3. Third and the public sectors cooperation in rehabilitation

The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries Change agents and contract partners? Conference paper abstracts 18-20 May 2011 Hotel Scandic Bergen City, Håkonsgaten 2, 5015 Bergen, Norway Contents 1. From face-to-face to Facebook? Social media and collective action.................................. 1 By Ivar Eimhjellen, UNI Rokkansenteret, Bergen 2. New Locality – a way for better care for the elderly .......................................................... 2 By Pirkko Ruuskanen-Parrukoski, The Finnish Federation of Settlements, University of Lapland (PhD student) 3. Third and the public sectors´ cooperation in rehabilitation ................................................ 3 By Hietala-Paalasmaa, Outi, Rehabilitation Foundation, Helsinki, Finland 4. How the State structures civil society ................................................................................. 5 By Lars Trägårdh 5. The impact of local associational life on citizens‟ attitudes towards local government ..... 6 By Jacob Aars and Dag Arne Christensen, UNI Rokkansenteret, Bergen 6. New defenders of the welfare state? The restructuring of the Swedish welfare state and the role of civil society in the policy process ....................................................... 7 By Erik Lundberg, Doctoral student, Örebro University, Sweden 7. Civil Society – State Relationships of the Finnish Environmental Movement .................. 9 By Esa Konttinen, University of Jyväskylä, Finland 8. State of social economy and social enterprise concept in Finland .................................... 10 By Mr. Harri Kostilainen, Finnish Network for Social Enterprise Research / secretary Pekka Pättiniemi, PhD, Finnish Network for Social Enterprise Research / secretary 9. Volunteering over the life course: Reflections from a case study of the norwegian women‟s and family association 1950-2000 ..................................................................... 12 By Bente Blanche Nicolaysen, Department of Sociology, University of Bergen 10. Governance, quality management, social accounting and the Swedish compact between state and NGO:s .................................................................................................. 13 By Anders Kassman, Ersta Sköndal högskola 11. Paradigmatic problems with the concepts of ”voluntary sector” and ”civil society” ... 14 By professor em. Edvard Vogt, Faculty of Law, Bergen University 12. The local organizational society in Norway after the turn of the century: Changes in scope, type and structure ................................................................................ 15 By Dag Wollebæk, Kristin Strømsnes, Åsta Dyrnes Nordø, The Rokkan Centre Bergen 13. The Invention and Institutionalization of Local Volunteer Centres. A Comparative Analysis of Norway and Denmark. ......................................................... 16 By Håkon Lorentzen, Institute for Social Research, Oslo, Norway Lars Skov Henriksen, dept. of Sociology and Social Work, Aalborg University, Denmark 14. Entreprenörskap i välfärdssamarbetet mellan Norrköpings Kommun och nio frivilligorganisationer ........................................................................................................ 18 By Vivi Hallström, Helix Excellence Centre, doktorand i Företagsekonomi, Linköpings Univ. 15. Dialogue with a Twist - Renegotiating Forms for Dialogue between Government and Civil Society in Contemporary Sweden. ................................................................... 20 By Malin Gawell, PhD, Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research Institute (ESBRI) 16. In times of trouble - The relations between third welfare sector organizations and state: The case of Iceland. .......................................................................................................... 22 By Ómar H. Kristmundsson, professor, Faculty of Political Sciences Steinunn Hrafnsdóttir, Associate professor Faculty of Social Work, University of Iceland 17. Institutional reforms and voluntary associations ............................................................... 23 By Klaus Levinsen, Department of Political Science, University of Southern Denmark Malene Thøgersen, Department of Political Science, University of Southern Denmark Bjarne Ibsen, Centre for Sports, Health and Civil Society, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark 18. Immigrant Organisations in Oslo - Participation in Local Democracy............................. 24 By Marianne Takle, NOVA 19. The Stable and Unstable Finnish Civil Society ................................................................. 25 By Pertti Lappalainen, University of Jyväskylä, Finnland 20. Late-modern hegemony and the changing role of voluntary associations in Finland ....... 26 By Martti Siisiäinen 21. Sport Organizations as policy implementers in Norway................................................... 27 By Kari Steen-Johnsen and Bernard Enjolras, Institute for Social Research 22. Choice of public roles as a way of adapting to a changing environment .......................... 28 By Trygve Gulbrandsen, Institute for Social Research 23. The importance of Active Citizenship on the Welfare State - Civil Society Relationship 29 By Thomas P. Boje, Department of Society and Globalisation, Roskilde University 24. Does Volunteering Cause Trust? A Comparison of the Czech Republic and Norway ..... 30 By Sivesind, K. H., Institute for Social Research, (Presenting), Pospíšilová, T. & Frič, P., Univerzita Karlova, Czech Republic The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 1. From face-to-face to Facebook? Social media and collective action By Ivar Eimhjellen, UNI Rokkansenteret, Bergen The internet is used by over ¾ of all voluntary organizations in the county of Hordaland, Norway. 61 percent of these organizations have their own web-site or have joined a social networking site. The organizations with both their own web-site and profile on a social networking site have the highest perceived user value of the internet, especially as a channel for information distribution. A smaller share of the organizations sees the internet as a tool for political influence and as an arena for discussion between members. A larger share experience the internet as an administrative tool used for information distribution between different organizational levels. Some also experience the internet as useful for information exchange between members/volunteers and the organization. Analyses also show that online organizations are cooperating more with other civil society institutions. The probability of organizational survival and organizational growth (members, board meetings, activities) is also higher for online organizations. Also, these organizations score higher on measures for internal collective action in the organization. This article therefore conclude that communication through the internet and face-to-face interaction is not an either/or phenomenon. On the contrary the internet can increase face-to-face interaction and collective action in the organizations. The internet can also support networks between organizations and other civil society actors. The internet and social media is therefore a supplement rather than a replacement for traditional organizational activities face-to-face. Therefore, the voluntary organizations‟ use of the internet has a positive effect on organizational networks and collective action 1 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 2. New Locality – a way for better care for the elderly By Pirkko Ruuskanen-Parrukoski, The Finnish Federation of Settlements, University of Lapland (PhD student) The increasing of life expectancy and demographic changes create a significant concern for the public welfare service system. There is an increasing need to develop services that support the quality of life of older people while resources are decreasing. In this abstract I introduce the Finnish Federation of Settlements´ aim to find a structural solution for the dilemma of the third sector in the competition-oriented welfare service system. The theme is also discussed in my ongoing thesis, the aim of which is to find out how the care provided to old people by the settlements impacts their quality of life and how they experience the settlement features and whether they feel that these features have a positive impact on their quality of life. The main stream in the mission of worldwide settlement work has been emphasizing change in social structures, mutual support and reciprocity and communal responsibility in problem solving. Like many other third sector organizations, the Finnish Settlement Movement faces both the increasing demand for services and new way of organizing and funding the service production. In the present “welfare mix” settings the settlements want to provide senior citizens with the optimum quality of care. However, they also strive to demonstrate the added value derived from the settlement mission that is hoped to be the basis for funding but could also be a discriminative factor. From this point of view there is an interesting challenge to be solved: how to manage the role of a service-oriented organization while basing the work on strengthening the civic society and keeping up the human spirit of helping each other. The settlement mission and increasing centralization and competition/market orientation of welfare service production have been the starting point for the Finnish Federation of Settlements‟ new project “Time for a new locality”. The aim is to create tools for local communities to strengthen the locally based civic society. In three geographically different communities the focus is to find ways to improve the inhabitants´ possibilities to affect service supply, recreational activities and land use in their own neighbourhoods. On this path towards locally based democracy, the “welfare mix” should be sophisticated in local cooperation with inhabitants, third sector organizations, local authorities and private organizations. Local cooperation and locally based governance would also make it possible to create services for older people based on their own needs and personal perspectives as well as required standards of quality. Pluralistic cooperation calls for the third sector to develop their activities to respond to the changing local needs of care in a way that equal possibilities, choices and opportunities are created also for the elderly to enhance their quality of life. 2 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 3. Third and the public sectors´ cooperation in rehabilitation By Hietala-Paalasmaa, Outi, Rehabilitation Foundation, Helsinki, Finland Objectives: Rehabilitation Foundation has started a research and development project (2010-2013) concerning co-operation between third and public sector. The aim is: to examine the relationship between non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and publicsector actors in the context of rehabilitation to explore and develop better tools and abilities for the co-operation in this field Background: The welfare services production in Finland is gradually desired to be organized between local authorities, the state and the NGOs, i.e. third sector, and the share of nonprofit organizations in rehabilitation services seems to grow. The third sector´s strength is in its roots: the civil society, volunteering and participation. Therefore NGOs seem often capable to offer particular means for facilitating multidimensional social and health problems, such as drug dependencies, mental health problems, unemployment and other forms of social exclusion, and for rehabilitation responding to them. Rehabilitation at NGOs can be seen as alternative or supplement for public services and represent approaches where professional methods and psycho-social support is often combined with participation and volunteering. When for example social rehabilitation is implemented in close connection with participants everyday life and grass root activities of the NGO, it offers opportunities to integrate volunteering into rehabilitation process in forms of peer support and participation. The rehabilitation subjected to individual clients is supplemented or replaced by collective action, where agents and targets are merged. On the other hand rehabilitation is strongly linked with welfare state and public services, productivity and competition, which forces NGOs to emphasize professionalism and create larger units governed by same premisse as public sector or private enterprises. Role of NGOs as advocates for vulnerable groups is at stake when the policy relations to public sphere are being replaced by relations between service producers and subscribers. Methods and results: We are currently analyzing results of the survey done to nearly one thousand national, areal and local NGOs in Finland. The survey will identify the forms of implementation and cooperation concerning rehabilitation, as well as experiences gained. The initial results of the survey will be presented at first and then some aspects of the second, qualitative research phase (2011-2012) will be discussed. The institutional ethnography developed by Dorothy Smith (2005) offers relevant methodological standpoints for doing research in local settings of NGO´s. Smith articulates research as inquiry for people, not about them, thus incorporating the expert´s research and language into everyday experience to examine social relations and institutions. Local rehabilitation practices of NGOs and the social relations connected to it will be approached from this angle. Key words: rehabilitation – non-governmental organisations – partnership - service production 3 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts References: Smith, Dorothy (2005): Institutional Ethnography. A Sociology for People. Altamira Press, Oxford. 4 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 4. How the State structures civil society By Lars Trägårdh From a comparative institutionalist perspective I will analyze how the state structures civil society through such measures as tax law, funding and regulation. I will also consider an alternative view is represented by social origins theory, which suggests that civil society is defined and structured by resilient social structures. The purpose of this paper is show how the structural effects of the state and social origins actually interact in a continuous process that structure civil society over time. The core contribution of the paper is a comparative analysis of how indirect support through tax exemptions, direct contributions, and service contracts have creating different incentive structures in three cases Sweden, Germany, and the United States of America. Based on the empirical findings I will thematize the different logics that inform each case, suggesting a way forward towards a theory of civil society regime variation. The data on which this paper is based has already resulted in a Swedish language book with the title Att ge eller att beskattas – avdragsrätt för gåvor till ideell verksamhet i Sverige och andra länder that was published in June of 2009 5 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 5. The impact of local associational life on citizens’ attitudes towards local government By Jacob Aars and Dag Arne Christensen, UNI Rokkansenteret, Bergen What impact does local associational life have on citizens‟ attitudes towards local government? In order to provide some answers to this question we start out from Robert Putnam‟s study of civic traditions in Italian regions (1993). The main focus in Putnam‟s study was on factors that contribute to the creation of a political system that is strong, responsive, and effective. We aim at following in Putnam‟s footsteps by asking what factors may explain variation in institutional performance across Norwegian local authorities. Putnam‟s key argument was that a vibrant local associational life would contribute to stronger confidence in political institutions, and in turn, greater confidence would lead to a strengthening of system capacity. In line with this argument, we wish to investigate what effects associational activity at the local level have for individual citizens‟ trust in elected officials as well as their satisfaction with local government services. Our primary aim is to examine the effects of a contextual-level variable (associational activity) on individual-level indicators of trust and public-service satisfaction. More specifically, we raise two questions: 1) 2) How much variance in trust and satisfaction can be attributed to the contextual level – after we have controlled for individual-level factors such as social background and political attitudes? If citizen satisfaction with local government services does vary across municipalities, to what degree can they be explained by the vibrancy of associational life? 6 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 6. New defenders of the welfare state? The restructuring of the Swedish welfare state and the role of civil society in the policy process By Erik Lundberg, Doctoral student, Örebro University, Sweden A defining character of the Swedish state-civil society relation is a formal and informal contact to the state (Kuhnle and Selle, 1992; Micheletti, 1994:62-66; Olsen, 1990:106f; Rothstein, 1992). Public policies have been produced in close collaboration with major interest organisations playing a central role for the expansion of the Swedish welfare state. During the last decades there are indications of an altering state-civil society relation. Scholars have argued that the role of civil society has shifted from input to output in the political process often with a parallel to the transformation of the welfare state (Amnå, 2006, 2007; Wijkström, 2010). However, empirical evidence has been rather sparse and often started from a corporatist perspective focussing a rather limited part of civil society (Lundberg, 2011). The more comprehensive picture of the role of civil society in the policy process is simply missing and in particular from a historical point of view. For that reason, the purpose of this article is to analyse the role of civil society organizations in the policy process between 1964 and 2009 in the light of the restructuring of the welfare state. Two questions are addressed. Firstly, how does the role of civil society organisations in the policy process relates to the Europeanization and changing modes of governing? Secondly, how does the role of civil society organisations in the policy process relates to the development of new public management reforms? Empirically, the article draws evidence from the remiss-procedure between 1964 and 2009. The remiss-procedure is often described as one of the most uniquely Swedish and the most democratic aspect of the public policy process. Yet, it is one of the most understudied aspect of the policy process (Trägårdh, 2007). The result provides evidence for the claim that the role of civil society organizations in the policy process is closely attached to the welfare state. Between 1964 and 2009 civil society has gradually been losing ground in relation to the state and market actors and the numbers of absent responses has increased during the period. In addition conflict oriented and member benefit oriented organisations have decreased while consensus and public benefit oriented organisations have increased its participation in the remiss-procedure. As such, the role of civil society as mediator of individual interests and an arena for deliberation has gradually weakened while that of a producer of welfare services has strengthened. The article conclude that the Swedish state is now less dependent on conflict oriented organisations that expanded the welfare state and more on consensus oriented organisations with the potential to uphold it. By doing so the state is able to minimize critique and political losses due to cut back on the social programs that exist. As Pierson (2006:348f) emphasizes, the political goals and context of the welfare state has changed having influence on the way the challenges of the welfare states is tacked and subsequently the relation to civil society. Without doubt, some conflict oriented organizations will continue to defend and challenge the welfare state by representing the interest of the members and by operate as an arena for social change. However, in comparison to the 1960s and 1970s today‟s a defender of the welfare state will to a greater extent produce the services to those rights the interest groups previously defended. 7 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts References Amnå, Erik, 2006. "Still a trustworthy ally? Civil society and the transformation of Scandinavian democracy"Journal of Civil Society 2 (1), s Amnå, Erik, 2007. "Associational Life, Youth, and Political Capital Formation in Sweden: Historical Legacies and Contemporary Trends" i State and Civil society in Northern Europe, The Swedish Model Reconsidered, Lars Trägårdh, (red), New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books. Kuhnle, Stein & Selle, Per, 1992. Government and Voluntary Organizations. Avebury: Aldershot. Lundberg, Erik, 2011. "Forskning om relationen mellan det civila och offentliga samhället" i Perspektiv på offentlig verksamhet i utveckling, Tolv kapitel om demokrati, styrning och effektivitet, Ann-Sofie Hellberg, Karlsson. Martin, Hannu Larsson, Erik Lundberg and Monika Persson, (red), Örebro: Örebro universitet. Micheletti, Michele, 1994. Det civila samhället och staten. Medborgarsammanslutningarnas roll i svensk politik. Stockholm: Fritzes. Olsen, P. Johan, 1990. Demokrati på Svenska. Stockholm: Carlsons bokförlag. Pierson, Christopher, 2006. "The New Politics of the Welfare State" i The Welfare state reader, Christopher Pierson and G. Francis Casteles, (red), Cambridge: Polity Press. Rothstein, Bo, 1992. Den korporativa staten, intresseorganisationer och statsförvaltning i svensk politik. Stockholm: Nordstedts. Trägårdh, Lars, 2007. "Democratic Governance and the Creation of Social Capital in Sweden: The Descrete Charm of Govermnental Commissions" i State and Civil Society in Northern Europe, Lars Trägårdh, (red), New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books. Wijkström, Filip, 2010. "Svenskt organisationsliv, framväxten av en ideell sektor" i Civilsamhällets många ansikten, en samling essäer 1995-2010, Filip Wijkström, (red), Stockholm: Handelshögskolan Stockholm. 8 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 7. Civil Society – State Relationships of the Finnish Environmental Movement By Esa Konttinen, University of Jyväskylä, Finland The way of functioning of the Finnish environmental movement is in focus in this paper. The main argument is that an important key to understand Finnish environmental movement lies in the special character of the Finnish civil society and in its relationships with the Finnish state. The argument implies the conception that the environmental movement manifests more general conventions within the civil society – state relationships. A historical perspective is needed to clear up those conventions. In the paper, Finnish Association for Nature Conservation (FANC) is under specific consideration since her position and role in the Finnish voluntary environmentalism. FANC has a strong position in voluntary environmentalism, and she represents established conventions in an exceptionally pure manner. Largely for that reason the association has won the position of the most important collaborative party of the state in the environmental voluntary sector. In addition, FANC is a mediator also inside environmental voluntarism. To a certain degree, the association governs voluntary environmentalism. Thus, study of FANC offers a window to an issue how the Finnish voluntary environmentalism works. It is studied in which sense we can consider FANC a part of the environmental movement, and how the old conventions and collaborative relations to the state determine her activities. 9 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 8. State of social economy and social enterprise concept in Finland By Mr. Harri Kostilainen, Finnish Network for Social Enterprise Research / secretary Pekka Pättiniemi, PhD, Finnish Network for Social Enterprise Research / secretary In Finland there is a rich and established social economy sector. As a part of welfare state structure it has had a legitimate role. There have been support structures for social economy, such as education, development and funding. The tasks of social economy have included, e.g. a number of specific categories of health and social services, culture and sports, and different form of free adult education. Some of these tasks have begun their development even before the Second World War. A number of social economy organizations have an important role in lobbying social and health policies, sports and culture. Also these organizations have had an important role in service delivery for specific special needs and areas. Social economy has cultivated many social innovations for welfare state services. New types of social economy organization e.g. different forms of social enterprises, activities and tasks in the welfare state have been evolving since the beginning of 1990. The transformation is the result of a number of simultaneous changes in needs and demand for services, legislation, funding, education and public engagement to different social policy measures and programmes as well as changes in values and motivations of citizens. In recent Finnish debate social enterprises are expected to combine the business skills of private sector to a strong social mission. Different stakeholders are expecting social innovations from the sector that might have an important role in delivering public (welfare) services and in labor market integration. In particular the European Social Funds has been a major factor in development of different forms of social economy organizations e.g. social enterprises. The Law on Social Enterprises came in force in 2004 in Finland. The Law limits social enterprises only to the field of work integration. Recently there has been political interest to broaden the concept of social enterprise in Finland. According a working group appointed by the Ministry of Employment and the Economy social enterprise are seen as a business model for reinforcing, and diversifying the forms of entrepreneurship, renewing public service delivery, and organizing non-governmental organizations payable service functions and integration into the labor market. Aim of this paper is to analyze state of Finnish concept of social enterprise and further develop it: 1. to draw better insight of size and meaning of different forms of social enterprises in Finland. 2. to understand the role of different programs e.g. ESF in developing new initiatives, consequences of these type of financing and possible pros, cons and limitation of these programs. The research methods include content analysis of recent research and other relevant literature e.g. official reports and programme documents, but also official data sets of different segments of established social enterprises. 10 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts The results of this study help us understand and identify the key challenges social enterprises are facing in their pursuit to deliver welfare services and in the field of work integration and to provide guidelines in developing social economy sector. 11 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 9. Volunteering over the life course: Reflections from a case study of the norwegian women’s and family association 1950-2000 By Bente Blanche Nicolaysen, Department of Sociology, University of Bergen Research shows that there is a growing tendency towards volunteering without long organisational memberships, and that members spend less time as active participants in organisations when they are members (Sivesind & Wollebæk 2010). In addition, it is now well documented that the membership bases of the large humanitarian associations (with heavy organisational structures with national, regional and local branches nation-wide) has declined steadily since the late 1960s (Sivesind, Selle, Lorentzen and Wollebæk 2002, Wollebæk & Christensen 2011). Moreover, research has pointed to many important nationwide structural factors that have impacted involvement in voluntary organisations: the increased pressure on time and money resulting from the rise in two-career households; the increase in suburbanisation and urban sprawl; the privatisation of leisure etc. Against a macro-sociological view of the “new” patterns of volunteering, this paper wishes to go back in time and take a closer look at what lies under the surface of the long memberships of volunteers who entered volunteering during the 1950s and 1960s and who remained paying members sixty and fifty years later. The paper builds on the premises that: while contextual effects on volunteering are very important, the impact of organisational, community, and regional characteristics on individual decisions to volunteer through smaller qualitative studies remains a fruitful field for exploration, and that until more panel or longitudinal data on volunteering are available, many of the associations between patterns of volunteering and general background factors remain correlations, and we are in no position to make causal statements, and that rich ethnographic understandings of the volunteer that tells us about the changing nature of participation in volunteering over the life course are needed in Nordic research on volunteering. The paper‟s substantive content is based on a qualitative research project that explored the changing conditions for women‟s volunteering over time (1945-2000) and over the life course based on thirty two life history interviews with volunteers in local branches of a large all-women humanitarian organisation in Bergen and Midt-Hordaland, namely the Norwegian Women‟s and Family Association (previously The Norwegian Housewife Association), and case studies of three local associations of this organisation in the time period 1940-2000 based on extensive historical records and organisational material. In the paper a life course perspective is applied to volunteering, exploring: some regional, community and organisational factors of women‟s involvement in volunteering over the life course, and the ways in which the ways in which twenty women volunteers‟ social location, the historical period in which they live, and their personal biography shape their experiences. The paper brings out – through a presentation and discussion of twenty “case histories” of volunteers - how volunteering is negotiated within the household and family (and interacts with extra-family constraints such as paid employment, caring commitments, leisure etc) and mediated through beliefs about family responsibilities and appropriate behaviours for men and women and for young and old. The main goal of the paper is to argue for the fruitfulness of complementing insights from macro-sociological studies of patterns of volunteering with smaller qualitative studies applying a life history approach to volunteering. 12 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 10. Governance, quality management, social accounting and the Swedish compact between state and NGOs By Anders Kassman, Ersta Sköndal högskola Swedish civil society have since long been dominated by the popular mass movements and their orientation towards “voice” but the sphere is now producing more and more service which draws the spheres attention to business thinking. As service-providers the organizations must specialize in a more narrow service field where they try to deliver as effective and high quality services as possible. The overall as well as the final responsibility for the citizens‟ social welfare remains with the state. The state is still seen as the best guarantor for more equal distribution over the life course and between different sub-groups. Historically the popular mass movements have been described as important innovators and lobbyists behind different welfare reforms and the result as a “democratic class struggle”. But critics state that the welfare solutions of today are dated. They are best described as institutionalizations of past generations organized attempts to tackle yesterday‟s problems. New times create new social risks and need new ways of organizing solutions as well as interest groups. The argument is that we must leave different stereotypical divisions between “voice” and “service” and the like and use more complex analytical tools to promote effectiveness and democracy at the same time. The governance model should be more deliberative than representative, reforms smaller in scale and utilize a perspective from below. But this way of putting it tends to overlook structural differences, it gets harder do settle accountabilities and the overall perspective may be put aside. Sweden has, as several other countries, a compact between NGOs, local and national authorities. The aim of this paper is to analyze how this compact addresses the above mentioned questions and how it discusses questions of governance, quality management and social accounting. 13 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 11. Paradigmatic problems with the concepts of ”voluntary sector” and ”civil society” By professor em. Edvard Vogt, Faculty of Law, Bergen University The paper refers briefly to my own research on ”voluntary” actions, activities, institutional structures and functions within various partitions, not necessary ”sectors”, of society, like religion[1], welfare state institutions[2], the ”Rechtsstaat” and policing[3], urban planing[4], house-building[5], ecological agriculture[6] and resistance movements during foreign occupation.[7] The short references may indicate that my research approach is different from the one cultivated by of the other participants at the present conference on voluntarism. a basic paradigmatical problem. The invitation to the present meeting locates ”voluntarism” in a ”sector” of ”civil society”, - the civil society being possibly conceived as a moral-directed Gemeinschaft, essentially distinguished from a law- and duty-directed, profit-centered, work- and marketand economy -based ”Gesellschaft”. My own basic paradigma is a version of ”Game Theory”[8], viewing society as games within games within all societal sub-systems. This leads me to an interest in differences, similarities and correlations between voluntary activities and structures within and between each of a number of what I with McIver like to call ”institutional complexes” - like the economy, law, culture, religion, education, research, sports, entertainment and warfare. The interventions following my paper will hopefully convince me that our different approches are only pragmatical - and not as fundamental and unbridgeable as the differences between the paradigma in the theory of Kuhn. --[1] The Catholic Church in the North, 116 pp, Bergen 1962. Report on Moral Rearmament, 411 pp, Bergen 1965. [2] Trange kår for varslere, kronikk i Dagbladet, 14.juni 2008 and various research reports based on my participant observations of an association of whistleblowers, Varslerunionen – and of Velferdsalliansen, a federation of welfare associations that is supposed to be a premiss-giver to the NAV and the welfare ministeries. Another ongoing project is the establishing of a servicecenter, Frivillighetshus, for voluntary organisations in a vacant building in central Bergen – a social experiment to promote voluntarism, that may later on be copied in other communities. Facilitation of volntarism research will be an added benefit. [3] Diverse research reports on corruption in the police force and its union in Bergen and the reactions of civil society (522 pp.). Div. studies of citicens´ actions against miscarriages of justice. Much research has been focused on Jussformidlingen, a voluntary association of law students, that has given free legal aid in more than 80.000 cases. [4] Nærdemokrati i bydelene, (med Knut Dahl Jacobsen), 1971, a report that led to the institution of Bydelsutvalg in the regions of Bergen. [5] Beboermedvirkning i boligplanlegging, (med BD Brochmann og NR Øvsthus) NIBR,1975. This is one of the reports on a social experiment in cooperative housing involving 192 households over 30 years. See also: Les ”Selegrend” en Bergen/Norvege, in: Bernfeld (ed), Arcitecture.et Urbanism participatif, Venezia, 1980 [6] Research on an association to further ecological agriculture that I started in 1972 that since then has developed this ”sector” in Norway-. [7] Oss terrorister imellom, kronikk i Dagbladet, 2003. Div. Studies of resistance during the German occupation of Norway with focus on the militia and spy organizations as voluntary organizations. [8] The Sociology of Play (ludology) and the Theory of Games, in report from the 20. Congress of sociology, Cordoba Argentine, 19963, and Conflicts between Games.., at the 3rd Nordic Conf. On Peace Research, Ørenæs, 1968. 14 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 12. The local organizational society in Norway after the turn of the century: Changes in scope, type and structure By Dag Wollebæk, Kristin Strømsnes, Åsta Dyrnes Nordø, The Rokkan Centre Bergen In 2009, local organizations in Hordaland County in Western Norway were surveyed for the fourth time. Here we present the main developments in scope, type and structure of the organizational society over the last ten years. The analyses show that the number of local organizations has been reduced since the turn of the century. For each five organizations that are founded, seven disband. The development towards a more secular and less political and ideological organizational society continues. The growth within the local voluntary sector is mainly found within neighborhood organizations. The growth within sports, hobby, arts and culture has come to a halt, which indicates that the leisure-oriented organizational society has reached a saturation point. These findings coincide with findings at the individual level from the same period. Our data also show important changes in organizational structure. The development towards a dual organizational society, in which the local and national level exists independently of each other, has become more pronounced. In particular, the regional level has become less important. Improved communication infrastructure and more specialized goals have increased the amount of inter-municipal organizations. The formal membership institution has become weakened: Fewer organizations have formal members, and the number of member meetings decreases at the same time as the number of board meetings remains stable. In sum, many of the development traits evident from earlier waves of the study continue at undiminished speed. The Norwegian organizational society has moved away from the previously dominant popular movement model. At the same time we note, for the first time, a reduction in the number of organizations. This development runs parallel to a decline in individual participation: The members and the active participants have become fewer and older. 15 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 13. The Invention and Institutionalization of Local Volunteer Centres. A Comparative Analysis of Norway and Denmark. By Håkon Lorentzen, Institute for Social Research, Oslo, Norway Lars Skov Henriksen, dept. of Sociology and Social Work, Aalborg University, Denmark Both Denmark and Norway have seen a remarkable growth in the number of local volunteer centres over the past twenty years. Volunteer centres are a new invention in the local welfare architecture. They aim to mobilize volunteers by either improving the visibility and accessibility of existing local voluntary associations, or by inventing activities that can attract new (types of) volunteers. They also aim to improve the quality of services provided by local voluntary organizations and strengthen the cooperation between public and private providers of welfare. Volunteer centres have been described as part of a new “third party model” (Haski-Levenhal et al. 2009) in which it is no longer the exclusive responsibility of voluntary organizations to recruit volunteers and encourage volunteering, but increasingly also a matter for governments, corporations and educational institutes. Volunteer centres, thus, represent one of several efforts by governments in the Nordic countries to enhance and facilitate volunteering and support a greater role for voluntary and non-profit organizations in meeting welfare service demands. The background of this interest should be found in years between 1980 and 1990 which brought a shift even in the deeply rooted Nordic social democratic antagonism towards voluntary and private organized welfare activities. Several reasons seem to lie behind. First, important ideological impulses came with the new liberalism of Thatcher and Reagan, arguing a need for a broader spectre of welfare activities than those provided by the state. A second, less visible, motive was the growing acknowledgement of mutual dependence between public and private welfare resources. Not even the oil-financed welfare budgets in Norway could stand the pressure from the neverending stream of public welfare demands. Professions and politicians seemed to reach a consensus that the resources of civil society should be re-activated. The question was how this could be done without giving in to philanthropic and liberal ideologies that would fundamentally challenge the governmental responsibilities for people‟s welfare. After 50 years of belief in the all-embracing responsibilities of the state, a re-introduction of civic responsibilities was no easy undertaking. The ambition to boost civil resources, furthermore, was challenged by the history and the composition of the voluntary sector in the Nordic countries. First, the voluntary sector in Scandinavia is based on a very strong membership model which means that voluntary organizations historically have enjoyed a monopoly when it comes to recruiting volunteers. For instance, a large survey in 2005 revealed that 80 per cent of the Danes that volunteered did it for an organization they were a member of (Henriksen et al. 2008). Similar figures account for the Norwegian case. As such, no tradition exits for other actors to engage in recruitment and encouragement of volunteering. Second, the voluntary sector only plays a small and supplementary role as service providers with the welfare fields. Although volunteering, in comparative perspective, is extensive in the Nordic countries more than half of all volunteers and volunteering hours are found within sport and recreation (Sivesind and Selle 2009). Third, because of the organizational model most voluntary organizations rely solely on unpaid volunteers and have very scarce administrative capacities. This makes it difficult for many voluntary associations to engage in public-private partnerships and meet the increasing demands for accountability and professional solutions. 16 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts Against this double background of the Nordic welfare state and civil society „regime‟ we trace the history of the volunteer centres in Denmark and Norway from their beginning in the late 1980ties to the present and compare their development. We describe both similarities and differences but put special emphasis on explaining variations between the two cases. Within international third sector research, Scandinavian countries are most often classified as one category, rooming similar voluntary associations that share structural traits (Salamon and Anheier 1998). On a generalized level, this may be true. But there also exist considerable differences between the ways civil associations are organized and function within Scandinavian countries. We argue that the history of the volunteer centres provide an opportunity to investigate some of these differences and their causes in more detail. We use data collected in Denmark and Norway as part of national evaluation programs for which the authors have been responsible. In the first part of the paper we describe the history of the volunteer centres in the two countries focusing on the shifting policies and governmental initiatives that over time have tried to shape and structure the volunteer centres in a „friendly struggle‟ with local actors and needs. We end this part by pointing out a number of significant dimensions on which the volunteer centres in the two countries converge and diverge. The second part of the paper focus on four critical explanatory factors that can be instrumental in understanding why the volunteer centres in the two countries display important variation: Ownership, activities, funding and state/local government integration. We conclude by analysing how the dynamic interplay between state, local government and voluntary sector – despite sharing important structural features and pursuing the same aims – frames and structures (cf. Goss 2010) the identities, tasks and roles played by the volunteer centres in the two countries in different directions. 17 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 14. Entreprenörskap i välfärdssamarbetet mellan Norrköpings Kommun och nio frivilligorganisationer By Vivi Hallström, Helix Excellence Centre, doktorand i Företagsekonomi, Linköpings Univ. Den 23 oktober 2008 slöts ett avtal, Överenskommelsen, mellan den svenska regeringen, nittiotalet ideella organisationer inom det sociala området, samt Sveriges Kommuner och Landsting (SKL). De tre parterna ska i ett antal år framöver ”driva samhällsutveckling” inom det sociala området. Den 9 mars, hölls på ett lokalt plan, i Norrköpings Kommun, i regionen Östergötland, ett första möte med nio lokala idébaserade organisationer ifrån det sociala området. Syftet med mötet var att föra dialog kring hur ett eventuellt samarbete kring utförandet av välfärdstjänster skulle kunna se ut. Min forskning fokuserar hur samarbetsprocessen mellan Norrköpings Kommun fortlöper under ett antal år. Den övergripande forskningsfrågan är om samarbetet innehåller aktiviteter som kan ses som exempel på socialt-, och/eller institutionellt entreprenörskap? Vad bidrar detta i så fall till för förändringar på lokal, regional och/eller nationell nivå? Det perspektiv som jag anlägger då jag talar om entreprenörskap är inte kopplat till kommersiellt företagande i traditionell mening, utan till ett utökat synsätt som beskriver förändrings-, och skapelseprocesser som existerar på alla plan i samhället (Schumpeter, 1971, Sundin & Tillmar, 2008, 2010, Gawell, 2006, Gartner, 1989). I det här fallet finner jag det aktuellt att tala om “institutioner”, som ofta beskrivs som kognitiva, normativa och regulativa funktioner som fungerar som rättesnöre i sociala sammanhang (Scott, 1995). Institutioner berättar för oss hur vi ska tänka och agera i en specifik kontext (Batillana, 2006, Dorado, 2006). En institutionell entreprenör förändrar institutioner (Tillmar & Sundin, 2008). Vidare väljer jag att betrakta entreprenören, likt Palmås (2007), som en samhälleligt motiverad förändringsmakare som verkar i och över sektorsgränser. Det senare benämns oftast som samhälls-, eller socialt entreprenörskap (Gawell et al., 2009, Nicholls, 2008, Tillmar & Sundin, 2010) Min intention är att använda mig av interaktiv forskning där forskare och forskningsdeltagare ses som jämlika medskapare av forskningens resultat. I en svensk kontext pågår en ökad integration av forskning och praktik (t ex. Aagaard-Nielsen & Svensson, 2006; Etzkowitz, 2003; Gibbons et al. 1994, Nowotny et al, 2001). Anledningen till valet av en interaktiv ansats är att bidra till den tredje uppgiften som kort innebär en strävan efter att förankra forskningsresultat i samhället. Metoden innebär i mitt fall att jag deltar vid möten mellan parterna i Norrköpings Kommun, genomför skuggning, intervjuer och utför textanalyser samt att med forskningsdeltagarna anordna gemensamma analysseminarier för att skapa en hög validitet för forskningens resultat (Svensson et al., 2002). 18 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts Referenser Aagaard Nielsen, K., & Svensson, L. (2006). (Eds.). Action Research and Interactive Research. Beyond Theory and Practice. Maastricht: Shaker Publishing. Battilana, J (2006) Agency and institutions, - the enabling role of individuals‟ social position. Organization, 13(5), s. 653–676. Dorado, S (2006) Social Entrepreneurial Ventures: Different Values so different process of creation, no?, Journal of Development Entrepreneurship, 14, s. 319-343. Etzkowitz, H (2003) Innovation in innovation: the Triple Helix of university – industry – government relations. Social Science Information, 42(3), 293-337. Gartner, W (1989) Who is an entrepreneur? Is the wrong question, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 11(3), s. 47–68 Gawell, M. Johannisson, B. & Lundqvist, M. (2009). “Samhällets entreprenörer. En forskarantologi om samhällsentreprenörskap”. KK- stiftelsen, Stockholm. Gawell, M (2006) Activist Entrepreneurship: Attac'ing norms and articulating disclosive stories. Doktorsavhandling. Stockholms Universitet. Gibbons, M, Limoges, C, Nowotny, H, Schwarzman, S, Scott, P, Trow, M (1994) The new production of knowledge: the dynamics of science and research in contemporary societies. London. Sage Giddens, A (1984)The Constitution of Society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press Hjorth, D, Johannisson, B, Steyaert, C (2003) Entrepreneurship as discourse and life style. I B, Czarniawska, G, Sévon (Red) The Northern Lights: Organization Theory in Scandinavia. Copenhagen: Liber Hjorth, D, Steyaert, C (2003) Entrepreneurship beyond (a new) economy: creative swarms and pathological zones. I C. Steyaert, D, Hjorth (Red.) New movements in entrepreneurship. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Nicholls, A, (2008) Social Entrepreneurship: New Models of Sustainable Social Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nowotny, H, Scott, P, Gibbons, M (2001). Re-thinking Science. Knowledge and thePublic in an Age of Uncertainty. Cambridge: Polity Press. Palmås, K. (2007). Socialt entreprenörskap, ny sektor eller rebranding av ideellt arbete? Paper presenterat vid Centre for Business in Society. Handelshögskolan vid Göteborgs Universitet Schumpeter, J (1971) The Fundamental Phenomenon of Economic Development', i P, Kilby (Red.), Entrepreneurship and Economic Development, New York: The Free Press, s. 43-70. Scott, W (1995) Institutions and Organisations, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Sundin, E, Tillmar, M (2008) A nurse and a civil servant changing institutions: entrepreneurial processes in different public sector organizations, Scandinavian Journal of Management, Vol. 24, s. 113-24. Sundin, E, & Tillmar, M (2010), The intertwindness of social, commercial and public entrepreneurship. i Fayolle, A, Matlay, H (Red.) Handbook of Research in Social Entrepreneurship. Edward Elgar. Cheltenham, UK Svensson, L., Brulin, G., Ellström, P-E., & Widegren, Ö. (2002). Interaktiv forskning – för utveckling av teori och praktik. Stockholm: Arbetslivsinstitutet. 19 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 15. Dialogue with a Twist - Renegotiating Forms for Dialogue between Government and Civil Society in Contemporary Sweden. By Malin Gawell, PhD, Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research Institute (ESBRI) This paper addresses the current renegotiation of roles between public policy actors and civil society in contemporary Sweden. Historically this negotiation has been characterized by dialogue and participation in a more or less common mission of building a welfare society with an emerging strong public sector in a combined market/planned economical framework. During the last decades, both economical policies and policies on governance have shifted towards a more market oriented approach. Traditional roles, and forms for participation, between public policy actors and civil society has been reconsidered. In 2005 the Swedish Government commissioned a special investigator and a board of experts to prepare a report and suggestions on civil society policy. “The Compact” in UK has been somewhat of a model even though the Swedish process has differed in many ways. In 2007 the Government invited civil society organizations engaged in the social sphere to discuss the relations between the Government and these organizations. Also Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions joined the dialogue. This led to an agreement, referred to as the “Agreement”, with common principals and specific commitments by the three different partners in 2008. The idea of dialogue and agreements is also addressed on a local and regional level. Again, they are inspired by national and also international similar processes even though they address relations between public actors and civil society in slightly different ways. In these initiatives dialogue between public actors and civil society is highlighted and at the same time they obviously aim for some kind of agreements. But can these aspects be combined and if so, how are they related? Dialogue and independence for civil society organizations are emphasized in the discussions mentioned above and articulated as the two first (of six) principals articulated in the “Agreement” signed in 2008. The initiative with the “Agreement” expresses a new, or at least renewed, form for dialogue and agreements that are highly appreciated by at least some organizations. In a study conducted in 2009 representatives from these organizations expressed the gainful contribution of a more systematic dialogue with governmental officials and the strengthening of their position in implementation of policy initiatives (Gavelin and Nordfeldt 2010). However, there were also critical voices expressing a deceptive appearance of dialogue (Gavelin and Nordfeldt 2010). The relationship between public policy actors, in other words the state, and civil society in Sweden is characterized by a rather paradoxical political culture (Trägårdh 2007). The early emergence of a centralized state in the sixteenth century has on the one hand grounded a corporatist state (Heckscher 1946, Rothstein 1992). On the other hand, Sweden has been characterized as an open, democratic society in which citizens have access to political processes which suggest a description of Sweden rather as a form of participatory and deliberative democracy (Trägårdh 2007). Dialogue and agreements can easily be related to, and even partly explained by, these discussions. Issues of disagreements, however, might challenge these traditions. In this paper, the relation between dialogue and agreements will be analyzed based on the above mentioned initiatives. Analysis is primarily based on official documents written both by public policy actors as well as civil society actors. Close, and even participative 20 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts observations have also contributed to the richness and robustness of this study. In addition, interviews have been carried out. References: Gavelin, K (2010 and 2011 forthcomming). Uppföljning av överenskommelsen. Stockholm: Överenskommelsekansliet. Heckscher, G (1946). Staten och organisationerna. Stockholm: KFs bokförlag. Rothstein, B (1992). Den korporativa staten. Stockholm: Nordstedts. Trägårdh, L (2007). State and Civil Society in Northern Europe. The Swedish Model Reconsidered. New York: Berghahn books. Swedish Government Official Report SOU 2007:66 (2007). Rörelser i tiden. Swedish Government (2008). Agreement between the Swedish Government, national idea-based organizations in the social sphere and the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions. Swedish Government Bill 2009/10:55 (2009). En för en politik för det civila samhället. 21 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 16. In times of trouble - The relations between third welfare sector organizations and state: The case of Iceland. By Ómar H. Kristmundsson, professor, Faculty of Political Sciences Steinunn Hrafnsdóttir, Associate professor Faculty of Social Work, University of Iceland Third sector organizations have a long history of being key actors in providing welfare services in Iceland. The recent economic crisis, described as the most serious since Iceland‟s independence 1944 will create new and extensive demands for welfare services and have put new challenges on the third sector. The paper will first provide a brief historical analysis of the relations between government and third sector organizations in welfare services in Iceland and their legal environment. However, the main emphasis will be on the results of a new study on the influence of the economic crisis on third sector organizations in welfare services. The research is based on findings from a national case study the authors are currently conducting. The study is based on qualitative data, historical documents and quantitative surveys. Especially results with regard to changing relations between third sector and government will be discussed and what pressures and challenges the crisis has put on this relationship. The analysis is built on Young´s conceptualizations (2000) from supplementary to more complex complementary and adversial relations and three types of third sector organizations are analysed according to Hudsons (2002) taxonomy of service provision organizations, mutual support organizations and campaigning organizations. The authors will also address the questions if the current economic crisis can lead to more strict regulation of third sector organizations in welfare services and even colonisation instead of the more relaxed and cooperative relationships that seem to have dominated the Icelandic third sector-government environment. 22 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 17. Institutional reforms and voluntary associations By Klaus Levinsen, Department of Political Science, University of Southern Denmark Malene Thøgersen, Department of Political Science, University of Southern Denmark Bjarne Ibsen, Centre for Sports, Health and Civil Society, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark Voluntary associations are important social and political linkages between citizens and the political system. Participation in association activities contributes to the creation of social networks and local democracy, since associations carry out a wide range of societal functions – often in collaboration with the public sector. In 2007 a local government reform reduced the number of Danish municipalities from 271 to 98 and assigned new tasks to these. Consequently, the reform resulted in major local political and administrative changes, thereby giving us a unique opportunity to examine how institutional changes affect the voluntary sector. Based on data from qualitative case studies and a questionnaire survey (1272) this paper examines how institutional reforms of local government institutions affects the relationship between the public and the voluntary sector. Our findings indicate that the political and administrative changes in the local political system have influenced contact and interaction with local associations. Some associations are experiencing a decline in the frequency of contact, while there at the same time is an increase in the formalization and standardization of the relationship between the voluntary and public sector. 23 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 18. Immigrant Organisations in Oslo - Participation in Local Democracy By Marianne Takle, NOVA This paper will be a presentation of a recently initiated three-year post-doctoral project (from 2011 to 2013). In this project I aim to examine how immigrant organizations participate in local democratic channels in the City of Oslo. In 2010 it was registered 282 immigrant organizations in Oslo. The municipality gave 24 of them financial support, and emphasizes simultaneously that they should be active in local politics. This priority can be understood in light of that the voluntary sector is regarded as one of the main pillars of the Norwegian democracy, while it is important for the Norwegian identity and inclusion in the community. Immigrants' participation in the voluntary sector in Norway seems, however, to follow a different pattern than what we see in the majority society. Previous research on immigrant organizations in Norway has shown that immigrants establish ethnic and religious-based organizations, and participate less in the majority society's organizations. This pattern can also be found in Oslo. In addition to a tendency towards residential segregation, we can see tendencies towards divisions of the public sphere and organizational splits along ethnic and religious lines. Such a pattern can be seen in several European cities, which have become increasingly multicultural in recent years. There is, however, a lack of knowledge about the mechanisms that cause immigrants to establish new organizations in Oslo, and to what extent they participate in local democratic channels. The purpose of this study is to contribute to fill this lack of knowledge through an examination of immigrant organizations' participation in civil society in Oslo. The study‟s main question is: What factors promote or inhibit the participation of immigrant organizations in the City of Oslo's democratic channels? The main question will be further specified in two sub-questions. (i)Why participate/not participate immigrant organizations in Oslo's democratic processes? (ii) How participate immigrant organizations in Oslo's democratic processes? The study will be based on a deliberative democracy perspective, where participation in a common public sphere is a fundamental condition for a functioning democracy. This understanding of democracy emphasizes the close relationship between voluntary organizations, civil society, the public sphere and democracy. The study will concentrate on the part of the organizations' activities in which the civil society and the political sphere overlap. It will focus on how the financial support to membership-based local immigrant organizations is a form of multicultural politics in which group-differentiated rights is given to ethnic groups to preserve their culture. Studies of civil society will be linked to ongoing discussions about multiculturalism. In this conference paper I intend to discuss how the postdoctoral project will be further defined in several sub-issues, and how these can be answered through specific studies. 24 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 19. The Stable and Unstable Finnish Civil Society By Pertti Lappalainen, University of Jyväskylä, Finnland The basic idea of the paper is to argue that civil society is formed as a result of citizen‟s activity, that is, civil society is not the self-evident and permanent entity but made by men. Thus attention must be paid to the type of civic activity; a certain kind of civic activity produces the certain kind of civil society. In the paper my aim is to argue that since 1990s at least two new types of civil society have appeared on the map in Finland. The first one is produced by civic activity called citizen engagement. It refers to listening of the actors of civil society in public decision making. In this case the civic actors are invited to co-operate with public authorities. However, participating in this kind of organisational structures may be a kiss of death for the citizen activity because it is demanded restrained behaviour by the political institutions instead of spontaneous action. This type of citizen participation produces the sectional civil society to which the limited, predictable and conflicts avoiding organicness is typical. The sectional organic civil society is constructed in the field of the certain public authority, for example, in the field of a ministry or the section of the city administration. The empirical example of citizen engagement can be found from the city administration of Tampere. The second civic activity emphasises experience as a starting point of action of social movements. Here, the ideas of John Dewey are utilized. My point is that the civic action is 'organised' around the time-space situated problems which the actors experience. Contention, deliberation, citizen surveillance (meant by Pierre Rosanvallon) and conflict orientation are the essential features of action of the actors experiencing problems. The empirical case here is action of Rights for Animals representing the transnational animal-rights movement in Finland. Its actions have been exceptional, and since the mid-1990s it has carried out illegal strikes very seldom witnessed before in Finland. This type of civic action produces civil society whose very nature is contingency. Thus, such a civil society is unstable and full of tensions; dynamics is its chronic feature as John Keane describes it. One of its main aspects is the uncertain disagreement. 25 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 20. Late-modern hegemony and the changing role of voluntary associations in Finland By Martti Siisiäinen The paper addresses the problem of continuity - discontinuity of associational traditions in Finland when the type of hegemony and governance is mutating from the governance at close (range) to the governance at a distance. (Latour, Rose) The purpose is to investigate what are the differences in the functions and in the roles that voluntary associations play in these two regimes of /hegemony/governance understood as ideal types of the development of civil society. There are four central tendencies characterizing for the development of voluntary associations until the 1970s in Finland: (1) corporateness, (2) dominance of formal associations (3) four level model (locality, municipality, province, national), (4) continuity of world view based (or ideological) organizational subcultures. On the basis of the results of international comparisons, it can be argued that in Finland voluntary associations have, probably, been more important in the totality of civil society organizations and networks than in any other country: first, because there are proportionately many associations per capita; and second, because there are fewer alternative ways of acting collectively in use than in most EU-countries or even in other Nordic countries. Therefore the changes in the system of voluntary associations (föreningsväsende; yhdistyslaitos) may have greater impact on the Finnish political regime than is the case in many other countries where associations play a much smaller role. This paper addresses the following questions: (1) What are the main differences between the old and new type of associations; (2) What kind of challenges do these changes create for the ability of the political regime to integrate various actors to the political system, and how do these new kinds of associations manage to create general trust or solidarity between various ; (3) Who or what needs voluntary associations in the new system of governance; (4) What are the special consequences of changing associations in Finland where they have been playing an especially important role in the past. The paper exploits the results of many comparative studies on participation, association activeness, social capital and political regimes. Most of all the paper draws on the author‟s own studies from three past decades and purports to makes conclusion from all these sources. 26 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 21. Sport Organizations as policy implementers in Norway By Kari Steen-Johnsen and Bernard Enjolras, Institute for Social Research This paper examines the roles of Norwegian sports organizations in implementing public sports policies and asks what conditions these roles. Our point of departure is that in the Norwegian system, the state has delegated the responsibility for implementing sport policy to a hierarchical organization that acts as a “private government”. Based on two studies on the use of public funds and on the democratic processes within sports, we argue that the Norwegian model does not fulfill the goals of a decentralized and efficient policy implementation process. Rather, this model resists change and has the unintended consequences of creating resource-dependency and centralization. 27 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 22. Choice of public roles as a way of adapting to a changing environment By Trygve Gulbrandsen, Institute for Social Research In the literature on private, for profit firms a central topic is how they adjust to changes in their environment. Scholars have studied how changes in global markets and technology have spurred private firms to adopt new products and services, develop new production technology, and design new strategies and organizational forms. Studies of organizational adjustment are not that prominent in the research on voluntary and civic organizations. Nonetheless, there are several interesting contributions. It has for instance been examined to what extent voluntary organizations move towards more formalization and professionalization, and to what extent they are concerned about their strategy. It has also been studied whether the organizations are aware about the presence of competitors and how they relate to such competition. Scholars have focused upon how adjustment to changes in the access to financial sources has resulted in mission drift. And there has been more generally been discussed whether formalization and change of policy on the part of civic organizations are results of isomorphism, path-dependency or strategic choice. Moreover, several scholars have documented how adjustments may entail various tensions and dilemmas In this paper I will report from a study of 15 national civic and voluntary organizations in Norway. We surveyed what changes and challenges they perceived in their respective environments and then investigated how they had attempted to adapt to these changes. Significant challenges emanated from their relationship to public authorities. Among the various adaptive moves and strategies that we could observe, I noticed how some of the organizations deliberately carved out or entered into particular roles vis-à-vis the public authorities, in the following termed “public roles”. In this paper I will focus upon choice of such public roles as a way of adjusting to changes in the environment. I have identified ten different roles that civic organizations may hold in relation to public authorities. The roles can be distinguished as to whether they are instrumental to public purposes, or whether public authorities consider them as rather indifferent or even in opposition to public goals. Next, I will discuss to what extent the organizations have themselves deliberately chosen or entered into the different roles, been “given” the roles by the public authorities or merely have drifted into them without having properly thought out the situation. The organizations can also be characterized according to the number of public roles they have adopted and are performing, i.e. whether they hold a broad or narrow set of public roles. 28 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 23. The importance of Active Citizenship on the Welfare State - Civil Society Relationship By Thomas P. Boje, Department of Society and Globalisation, Roskilde University The relationship between welfare state and civil society is under revision. What does a changed relationship mean for citizens‟ participation in voluntary activities? Crucial in this discussion is on the one hand the transformation of social citizenship from a right to social protection to a request for social investments and on the other hand the growing focus on active citizenship. The welfare state down-sizes significantly during these years – instead there is a growing demand for active participation by the citizens – demand for work, education, selfprotection etc. Here the concept of active citizenship gets a crucial role – but will the organized civil society take up and manage the tasks left behind by the welfare state and will the citizens remain active in the same extent when support from the welfare state on infrastructure and community activities are declining? 29 The voluntary sector in the Nordic countries - Change agents and contract partners? 18-20 May 2011 Conference paper abstracts 24. Does Volunteering Cause Trust? A Comparison of the Czech Republic and Norway By Sivesind, K. H., Institute for Social Research, (Presenting), Pospíšilová, T. & Frič, P., Univerzita Karlova, Czech Republic, A major controversy in research on social capital is if volunteering for voluntary organizations causes generalized social trust and trust in democratic institutions. On the one hand, there is Putnam's seminal work Making Democracy Work showing that social interaction in networks, generalized trust and civic engagement can be mutually reinforcing. Generalized trust in other people is developed through repeated face to face interaction. On the other hand, there is the institutional approach represented by Bo Rothstein and colleagues pointing out that there is little evidence showing that individuals active in voluntary organizations have higher levels of social trust. The antecedents of social capital can be found at the institutional rather than individual level. We compare individual survey data from Norway and the Czech Republic to see to what extent volunteering for voluntary associations in general, or for different types of association in particular, has an impact on social and institutional trust. Our hypothesis is that, the welfare context is crucial for differences in the general levels of trust between the countries, in line with the institutional approach. However, individual differences in social and institutional trust are also associated with experiences from volunteering; in line with the Putnam‟s socialization perspective. However, we assume that the effect of volunteering would be stronger in the low trust context of the Czech Republic than in Norway. Furthermore, a positive effect of volunteering on social trust is primarily associated with “activity-oriented” organizations while institutional trust is linked to “other-oriented” civic and advocacy organizations. 30