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pXRF study of pottery : State of the art and perspectives

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pXRF study of pottery : State of the art and perspectives Philippe Colomban, Gulsu Simsek To cite this version: Philippe Colomban, Gulsu Simsek. pXRF study of pottery : State of the art and perspectives. TECHNART 2019 – International Conference Non-destructive and microanalytical techniques in art and cultural heritage, May 2019, Bruges, Belgium. ฀hal-03964390฀ HAL Id: hal-03964390 https://hal.science/hal-03964390 Submitted on 31 Jan 2023 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Portable XRF study of pottery: 1KOÇ UNIVERSITY, KUYTAM Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey State of the art and Perspectives [email protected] G. SIMSEK1 & PH. COLOMBAN2 Aim Citation Number Medium price MONARIS UMR 8233 (FROM NANOMOLECULE TO NANO-OBJECT: REACTIVITY, INTERACTIONS & SPECTROSCOPIES), Formerly LADIR UMR 7075 & LM2N UMR 7070 4 Place Jussieu, [email protected] 75005, Paris, France Ceramic approach Algorithmic approach - Elemental characteristics of Flux (K, Na, Pb, Ca: feldspar, marl), clays (Al) and Si content; characteristic traces (Bi, Zr, REE) - Biplots & Ternary diagrams of major, minor and traces elements - Principal Component Analysis - Impurities tracing the process (purification) and origin (Fe, Ti, Zr, REE) - Dendrograms built with selected/non selected data - Characteristics of trace and second phases related to rare ores Advantages & Drawbacks On-site analysis and selection of artefacts Fast collection of data (a few minutes/spot)  higher number of objects, statistics … Many instruments available Université, Procedures Although portable/handheld X-ray Fluorescence instruments are available from decades, the number of publications reporting on-site analysis of pottery remains very limited. Most of them have been focused on the paste composition and not the (glazed) décor, which is the most advanced part from the technological and aesthetical point of view. Light elements and some traces not measured (B, C, O, N, Na) Semi-quantitative (specific calibration) Difficulty to determine the analyzed volume (variable depth) Contact Positioning and analyzed surface depend on object shape Direct device emission: mainly directional Secondary emission of the sample: all directions ! Depending on system / measuring conditions : Different national legislation Measurement configuration is important! (safety) 2SORBONNE Representative case studies 1) At the Museum storage rooms Discrimination between genuine stonewares and fakes (Meissen, Delft, China, etc.) Boccaro wares: « copies » of Yixing wares 71 Meissen artefacts (21 glazed/gilded) from • Musée National, Sèvres (45) • The Art Institute of Chicago (7) • Private US collection (19) Studying early European porcelain (“China”) production from Meissen (Saxony/Gernany) created by Ehrenfried Walther vonTschirnhaus & Johann Friedrich Böttger Sèvres artefacts : secure origin, purchased/exchanged with Sèvres Factory/museum by A. Brongniart, beginning of 19th century + 20 artefacts, other origins 1706: 1708: 1708: 1710: 1714: Stoneware experimentation and production. The Steinbäckerei first established at Dresden. Böttger makes hard paste porcelain for the first time. Augustus the Strong founds the Meissen Factory. Stoneware production declines because of cost, taste. G. SIMSEK, F. CASADIO, Ph. COLOMBAN, K. FABER, L. BELLOT-GURLET, G. ZELLEKE, V. MILANDE, E. MOINET On-site identification of earlier Meissen Böttger red stonewares using portable XRF: 1, body analysis J. Am. Ceramic Society 97 [9] (2014) 2745-2754 Easy discrimination between genuine Böttger productions from other ones (including fakes) is possible. A variety of gilding techniques, some of them without gold G. SIMSEK, Ph. COLOMBAN, F. CASADIO,, L. BELLOT-GURLET, K. FABER, G. ZELLEKE, V. MILANDE, L. TILLIARD On-site identification of early Böttger red stonewares using portable XRF/Raman instruments: 2, glaze and gilding analysis J. Am. Ceramic Society 98[10] (2015) 3006-3013. 2) On-site : building walls Origin of Iznik tile technology – International Timurids style Glaze and colouring agents measured at Edirne mosques Edirne mosques Unesco World Heritage Body, glaze and colouring agents measured at Iznik Tile Kiln Excavations Examples of recent works: 2018-2019 Selimiye (1569-1575): Intermediate between 16th and 17th- c. Iznik tablewares Hexagonal blue and white tiles Chinoiserie style on Iznik tiles Innovation for Edirne Can be re-used from an ancient destroyed Palace Muradiye (1435-1436): Coloured glazed tiles related to Timurid and Seljuk heritage Muradiye: (<1436?) Blue-and-white tiles, very specific production connected to Üç Şerefeli tiles Şah Melek Paşa (1429): Similar to Muradiye’s coloured glazed tiles Earlier period of Iznik production: Üç Şerefeli (1410-1447) Close to B&W tiles of Muradiye 14th-15th centuries Red body, lead-alkali glaze with high Sn Yeşilce (1442): Different, linked to Seljuk and Timurid production Classical period of Iznik production: 16th century High amount of network formers Fritware/Stonepaste, lead-alkali glaze = higher firing T. > 800-900 0C with medium Sn content Late period of Iznik production: 17th century lead-alkali glaze with no Sn Dendrograms: Better interpretation of the results by social scientists (archaeologists, art historians, etc.) First on-site, non-invasive analyses of the tiles excavated at Iznik tile kilns, carried out with a pXRF instrument 67 Iznik tiles attributed to the productions from 14th- to 17th-c.from • Iznik Tile Kiln Excavations, Iznik (25) • Muradiye Mosque, Edirne (9) • Şah Melek Paşa Mosque, Edirne (4) •Yeşilce Mosque, Edirne (2) •Üç Şerefeli Mosque, Edirne (9) •Selimiye Mosque, Edirne (18) G. SIMSEK, O. UNSALAN, K. BAYRAKTAR, Ph. COLOMBAN On-site pXRF analysis of glaze composition and colouring agents of “Iznik” tiles at Edirne mosques (15th and 16th-centuries) Ceramics International 45[1] (2019) 595-605. Body analyses of the tiles from Iznik Tile Kiln Excavations: 1- 14th-15th-c. productions: low SiO2 high Al2O3 2- 16t-17th-c. productions: high SiO2 low Al2O3 3- 16th-17th-c. productions: medium SiO2 low Al2O3 high CaO Sodium in the glaze can not be measured with pXRF but can be calculated by the amount remaining after the subtraction of the sum of the other oxides from 100. G. SIMSEK, B. DEMIRSAR ARLI, S. KAYA, Ph. COLOMBAN On-site pXRF analysis of glaze, body composition and colouring agents of tiles at the Iznik tile kilns excavation J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 39[6] 2019 2199-2209. 3) Measurement at excavation site Discrimination between Chinese (Yunan) and Vietnamese porcelains with similar decor Conclusions Ethical rules of cultural heritage studies now limit destructive analyses as much as possible. Therefore, the portable, non-destructive techniques, e.g. pXRF, pRaman, and FORS have become essential tools for the analyses of the objects in place or exclusive objects preserved in the secure rooms of museums or private collections. Thus, a methodology must be created to make the analytical procedures more reliable when using portable instruments. G. SIMSEK, Ph. COLOMBAN, S. WONG, B. ZHAO, A. ROUGEULLE, N.Q. LIEM Toward a fast non-destructive identification of pottery: the sourcing of 14th-16th century Vietnamese and Chinese ceramic shards J. Cultural Heritage 16 [2] (2015) 159-172. Ming exportation ban for official/major kilns: 14th century  > mid 14th c. large exportation of Vietnamese productions (Hai Dung Province). Rather similar productions found in Fujian, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan Provinces, closes to Vietnam Are all porcelains with Vietnamese style décor (free & innovative design) from Vietnam? (blue overglaze painting, Mn-Fe-rich cobalt, ‘chocolate’ bottom) A. ROUGEULLE, H. RENEL, G. SIMSEK, Ph. COLOMBAN Medieval ceramic production at Qalhàt, Oman, a multidiciplinary approach Proc. Seminar for Arabian Studies, Suppl. 44 (2014) 1-16. Easy pXRF differentiation between Chinese and Vietnamese productions From Zr, Rb and Sr content  Use of different clays