distinct goals and are managed by the supervisor course structure or instructional design [40]. agent. The supervisor agent coordinates the whole Several attempts introducing universal ontology for educational process. eLearning materials have had only modest success. But there are lot of Ontologies and taxonomies, 3.4 Courseware Creation Models towards used to provide solutions of eLearning content managing problems in concrete areas or for Millennium Generations: Courseware can be created on the basis of two concrete goals [69, 6, 57] . categorical types that are: static and dynamic. Depends on the performance of learners it can be 3.6 Recommendation System Provides Learners upgraded with zeal through the help of intelligent Activity Identification: planning model, towards the discussion on This is another important area, for research courseware creation. Now-a-days they are community, especially on eLearning & SNS (Social performing on the basis of dynamic process flow. Network Sites), where they are identifying the user The construction of adaptive or personalized profile and calculating the analysis based on their courseware is a “complex, time-consuming and behavioral aspects and the concerned user will get expensive risk” [19]. Courseware Authoring updates. Updation get differs between users based Validation Information Architecture (CAVIAr), a on the recommendation analysis. For bringing a formal modeling framework used to express desired outcome from the analyzing part courseware in terms of its design and requirements researchers apply data mining techniques. In [46]. According to CAVIAr, courseware validation eLearning this approach makes a major impact to checks whether adaptive courseware conforms to a the learner’s capabilities. Brighter learners will be 306 Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2015. Vol.78. No.2 © 2005 - 2015 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved. ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195 in different mode and average learners will get a 3.8 Open Source Technology and its Contribution contrast mode. The Personalized recommendations to enhance eLearning System: of resources help users to reduce time for browsing and searching, as well to recognize and to discover Free Open Source System (FOSS) is software the resources that are of interest for them. One of which is liberally licensed to grant the right of users the approaches produced by a research is based on to study, change, and improve its design through an existing Contextualized Attention Metadata the availability of its source code. The FOSS means (CAM) frameworks that capture users current that you can obtain the software free also you can activities, and extend this framework to build a user change and distribute the software. The usage of profile that comprises his/her interests in terms of FOSS is mostly beneficial to the developing ontological concepts [34]. A Variety of techniques countries because it provide affordable know-how have been proposed for recommender systems: knowledge and easy technology adaptation [81]. collaborative, content-based, knowledge-based, The FOSS is also easy to develop any kind of demographic techniques and the likes [66]. software including eLearning system and tools according to Bazaar Model [65]. FOSS is very 3.7 Data Mining Tools and Techniques: potential in using open source system and also has contributed much to the education system [23]. Accelerate and Accumulate Data: Data mining techniques like Association rule Based on the research mentioned, profit is not the mining [25, 1] were applied to extract the patterns main factor in developing open source software. and to evaluate the activities of online courses and Only 13% of open source users use it to gain profit. classification. Also there are many researches that Most designers and software users agree that 70% have been investigated in the online learning to 78% use open source based on social principle environment. For example, [76], investigated which is knowledge sharing and learning and impact of learning style on eLearning by using developing new skills [63, 59]. statistics, and [53] , used Rule induction rough set to classify student knowledge [38]. Furthermore, 3.9 Privacy and Security Measures in eLearning [21] have combined clustering technique in the System: social networking to classify students. They used In eLearning environment privacy and security hierarchical agglomerative clustering method to measure are considered to be an important factor. create a cluster on a student by computing their The factor on this analysis says anytime, anywhere matrix similarity [60]. K-Means algorithm is used concept in the globally connected materials or for clustering large data population. There are sharing of thoughts can be viewed or commented several specialized web usage mining tools that are by the anomalies, it creates an impact on the social used in the eLearning Platforms. CourseVis is a security measures. eLearning has developed visualization tool that tracks web log data from significantly within a short period of time. Thus it eLearning system [47]. By transforming this data, it is of a great significance to secure information, generated graphical representations that keep allow a confident access and prevent unauthorized instructors well informed about what precisely is accesses. Making use of individual’s physiologic or happening in distance learning classes. GISMO is a behavioral (biometric) properties is a confident tool similar to CourseVis, but provides different method to make the information secure [26]. Most information to instructors, such as students details of the eLearning systems provide services such as regarding the use of course material [48]. forums, emails, online assessments, learning Sinergo/ColAT is a tool that acts as an interpreter resources and notices which allow the users to of the student’s activity in an eLearning system [8]. communicate irrespective of time and space. Since MATEP feeds them to a data web house which it is a web based system, it is exposed to computer provides static and dynamic reports [82]. Analog is security threats [80]. So researchers came to a another system which consists of two main decision for making known-to-known concept, components. The first performs online and the inviting criteria setting, known-to-second known second offline data processing according to web concept. Like this social networking is pursuing, server activity [78]. Past user activity is recorded in how this to be incorporated in eLearning system server log files which are processed to form clusters through trust relationship. Identity Management is of user sessions [70]. the key factors for avoiding privacy issues. Trust relationship among co-learners is important for collaboration activities in eLearning environments. A Trust relationship may need to be developed 307 Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2015. Vol.78. No.2 © 2005 - 2015 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved. ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org between two unknown learners who find them working together. Reputation appears to be one effective source for measuring trust. Reputation is a contextual and longitudinal social evaluation on person’s actions. Identity Management has been shown to offer an effective solution to privacy [51, 64], particularly in learning domains [52, 36]. 3.10 Cloud Computing and its Contributions for eLearning: Virtual Environment has given an immense space to develop the process flow system in continual manner, in this context technological improvements has gained a great enhancement capabilities, towards the innovations and technical support which is given by the distributed system and now we are into the era of cloud computing facilities. Distributed system has provided lots of support to business oriented, service oriented, environments [73]. The aim of VE is reducing commuting and to save time and cost of learning easy for trainers and learners/students [49]. Cloud computing leads a new tide of information technology toward a whole new world of living style. Technology education is a subject area of common education and provides learner the opportunity of accepting technology [43]. Cloud Computing Reference Architectures (CCRA) is a technology-neutral abstraction that defines the role and relationships between actors in the CC Context [9, 13, 41]; IBM CCRA [10], was reported to have provided more service management details. On the use of the cloud for education related activities, Masud et al [78], introduced CC to increase the scalability, flexibility and availability of eLearning systems. There are few public clouds which support innovative eLearning systems such as Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) or Windows Azure; Google App Engine. 3.11 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis on Educational Technologies: The Comparison of eLearning competency is a continual, systematic development process and quality examining on eLearning operation of an organization. It aims to find an operational method and an operational guideline from organizations recognized by others [32]. eLearning Quality Assurance Program (eLQA) quality framework was developed to promote and encourage the eLearning industries to pursuit high quality eLearning, but it won’t do systematic process, especially from the participant’s perspective [31]. Every tool has to undergo the qualitative and quantitative analysis. This is to make sure how much the concerned tools E-ISSN: 1817-3195 are satisfying the developers and end-users need. In this part the types of analysis which has been pursued will be discussed. TSST (Technical Survival Skill Test) was used to determine the student’s computer skill level in the form of numerical scores. This test is based on Cronbach’s Alpha Score Analysis [11, 61]. iSELF: an Internettool for Self Evaluation and Learner Feedback. The tool is designed to stimulate self directed learning in a ubiquitous learning environment and our experiences so far confirm its usefulness [58]. In order to focus on individual users Perception on Innovation Characteristics (PCI) of eLearning two special questions were asked. First, can the perception variables of innovation characteristics (PCI) predict individual’s intention to use an eLearning web site? The second, whether the technology adoption model of learners experienced in eLearning is different from inexperienced learners [12, 28]. These are the tests which are frequently used for doing numerical analysis, Eigen values analysis test with Cattell’s Scree test [35, 16], Regression Analysis, Correlation analysis, FTest and Z-Test, Likert scale test along with Mean, Mode and Standard Deviation. Delphi was designed as a structured communication technique by RAND in the 1950s to collect data through collective opinion polling [5]. The usage of web application can be measured with the use of indexes and metrics. However in eLearning platforms there are no appropriate indexes and metrics that would facilitate their qualitative and quantitative measurement. In such time, data mining techniques such as clustering, classification and association, in order to analyze the log file of an eLearning platform and deduce useful conclusions [53]. 4. LIMITATIONS: This study has certain limitation, based on the open access facility which has been provided by the online databases, from where the article has been collected. Primary focus has been given to prepare a prevalent literature review based on eLearning, is quite challenging, because it has now taken many forms with similar taxonomy. Researcher has used keyword indices as a main benchmark for collecting, studying and classifying these articles. Even though acknowledging restricted conditions and acquaintance, this paper makes a brief review of literature concerned with eLearning from 2000 to 2014 in order to find out how eLearning and its enhancement regarding architectural exploration with tools and techniques have been developed. In fact, the classification of this wide area has been 308 Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 20th August 2015. Vol.78. No.2 © 2005 - 2015 JATIT & LLS. All rights reserved. ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195 done based on the keyword index and full text of articles, collected for this research. Some other articles may be related to this approach, but may not have an eLearning classification index. So this paper is unacquainted of these reference sources, though, articles retrieved from Elsevier SCOPUS (Sciencedirect.com) massive online database. These would have provided more complete information about the developments in eLearning. Lastly, nonEnglish publications were excluded from this study. peaceful society. The infrastructures in the existing institutions need to be enhanced with the available recent technologies to have a combination of Traditional-Learning and eLearning educational environment. The researcher is in the process of developing an application by considering all the above observed necessary factors which are best suited, especially for educational institutions betterment. The application will be based on knowledge, skills and evaluation. 5. CONCLUSIONS: REFERENCES: All the studies under various classifications support and enhance the eLearning system. Considering that, apart from the open sources available, there are several tools available only on cost basis, which are not affordable for many of the prospective eLearners. The open source software could be utilized only on a general construct, where as the demographic stages and learners perspective could not be considered. This can be implemented only if the content creation is done by the teachers on a Tailor Made Construct with limitations on the subject and group of the students. Over and above the discussed advantages of the study, the researcher would like to incorporate the following few aspects in the learner’s perspective like, the ability to Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate and Create. This model will give more emphasize on the real knowledge sharing for the eLearners. For this researcher would like to construct a new model with three major variables like ICT, knowledge provider and knowledge receiver using the maximum credibility of Cloud Computing. The knowledge provider will create the knowledge base considering all the above points and using the ICT facilities to its maximum potentials, which will reach the learner with the core objectives in the learner’s perspective. When the content is developed in the learner’s perspective it will be considered as an effective tool (Trident Constraints including Geography, Infrastructure and Management) and limitations may be implied on the demography. The tool will consider the major advantages of Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS), to create the model. The eLearning system cannot be avoided but can be utilized progressively by the instructors for better knowledge sharing once constructed in this model. The more vulnerable student community, if attracted towards the traditional learning system incorporated with this model of eLearning, any country will have a healthier environment, economic growth and [1] A. 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