Temperature Dependence of Transport Properties in Liquid Metals

Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 2007

We studied ion beam deposited NiFe/CoFe/Cu/CoFe/NiMn spin valves (SVs) subjected to different thermal annealing to establish the exchange field (HE) of the CoFe pinned layer. The magnetoresistive (MR) properties of the SVs were characterized by magnetotransport measurements. We found MR values of 7.5%, 12% and 14% at T=20K for SVs annealed at 453, 533 and 553K, and observed a linear

Journal of applied physics, 1998

The giant magnetoresistance response of NiMn pinned spin valves was studied at elevated temperature. Top spin valve films were made by ion beam sputtering and thermally treated to induce the strong unidirectional pinning field in the pinned layer. Both δR and δR/R decrease linearly with temperature. The sheet resistance of the spin valves also increases linearly with temperature. The exchange coupling between pinned layer and free layer decreases slightly and the coercivity of the free layer increases slightly. The temperature dependence of the exchange pinning field is unique in NiMn spin valves. The pinning field has a weakly increasing temperature dependence up to 200 °C, then decreases to zero at the blocking temperature of 380 °C. Samples with different thickness NiMn layers show different temperature dependencies. However, the blocking temperature is unchanged. The pinning fields of NiMn, FeMn, IrMn, and NiO spin valves were also measured up to 200 °C NiMn pinned spin valves show the least dependence of pinning field at elevated temperatures.

Communications in Physics

The magnetic transport properties -- magnetoresistive (MR) effects of MnNi/Co/Ag(Cu)/\break Py pinned spin valve structures (SVs) prepared by rf sputtering method and annealed at \(T_{a} = 100\)°C - 500°C for 30 minutes in high vacuum (\(\sim 10^{ - 5}\) torr) are investigated. The received results show a change in the observed MR behaviors from a normal giant magnetoresistance effect to an inverse magnetoresistance effect after annealing at high temperatures, 300°C and 400°C, for these SVs. The origin and mechanism of the IMR behavior are analyzed and discussed. These results will suggest an ability to manufacture SV devices used the IMR effect for enhancing the application capacities for SV-sensor systems.

Applied Physics Letters, 2003

We study the dependence of magnetic and magnetotransport properties of NiFe/Cu/Co pseudo spin-valves on the pressure of the Ar sputtering gas during magnetron deposition. The giant magnetoresistance ͑GMR͒ ratio as a function of the sputtering pressure behaves nonmonotonically with a maximum of about 4% at an intermediate pressure of 0.87ϫ10 Ϫ2 mbar. Magneto-optic Kerr-effect measurements reveal different coercive fields and independent switching of the Co and NiFe layers. The structural characterization by x-ray scattering shows no significant pressure dependence. However, we observe by atomic force microscopy a variation of the grain structure with increasing sputtering pressure; the grain size first decreases and then the grains start clustering for highest pressures. The reduced coercive field and the lower GMR ratio indicate that the clustered grains have weaker magnetic pinning and increased spin-independent scattering.

Physical Review B, 2008

The impact of in-plane alternating currents on the exchange bias, resistance, and magnetoresistance of a Co85Fe15/Ni0.85Co0.15O/Co85Fe15/Cu/Co85Fe15 spin-valve is studied. With increasing current, the resistance is increased while the maximum magnetoresistance ratio decreases. Noticeably, the reversal of the pinned layer is systematically suppressed in both field sweeping directions. Since Ni0.85Co0.15O oxide is a good insulator, it is expected that the ac current flows only in the Co85Fe15/Cu/Co85Fe15 top layers, thus ruling out any presence of spin-transfer torque acting on the spins in the antiferromagnetic layer. Instead, our measurements show clear evidences for the influence of Joule heating caused by the current. Moreover, results from temperature-dependent measurements very much resemble those of the current dependence, indicating that the effect of Joule heating plays a major role in the current-in-plane spin-valve configurations. The results also suggest that spin-transfer torques between ferromagnetic layers might still exist and compete with the exchange bias at sufficiently high currents.

Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 2005

We measure the magnetoresistance of Ta/NiFe/FeMn/NiFe/Co(t Co )/Cu/Co(t Co )/NiFe spin-valves as a function of field strength and direction. The exchange bias H EB and the giant magnetoresistance depend on the Co thickness t Co ; and the resistance shows rotational hysteresis when the external field is close to compensating H EB : A single-domain model reproduces the angular dependence of the magnetoresistance in regions without hysteresis, yields H EB values in agreement with MOKE, and allows one to precisely determine the interlayer coupling and uniaxial anisotropies although they are much weaker than H EB : r

Boston: William Andrew's - T.B. Wait and Company printers, 1809

This book provides an extensive examination of biblical prophecies concerning the restoration of Israel and the downfall of Antichrist, offering a comprehensive analysis of scriptural texts from both the Old and New Testaments. Structured into 34 distinct chapters, each chapter focuses on specific prophetic themes, such as the dispersion and restoration of the Jewish people, the anticipated messianic kingdom, and the socio-political ramifications of these prophecies. The text begins with an overarching introduction that outlines the prophetic landscape regarding Israel's future, followed by detailed explorations of critical biblical passages, including Deuteronomy, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the minor prophets. Each chapter elucidates the context of the prophecies, examining historical circumstances such as the Babylonian exile, the Roman siege of Jerusalem, and the eschatological implications of Antichrist’s reign. The author emphasizes the theological significance of these prophecies, addressing themes such as idolatry, judicial blindness, and the divine promise of restoration for both Israel and Judah. Moreover, the book examines the role of Gentile nations in Israel’s restoration and the anticipated millennial kingdom characterized by spiritual glory and the triumph over Antichrist. In addition to its exegetical depth, the text integrates historical and contemporary perspectives on the fulfillment of these prophecies, thus providing a multifaceted understanding of the interplay between scripture, history, and eschatology. This scholarly work serves as a crucial resource for theologians, historians, and students of biblical prophecy, encouraging further research into the complexities of prophetic literature and its implications for understanding the fate of Israel and the broader narrative of salvation history. Tags Related to Book below : prophecy, restoration, Judah, Israel, Antichrist, Christian conversion, biblical studies, eschatology, millennial kingdom, Jewish history, ancient prophecies, theological analysis, scriptural interpretation, Gentile nations, end times, messianic expectations, covenant theology, historical context, Christian faith, religious revival, idolatry, biblical prophecy, spiritual awakening, geopolitical implications, messianic prophecies, salvation history, ancient texts, divine promise, prophetic literature, church history, biblical exegesis, theological discourse, prophetic themes, socio-political issues, historical Jerusalem, Jewish diaspora, religious conflict, Christian theology, ancient scriptures, prophetic fulfillment, future glory, divine judgment, Antichristian forces, millennial reign, Jewish restoration, eschatological hope, revival movements, spiritual renewal, faith traditions, biblical narratives, Old Testament, New Testament, Israelite identity, spiritual transformation, religious prophecy, socio-religious dynamics, ancient civilizations, prophetic visions, Christian eschatology, Israel and Judah, prophetic imagery, redemption, biblical heritage, spiritual leadership, ancient prophecy interpretation, interfaith dialogue, Jewish-Christian relations, historical analysis, theological implications, biblical symbolism, revival of faith, religious freedom, messianic hope, Christian witness, divine revelation, ancient history, scriptural truths, covenant renewal, Israel’s future, spiritual heritage, theological reflection, biblical promises, restoration of Israel, prophetic calling, hope and redemption, religious identity, ancient manuscripts, divine sovereignty, prophetic discourse, church and state, eschatological expectations, Jewish traditions, spiritual legacy, prophetic accuracy, intertestamental literature, Christian mission, historical prophecies, social justice, theological scholarship, Jerusalem’s significance, ancient near east, spiritual conflict, biblical foundations, hope in prophecy, prophetic clarity, religious transformation, church and community, cultural identity, Hebrew Scriptures, Christian apologetics, Israel’s restoration, theological discourse, prophetic significance, historical events, religious studies, interreligious dialogue, Jewish eschatology, messianic kingdom, biblical commentaries, prophetic teachings, ancient wisdom, cultural revival, prophetic declarations, social implications, faith and politics, covenant blessings, biblical interpretation, Judeo-Christian values, historical context, biblical ethics, spiritual journeys, prophetic messages, Israel's covenant, Christian history, sacred texts, hope for humanity, prophetic understanding, spiritual enlightenment, cultural narratives, historical narratives, religious insights, theological implications, messianic beliefs, prophetic awakening, biblical worldviews, spiritual fortitude, redemptive history, Israel’s covenantal promise, faith communities, Jewish beliefs, ancient prophecies, restoration themes, Christian ethics, scriptural authority, prophetic truth, eschatological hope, divine intervention, Christian identity, historical restoration, spiritual unity, biblical insights, faith traditions, prophetic legacy, spiritual destiny, church teachings, prophetic application, faith and belief, religious history, sacred narratives, theological insights, restoration of faith, prophecy and fulfillment, biblical relevance, ancient prophecies, Jewish and Christian connections, prophetic hope, historical significance, divine guidance, future prophecies, Christian worship, sacred heritage, spiritual evolution, covenant fulfillment, transformative faith, religious education, prophetic expectations, Christian teachings, eschatological fulfillment, sacred history, prophetic engagement, cultural insights, historical dynamics, divine providence, spiritual resilience, biblical restoration, and interfaith harmony

Journal of World Christianity, 2024

In recent decades, numerous analytical and conceptual discourses have arisen in support of a shift toward comparative and multireligious frameworks for the study of religion. These include critiques of conventional mono-religious approaches to the anthropology of religion, vibrant discussions around comparative theology and multiple religious belonging, and the emergence of interreligious studies as a field. This article explores these and similar scholarly shifts in relation to the field of world Christianity. The aims are to bring these discussions to bear on the work of world Christianity scholars and to argue that world Christianity would do well to engage them as a way of solidifying its grounding in religions beyond Christianity.

Three recent independently developed models suggest that some Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments exhibit dual design properties in monument complexes by pairing obverse structures. Parker Pearson's 1 materiality model proposes that monuments of wood are paired with monuments of stone, these material metaphors respectively signifying places of rituals for the living with rituals for the dead. Higginbottom's 2 landscape model suggests that many western Scottish megalithic structures are paired in mirror-image landscape locations in which the horizon distance, direction and height of one site is the topographical reverse of the paired site – all in the service of ritually experiencing the liminal boundaries to the world. Sims' 3 diacritical model suggests that materials, landscapes and lunar-solar alignments are diacritically combined to facilitate cyclical ritual processions between paired monuments through a simulated underworld. All three models combine in varying degrees archaeology and archaeoastronomy and our paper tests them through the case study of the late Neolithic/EBA Stonehenge Palisade in the Stonehenge monument complex.

Considerações sobre o crime de obtenção fraudulenta de financiamento à agricultura familiar Álisson dos Santos Cappellari e Vicente Cardoso de Figueiredo .