Reports of violence against women in different life cycles

Original Article Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem 2014 Jan.-Feb.;22(1):85-92 DOI: 10.1590/0104-1169.3186.2388 www.eerp.usp.br/rlae Reports of violence against women in different life cycles Maísa Tavares de Souza Leite1 Maria Fernanda Santos Figueiredo2 Orlene Veloso Dias3 Maria Aparecida Vieira4 Luís Paulo Souza e Souza5 Danilo Cangussu Mendes6 Objective: to analyze the reports and factors associated with violence against women. Method: this was a cross-sectional, exploratory and analytical study with information about the cases of reported violence, extracted from the Civil Police Report Bulletin, in a mid-sized city in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Results: out of the 7,487 reports of violence against women, it was found that 44.6% of the cases were threats, 28.5% aggression, 25.1% bodily injury, 1.1% rape, and 0.7% some other type of injury. In the bivariate analysis, a higher number of cases (p=0.000) committed by partners was evidenced, for all kinds of violence except for rape. Children, adolescents and adults experienced violence by partners, followed by family members. Regarding older women, violence was committed by family members. Conclusion: there is the need for programs to be established to prevent violence against women in various sectors of society, permeating the life cycle. Descriptors: Women’s Health; Violence Against Women; Epidemiology; Public Health. 1 PhD, Full Professor, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil. 2 Doctoral student and Profesor, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil. 3 Doctoral student and Full Professor, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil. 4 Doctoral student, Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Full Professor, Centro de Ciências 5 Master’s student, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. 6 PhD, Full Professor, Departamento de Odontologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil. Claros, MG, Brazil. Corresponding Author: Luís Paulo Souza e Souza Rua Doze, 27 Bairro: Santo Antônio CEP: 39402-285, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil E-mail: [email protected] Copyright © 2014 Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY-NC). This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms. 86 Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem 2014 Jan.-Feb.;22(1):85-92. The effects of domestic violence can have significant Introduction impact on women’s lives(14-15) and society, which Violence is a historical, social and health issue of demonstrates the scope and magnitude of the problem(15). great magnitude and worldwide transcendence, with However, there are difficulties in preventing its occurrence, macrostructural roots. It is diluted in society, polymorphous, or act of coping, due to: cultural barriers, educational multifaceted and presents several manifestations that factors, and lack of educational and professional services interlock, interact, feed back and become stronger. It to meet the cases of domestic violence(16). Thereby, state owns forms of conjunct expressions present in everyday intervention in the execution of public policies is required interpersonal to produce affirmative actions that are actually effective relationships(1-2). Studies highlight the consequences of violence resulting from injuries and in reducing gender violence(14-15). trauma, directly and indirectly, generated by the violent The approach of gender violence in health services act, that are perceived by the economic costs of medical demand practices congruent with this perspective(17), assistance, the judicial and penal system, in addition to in order to give visibility to violence, to incorporate the the social costs of reduced productivity(1-4). gender perspective in the actions and possibilities of Among the various forms of violence, domestic active listening. aggression against women is a serious public health Violence is considered a “silent epidemic” and issue(1), having been summarized in the sociological the few studies result from concrete actions, or are category known as gender from the twentieth century(3), associated with them, related to their alleviation or understood as a set of social, cultural, political, reduction. Thereby, the situation is aggravated even psychological, characteristics further when the object of analysis is the city space, attributed to people, as well as to the health-disease since most investigations refer to macro-regional areas process, differentiated according to gender(3,5). Thereby, of the country, leaving undiagnosed the peculiarities and this category includes types of violence resulting from extent of violence against woman in the local space. legal and economical the unequal relationships between the genders(3). Recent national and international studies show the high prevalence of at least one form of violence Thereby, this study aimed to analyze the reports and factors associated with violence against women in a mid-sized city of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. against women. In rural Nepal, more than half (51.9%) of married women between 15-24 years of age have Method experienced some type of partner violence ; in (6) Karachi (Pakistan), the self-reported prevalence among This was a cross-sectional, exploratory and analytical women aged 25 to 60 years was 56.3%(7). In India, study. Primary data containing information referring the prevalence was 56%(8), and in Spain, 24.8% of to cases of violence against women registered from women reported having been abused by their partner January to December of 2010 were extracted from the at least once in life. There are variations in prevalence Civil Police Report Bulletins. These data were collected at according to the region. The highest percentages have the website armazemsids.mg.gov.br “Bussiness Object”, been recorded in Ceuta and Melilla (40.2%) and the of the 11th Civil Police Department of Montes Claros, Balearic Islands (32.5%). The lowest percentages an organ of the Civil Police at the State of Minas Gerais, registered have occurred in Cantabria (18%)(9) and in Brazil, by institutional workers authorized to perform this the city of Celaya – Mexico(10) (8.1%). collection, so that the identity of offenders and victims In Brazil, a cross-sectional study conducted in the city of Feira de Santana (BA) showed that, among individuals was preserved, and so that the authors did not have access to the names of the individuals. who experienced violence, 76.3% of the reports were The explanatory variables about the types of violence related to women(11). In research conducted with users of against women contained in Report Bulletins collected the National Health Service (SUS) in the city of São Paulo, for analysis were: Aggression, Threat, Rape, Injury and 15-49 years of age, the prevalence was 59.8%(12). Bodily Injury. The concepts used in this study for these Some factors have been associated with violence variables were extracted from the Brazilian Penal Code(18), against women by an intimate partner, such as: alcohol except for aggression, which did not appear in the code. abuse, cohabitation, young age, attitudes supportive - Aggression: Attack to physical integrity or act of of wife beating, having suffered childhood abuse, and hostility and provocation, which aims to cause harm to experiencing other forms of violence in adulthood(13). the person to whom it is addressed(19). www.eerp.usp.br/rlae 87 Leite MTS, Figueiredo MFS, Dias OV, Vieira MA, Souza e Souza LP, Mendes DC. - Threat: “Threatening someone, by words, writing or software, gesture, or any other symbolic medium, of causing him/ descriptive analysis was performed, and subsequently, her unfair and severe harm (art.147)(18). bivariate analysis was using the Chi-square test was - Rape: “To constrain someone with violence or serious applied. For this study, the significance level adopted threat, into having carnal conjunction or to practice or allow was 5% (p<0.05), with a confidence interval of 95% lewd acts to be practiced with him/her” (Article 213) (CI 95%). . (18) - Injury: “To injury someone, offending his/her dignity and decorum” (art.140) . version 18.0 for Windows®. Initially, a This study was approved by the General Delegate of Police - Regional Delegate of the Civil Police from the (18) - Bodily Injury: “To offend the bodily integrity or health District of Montes Claros, by signing of the Institutional of others” (art. 129) Form . (18) In addition to the type of violence, information was collected regarding age of the victim (child /adolescent, of Agreement for Participation in Research involving humans. and also by the Ethics Committee of Universidade Estadual Montes Claros, N. 185/2010. adult and elderly), seasonality of violence occurrence (first, second , third or fourth quarter) and offender Results (partner, family, acquaintance, stranger, other). For the latter variable, the categories were grouped according to the records of the Civil Police. Partner was considered: the spouse, ex-spouse, extramarital or intimate relationship. Included in the family category were: grandparents/great grandparents, grandson/great- grandson, son/stepson, brother, parents/legal guardians or other unspecified family relationship. Included within the acquaintance option were: friends, domestic relationship/cohabitation, coworker/superior, business partner/building partner or neighbor. The category “stranger” contained the cases without any kind of relationship, and the category “other” was considered the response option for cases that were not related to In 2010, 7487 cases of violence against women were registered by the Civil Police of Montes Claros using police reports from the Integrated Areas of Public Safety (IAPS), headquartered in this city. Table 1 shows the descriptive data analysis. The 7487 cases of violence against women in the city of Montes Claros were characterized as follows: 3340 (44.6%) threats, 2134 (28.5%) aggression, 1877 (25.1%) bodily injuries, 83 (1.1%) rapes and 53 (0.7%) as some other kind of injury. These acts of violence were committed throughout the life cycle, mostly against adult women (80.9%), followed by children/adolescents (14.5%) and older women (4.6%). Regarding the period of the year, the records of violence against women occurred with any category mentioned. Data were tabulated and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS®) a variation of 23.4% recorded in the first quarter to a maximum value of 28% in the fourth quarter. Table 1 - Descriptive analysis of the cases of violence against women registered by the Civil Police in 2010. Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil Variable Frequency Percentage Valid percentage Type of violence Aggression 2,134 28.5 28.5 Threat 3,340 44.6 44.6 Rape 83 1.1 1.1 Other injury 53 0.7 0.7 Bodily injury 1,877 25.1 25.1 Total 7,487 100.0 100.0 Child/Adolescent 1,067 14.3 14.5 Adult 5,968 79.7 80.9 341 4.6 4.6 7,376 98.5 100.0 - Age Older woman Valid total No information (missing) 111 1.5 7,487 100.0 First Quarter 1,750 23.4 Second Quarter 1,821 24.3 Total Period of the year 23.4 24.3 (continue...) www.eerp.usp.br/rlae 88 Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem 2014 Jan.-Feb.;22(1):85-92. Table 1 - (continuation) Frequency Percentage Valid percentage Third Quarter Variable 1,820 24.3 24.3 Fourth Quarter 2,096 28.0 28.0 Total 7,487 100.0 100.0 Offender Partner 1,455 19.4 45.1 Family member 641 8.6 19.9 Acquaintance 439 5.9 13.6 Stranger 377 5.0 11.7 Other 315 4.2 9.8 Valid total 3,227 43.1 100.0 No information (missing) 4,260 56.9 - Total 7,487 100.0 100.0 Source: Website armazemsids.mg.gov.br “Business Object”, of the 11th Civil Police Department of Montes Claros, MG, Brazil A high number of reported cases without proper identification of the offender was identified in the victims. Regarding the elderly, the family assumed the role of offender (Figure 1). registration forms of the Civil Police (n=4260, 56.9% A bivariate analysis was performed using the of all cases of violence). Among the valid values for variables “offender”, “type of violence” and “age” to this variable, it was found that cases of violence were assess the statistical significance of the data (Table 2). committed by someone close to the victim, 45.1% by a The analysis showed a statistically significant association partner and 19.9% by a family member. for all variables (p=0.000), and the higher number of Regarding the distribution of cases of violence cases of violence was committed by partners for all kinds considering the offender and the age of the victims, it of violence, with the exception of rape (more common was observed in this study that, in the early stages of among family members and strangers) and injury life (childhood and adolescence), there were similarities (more common among acquaintances). The children/ in the distribution of offenders according to the type of adolescents were more likely to experience violence by a violence, except for aggression, which presented a much partner (25.2%) followed by a family member (24.9%), higher value for partner and family. When the cases in and in adulthood this difference was significant (50.8% adulthood were analyzed, the pattern was peculiar, with to 17.1% for partner and family). In older women, an increase in violence caused by the partners of the 52.1% of the cases of violence were committed by the victims’ families. A) Children/Adolescents B) Adults 600 500 Number of cases Number of cases 60 40 400 300 200 20 100 0 0 Aggression Threat Rape Type of violence Other injury Bodily injury Aggression Threat Rape Other injury Bodily injury Type of violence (The Figure 1 continue in the next page...) www.eerp.usp.br/rlae 89 Leite MTS, Figueiredo MFS, Dias OV, Vieira MA, Souza e Souza LP, Mendes DC. C) Older women 50 Number of cases 40 Offender 30 Partner Family member Acquaintance Stranger Other 20 10 0 Aggression Threat Other injury Type of violence Bodily injury Figure 1 - Graphic pattern of distribution of the cases of violence, considering the offender, by age: A) children and adolescents; B) adult women; C) older women. Montes Claros, MG, Brazil, 2010 Table 2 - Bivariate analysis using offender, type of violence and age of the cases reported in 2010 by the Civil Police. Montes Claros, MG, Brazil Variable Offender Partner Family member Acquaintance Stranger Other Total Aggression 480 (51.4%) 199 (21.3%) 91 (9.8%) 75 (8%) 88 (9.4%) 933 (100%) Threat 647 (41.3%) 283 (18.1%) 240 (15.3%) 220 (14%) 177 (11.3%) 1,567 (100%) Rape 07 (19.4%) 11 (30.6%) 06 (16.7%) 11 (30.6%) 01 (2.8%) 36 (100%) Other injury 04 (20%) 01 (5%) 10 (50%) 05 (25%) 00 (0%) 20 (100%) Bodily injury 317 (47.2%) 147 (21.9%) 92 (13.7%) 66 (9.8%) 49 (7.3%) 671 (100%) 1,455 (45.1%) 641 (19.9%) 439 (13.6%) 377 (11.7%) 315 (9.8%) 3,227 (100%) 125 (25.2%) 124 (24.9%) 105 (21.1%) 80 (16.1%) 63 (12.7%) 497 (100%) 1,296 (50.8%) 436 (17.1%) 308 (12.1%) 283 (11.1%) 226 (8.9%) 2,549 (100%) 18 (12.9%) 73 (52.1%) 21 (15%) 09 (6.4%) 19 (13.6%) 140 (100%) 1,439 (45.2%) 633 (19.9%) 434 (13.6%) 372 (11.7%) 308 (9.7%) 3,186 (100%) Type of violence Total P Value 0.000* Age 0.000* Child/Adolescent Adult Older woman Total Source: Website armazemsids.mg.gov.br “Business Object”, of the 11th Civil Police Department of Montes Claros, MG, Brazil Discussion violence against women reached a percentage of 52%(8) and in another study conducted in Nova Friburgo, Rio de Gender inequality has, as one of its extreme Janeiro - Brazil, where 20.6 % of cases related to such manifestations, violence against women as a result of the forms of violence were found(21). In rural Nepal, sexual difference in power that translates into relationships of violence has the highest rates, totaling 46.2%(6). domination and power. Thereby, gender-based violence The analyses of this study were statistically has been constituted as a social phenomenon which significant for all variables (p=0.000), and a higher influences the way of life, illness and death of women(20). number of cases of violence was committed by the It was found in this study that, among forms partner for all kinds of violence, with the exception of of violence against women, threats were the most rape, which was more common among family members frequent (44.6%). Similar results were observed in a and strangers, and injury, in which acquaintances were study conducted in eastern India, where psychological the most prevalent offenders. www.eerp.usp.br/rlae 90 Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem 2014 Jan.-Feb.;22(1):85-92. Authors report that violence against women is mainly In this investigation, when the offender was expressed through physical, sexual and psychological identified, the intimate partner of the woman appeared violence, affecting a woman’s biopsychosocial integrity. with the highest prevalence (45.1%), higher than Most of the acts suffered by women happen within the that found in population-based study conducted with family, by intimates, particularly in the domestic sphere. women in the city of São Paulo and 15 municipalities in Women are at greater risk of violence in relationships Pernambuco, Brazil(25). with family members and friends than with strangers Intimate partners were also the main perpetrators and, in the majority of cases, the offender was their of violence against women internationally, as observed spouse or partner(22). in eastern India(8) and Spain(9). A study in rural Nepal In the present study, the higher incidence of violence showed that more than half (51.9%) of young married among adult women (80.9%) is in line with that seen in women reported having experienced some form of the cases of violence attended in a Women’s Division in violence by their husbands(6). the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do In the multicenter study cited before, it was Sul-Brazil, with ages between 24 and 45 years accounting identified that women who lived with a partner without for 59% of cases(23). Similar results were also found in a being formally married to him had an increased risk study with women in Feira de Santana, Bahia – Brazil . for intimate partner violence. In contrast, women who observed were not living with their partners had lower risks. The internationally. A study performed in eastern India research also showed that most new relationships were showed that the prevalence of all forms of violence at increased risk for intimate partner violence(13). (11) This phenomenon increased with age has also been and in Spain, the average age of The action of a family member in the occurrence onset of violence against women committed by their of violence against women was also significant (19.9%) partners was 25 years old(9). in the present study, coming right after the intimate (8) A multicenter study conducted in Bangladesh, partner, as verified in a study conducted in Spain(9). Brazil, Ethiopia, Japan, Namibia, Peru, Tanzania, Samoa, Thereby, for women victims of domestic violence, Serbia and Montenegro, Thailand, showed that women the home, considered before as a safe place, began to aged 15 to 49 years were significantly associated with represent a risk, since the offender is inside(23). From increased risk of intimate partner violence(13). One of the this perspective, violence against women requires a explanations related to this fact is that, in adulthood, the different approach when caused by an offender who woman is in a period of higher sexual and reproductive shares intimate relations with the victim, which is still activity . However, one may wonder whether the permeated by historical and cultural issues legitimized violent incidents with children and adolescents have not and cultivated in the male dominance in social relations remained hidden, since they depend on someone else to between genders(3). (23) make the report, which is a proper attitude, considering It must be considered that in some cases, women that the protection of these individuals depends on the are unable to escape from this situation of violence knowledge of violence by the competent individuals because they lack access to the means and resources and organizations needed to eliminate their dependence on the offender. . The frequent omission of health (24) professionals reporting the cases is noteworthy(4). These women require psychological assistance, social The relationship between higher levels of violence support, legal advice, housing, daycare, school, and/or and the place of its occurrence was found in a study a job to acquire financial autonomy and healthcare(26). conducted in the city of João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil, This which identified differences related to risk of incidence comprehensive, integrated and effective cross-sector of violence between neighborhoods(3). This fact can be network in the health of women, which includes home- understood by considering that violence is linked to shelters, centers and rehabilitation, defenders and the socioeconomic conditions of a population, to the Women Police Stations, Policy Secretariat for Women, issues of lifestyle and characteristics of the territory. Health and Planning Department Secretariat, so that the Noteworthy is the use of geoprocessing tools for the integrality and effectiveness of care for female victims of study and control of urban violence, in order to aid violence can be ensured(3-4). situation demonstrates the importance of the process of decision making of managers in the The essential role of the Family Health Strategy construction of public policies compatible with reality in (FHS) in recognizing cases of gender-related violence order to confront this situation(3). is also noteworthy. The cases are recognized through a www.eerp.usp.br/rlae Leite MTS, Figueiredo MFS, Dias OV, Vieira MA, Souza e Souza LP, Mendes DC. 91 translation of a demand for other health care and in coping possibilidades avaliativas da estratégia saúde da família with health needs of women who experience it, facilitated para a violência de gênero. Rev Esc Enferm USP. [Internet] by the bond prompted by the logic of its attention(5) and 2013. [acesso 23 ago 2013]; 47(2):304-11. Disponível its assignment to promote intersectorality. em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext& Therefore, it is essential that professionals working in services addressing coping with violence are able to attend female victims of violence(27-28), with integrated, interdisciplinary interventions with a broader approach(16-17), through an emancipatory praxis, allowing these women to face and overcome this reality(5,16). pid=S0080-62342013000200005&lng=pt 6. Lamichhane P, Puri M, Tamang J, Dulal B. Women’s Status and Violence against Young Married Women in Rural Nepal. BMC Women’s Health. [Internet]. 2011. [acesso 18 dez 2012];11(19):1-31. Disponível em: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6874/11/19 7. Ali TS, Asad N, Mogren I, Krantz G. 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Received: Mar. 20th 2013 Accepted: Sept. 23rd 2013 Erratum Issue v22n1, page 85 For Luís Paulo Souza e Souza5 5 Master’s student, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil. Read Luís Paulo Souza e Souza5 5 Master’s student, Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. www.eerp.usp.br/rlae