Q Methodology in Assessment and Research

CHDS 50093 (CRN 12485), CHDS 70093 (CRN 12486) Summer Intersession (May 19-23, 2008) 9:00-4:00 M-F, 301 Bowman Hall Q Methodology in Assessment and Research Steven R. Brown 302 Bowman (office 29), 672-2719, <[email protected]> The purpose of this seminar is to introduce statistical and methodological principles associated with the use of Q method in the study of subjectivity—with primary emphasis on its applicability to problems of public policy—and to locate Q methodology within the framework of contemporary science. Q methodology evolved from factor-analytic theory in the 1930s, and since that time has been applied in the systematic study of a wide range of subject matters in psychology, political science, communication, the health sciences, education, and the behavioral and human sciences more generally, and increasingly in the policy field. Attention will focus initially on historical and methodological developments, with special emphasis on factor-analytic and epistemological foundations, and on the fundamental importance of subjectivity in all human action. Subsequently, the seminar will move to applications in substantive areas of particular interest to participants. Time and other resources permitting, actual studies will be undertaken, individually or collectively. Students with Disabilities University policy 3342-3-01.3 requires that students with disabilities be provided reasonable accommodations to ensure their equal access to course content. If you have a documented disability and require accommodations, please contact the instructor at the beginning of the semester to make arrangements for necessary classroom adjustments. Please note, you must first verify your eligibility for these through Student Accessibility Services (contact 330-672-3391 or visit www.kent.edu/sas for more information on registration procedures). Texts Brown, S.R. (1980). Political subjectivity: Applications of Q methodology in political science. New Haven: Yale University Press. (Available electronically) McKeown, B.F. & Thomas, D.B. (1988). Q methodology (Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences series, Vol. 66). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 1 Resources Q methodology website: http://www.qmethod.org Q methodology e-mail discussion list: Send the command “subscribe Q-Method <your name>” (without quotations or brackets) to [email protected] QMethod (computer freeware): http://www.rz.unibw-muenchen.de/~p41bsmk/qmethod/ PCQ (computer software): http://www.pcqsoft.com/ Stricklin, M. (1987). Some thoughts on completing computer programs for Q technique. Operant Subjectivity, 10, 136-139. QArchive website: http://www.uww.edu/personal/fac/cottlec/QArchive/qindex.htm Journals: Operant Subjectivity, quarterly journal of the International Society for the Scientific Study of Subjectivity; contact Mark Popovich <[email protected]>, ISSSS Treasurer: $30 ISSSS membership, journal included; $10 students. Q-Methodology and Theory, annual Korean-language journal of the Korean Society for the Scientific Study of Subjectivity. Journal of Human Subjectivity, semi-annual English-language journal published by the Korean Society for the Scientific Study of Subjectivity; produced and distributed by Communication Books, Seoul. $50/year. Stephenson, W. (1988). Dr. William Stephenson interview [8 hours]. Videocassette: Kent State University Audio-Visual Services (in four cassettes, numbered 50-3842, 50-3843, 50-3844, 50-3845). Brown, S.R. (1996). Workshop on Q methodology [3 hours]. Available via streaming at Q methodology website. Brown, S.R. (1980). Political subjectivity: Applications of Q methodology in political science. New Haven: Yale University Press. Available on Electronic Reserves <http://reserves. library.kent.edu/courseindex.asp>. (Under “Select an Instructor,” select BROWN, STEVEN, then click on POL REFERENCE.) 24th annual meeting, International Society for the Scientific Study of Subjectivity, October 2-4, 2008, Hamilton Convention Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Bibliographies: Brown, S.R. (1968). Bibliography on Q technique and its methodology. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 26, 587-613. Brown, S.R. (1977). Q bibliographic update: A continuation of "Bibliography on Q Technique and Its Methodology." Operant Subjectivity, 1, 17-26 (continued in subsequent issues). http://www.qmethod.org (searchable bibliography). Methodological Topics History and Principles Brown, S.R. (1972). A fundamental incommensurability between objectivity and subjectivity. In S.R. Brown & D.J. Brenner (Eds.), Science, psychology, and communication (pp. 57-94) . New York: Teachers College Press. 2 Brown, S.R. (1980). Political subjectivity: Applications of Q methodology in political science. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. (Chap 2) Brown, S.R. (1993). A primer on Q methodology. Operant Subjectivity, 16, 91-138. (Cf. Q methodological tutorial. QArchive: http://facstaff.uww.edu/cottlec/QArchive/qindex.htm) Brown, S.R. (1994-1995). Q methodology as the foundation for a science of subjectivity. Operant Subjectivity, 18, 1-16. (QArchive: http://facstaff.uww.edu/cottlec/QArchive/qindex. htm) Brown, S.R. (1997). The history and principles of Q methodology in psychology and the social sciences. British Psychological Society symposium on “A Quest for a Science of Subjectivity: The Lifework of William Stephenson,” University of London; and conference on “A Celebration of the Life and Work of William Stephenson (1902-1989),” University of Durham, England. (QArchive: http://facstaff.uww.edu/cottlec/QArchive/qindex.htm) Brown, S.R. (1998). Subjective science: Normal and abnormal (continued). Operant Subjectivity, 21, 92-111. Brown, S.R. (2002). Subjective behavior analysis. Operant Subjectivity, 25, 148-163. Brown, S.R. (2005). What’s past is prologue. In D. Iliescu (Ed.), “Special Issue on Q Methodology,” Psihologia Resurselor Umane [Human Resources Psychology, Romanian], 3(1), 912 (Romanian translation 6-8). Brown, S.R. (2006). Q methodology and naturalistic subjectivity. In B. Midgley & E. Morris (Eds.), Modern perspectives on J.R. Kantor and interbehaviorism (pp. 251-268). Reno, NV: Context Press. Brown, S.R. (2005). The science of subjectivity: Methodology, identity, and deep structures. Q Methodology and Theory, 11, 5-31. Hurd, R., & Brown, S.R. (2005). The future of the Q methodology movement. Operant Subjectivity, 28, 58-75. Stephenson, W.(1935). Technique of factor analysis. Nature, 136, 297. (Reprinted in Brown, Political subjectivity, pp. 9-10.) Stephenson, W. (1935). Correlating persons instead of tests. Character and Personality, 4, 17-24. Stephenson, W. (1936). The foundations of psychometry: Four factor systems. Psychometrika, 1, 195-209. Stephenson, W. (1936). A new application of correlation to averages. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 6, 43-57. Stephenson, W. (1936). Introduction to inverted factor analysis, with some applications to studies in orexis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 27, 353-367. Stephenson, W. (1953). The study of behavior: Q-technique and its methodology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Chaps 1, 3, 5) Stephenson, W. (1967). The play theory of mass communication. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Chap 2) Thorsen, A.A. (2006). A pathway to understanding Q-methodology. Journal of Human Subjectivity, 4(2), 33-53. Consciring and Concourse Theory Stephenson, W. (1978). Concourse theory of communication. Communication, 3, 21-40. Stephenson, W. (1980). Consciring: A general theory for subjective communicability. In D. Nimmo (Ed.), Communication yearbook 4 (pp. 7-36). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. 3 Stephenson, W. (1986). Protoconcursus: The concourse theory of communication. Operant Subjectivity, 9, 37-58, 73-96. Representativeness and Q-sample (and P-set) Structure Brown, S.R. (1970). On the use of variance designs in Q methodology. Psychological Record, 20, 179-189. Brown, S.R. (1980). Political subjectivity. Pp. 186-194. Brown, S.R. & Ungs, T.D. (1970). Representativeness and the study of political behavior: An application of Q technique to reactions to the Kent State incident. Social Science Quarterly, 51, 514-526. Kinsey, D. & Kelly, T.C. (1989). Mixing methodologies: An aid in developing Q samples. Operant Subjectivity, 12, 98-102. Stephenson, W. (1953). The study of behavior. Chap 4. Stephenson, W. (1993-94). Introduction to Q-methodology. Operant Subjectivity, 17, 1-13. Propositional Sets, Conditions of Instruction, and Q Sorting Bolland, J.M. (1985). The search for structure: An alternative to the forced Q-sort technique. Political Methodology, 11, 91-107. (Cf. Comment by S.R. Brown and response by Bolland.) Brown, S.R. (1980). Political subjectivity. Pp. 194-203. Brown, S.R. (1993-94). The structure and form of subjectivity in political theory and behavior. Operant Subjectivity, 17, 30-48. Stephenson, W. (1953). The study of behavior. Chap 2. Stephenson, W. (1963). Independency and operationism in Q-sorting. Psychological Record, 13, 269-272. Van Tubergen, G.N. & Olins, R.A. (1979). Mail vs personal interview administration for Q sorts: A comparative study. Operant Subjectivity, 2, 51-59. Correlation Brown, S.R. (1980). Political subjectivity. Pp. 204-207. Cohen, J. (1957). An aid in the computation of correlations based on Q sorts. Psychological Bulletin, 54, 138-139. Factor Analysis Brown, S.R. (1980). Political subjectivity. Pp. 208-224. Brown, S.R. (2006). A match made in heaven: A marginalized methodology for studying the marginalized. Quality & Quantity, 40, 361-382. Expositor (1992). A note on measuring changes in Q factor loadings. Operant Subjectivity, 15, 56-61. Stephenson, W. (1953). The study of behavior. Chap 2. Stephenson, W. (1977). Factors as operant subjectivity. Operant Subjectivity, 1, 3-16. Stephenson, W. (1980). Factor analysis. Operant Subjectivity, 3, 38-57. Stephenson, W. (1990). Fifty years of exclusionary psychometrics: I. Q technique. Operant Subjectivity, 13, 105-120. 4 Stephenson, W. (1990). Fifty years of exclusionary psychometrics: II. Developments. Operant Subjectivity, 13, 141-162. Factor Rotation Brown, S.R. (1980). Political subjectivity. Pp. 224-239. Brown, S.R., & Robyn, R. (2004). Reserving a key place for reality: Philosophical foundations of theoretical rotation. Operant Subjectivity, 27, 104-124. Creaser, J.W. (1978). The factor-wheel method of rotation for Q-technique research. Operant Subjectivity, 1, 70-77. D'Agostino, B. (1984). Replicability of results with theoretical rotation. Operant Subjectivity, 7, 81-87. (Cf. Stephenson's response.) Kramer, B., & Gravina, V. (2004). Theoretical rotation as a tool for identifying points of leverage in people’s perspectives for program improvement. Operant Subjectivity, 27, 125-144. Stricklin, M. (2005). Eight quantum realities redux: Finding David Bohm. Operant Subjectivity, 28, 145-166. Thompson, J.W. (1962). Meaningful and unmeaningful rotation of factors. Psychological Bulletin, 59, 211-223. Factor Scores Brown, S.R. (1980). Political subjectivity. Pp. 239-247. Creaser, J.W. (1955). An aid in calculating Q-sort factor arrays. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 11, 195-196. Stephenson, W. (1978). A note on estimating standard errors of factor scores in Q method. Operant Subjectivity, 1, 29-37. Interpretation Brown, S.R. (1980). Political subjectivity. Pp. 247-258. Brown, S.R. (1999). On the taking of averages: Variance and factor analyses compared. Operant Subjectivity, 22, 31-37. Goldman, I. (1999). Q methodology as process and context in interpretivism, communication, and psychoanalytic psychotherapy research. Psychological Record, 49, 589-604. McKeown, B.F. (1998). Circles: Q methodology and hermeneutical science. Operant Subjectivity, 21, 112-138. Stephenson, W. (1962). A note on the methodology of clinical explanation. Psychological Record, 12, 101-103. Stephenson, W. (1983). Against interpretation. Operant Subjectivity, 6, 73-103, 109-125. 5 Selected Bibliography on Q Methodology Books on Q Technique and Methodology Block, J. (1961). The Q-sort method in personality assessment and psychiatric research. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas. (Republished: Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1978.) Block, J. (2008). The Q-sort in character appraisal: Encoding subjective impressions of persons quantitatively. Washington, DC: APA Books. Brown, S.R. & Brenner, D.J. (Eds.) (1972). Science, psychology, and communication: Essays honoring William Stephenson. New York: Teachers College Press. Brown, S.R. (1980). Political subjectivity: Applications of Q methodology in political science. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Iliescu, D. (2005). Metodologia Q. Budapest: Comunicare.ro. [Romanian] Khoshgooyanfard, A-R. (2008). Q-methodology. Tehran: Research Center of IRIB [Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting] Publication. [Persian] Kim, H.K. (2008). Q methodology: Philosophy of science, theories, analysis, and application. Seoul: CommunicationBooks. [Korean] McKeown, B.F. & D.B. Thomas (1988). Q methodology (Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences series, Vol. 66). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. (See review by William Stephenson and rejoinder by McKeown and Thomas, Operant Subjectivity, 1989, 12, 103-109.) Prasith-rathsint, S., & Sookasame, K. (2007). Variety of innovative research methods: Q methodology: A scientific study of subjectivity (Concepts, theory and application). Bangkok: Samlada. [Thai]. Stephenson, W. (1953). The study of behavior: Q-technique and its methodology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Republished: Midway Edition, University of Chicago Press, 1975.) Stephenson, W. (1967). The play theory of mass communication. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Republished: New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1988.) Stephenson, W. (1994). Quantum theory of advertising. Columbia: School of Journalism, University of Missouri. Chapters on Q Technique and Methodology Addams, H. (2000). Q methodology. In H. Addams & J. Proops (Eds.), Social discourse and environmental policy: An application of Q methodology (pp.14-40). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Brooks, W.D. (1970). Q-sort technique. In P. Emmert & W.D. Brooks (Eds.), Methods of research in communication. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Brown, S.R. (1986). Q technique and method: Principles and procedures. In W.D. Berry & M.S. Lewis-Beck (Eds.), New tools for social scientists: Advances and applications in research methods (pp. 57-76). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications. Brown, S.R. (1999). Psicología política desde el punto de vista de la subjetividad natural [Political psychology from the standpoint of naturalistic subjectivity]. In G.A. Mota Botello (Ed.), 6 Psicología política del nuevo siglo (pp. 37-54). Mexico City: Sociedad Mexicana de Psicología Social. Brown, S.R. (2003). Preconception and realisation: A constant conjunction of theory and measurement. In R.M. Lipgar & M. Pines (Eds.), Building on Bion: Branches. Contemporary developments and applications of Bion’s contributions to theory and practice (pp. 285-301). London: Jessica Kingsley. Brown, S.R. (2004). Q methodology. In M.S. Lewis-Beck, A. Bryman, & T.F. Liao (Eds.), The SAGE encyclopedia of social science research methods (Vol. 3, pp. 887-888). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Brown, S.R. (2005). Applying Q methodology to empowerment. In D. Narayan (Ed.), Measuring empowerment: Cross-disciplinary perspectives (pp. 197-215). Washington, DC: The World Bank. Brown, S.R. (2006). Q methodology and naturalistic subjectivity. In B. Midgley & E. Morris (Eds.), Modern perspectives on J.R. Kantor and interbehaviorism (pp. 251-268). Reno, NV: Context Press. Brown, Steven R. (in press). Q methodology. In L.M. Given (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of qualitative research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2008. Brown, S.R., Durning, D. & Selden, S.C. (1999). Q methodology. In G.R. Miller & M.L. Whicker (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in public administration (pp. 599-637). New York: Marcel Dekker. Brown, S.R., Durning, D., & Selden, S.C. (2008). Q methodology. In K. Yang & G.R. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in public administration (2nd ed., pp. 721-763). New York: Taylor & Francis. Donner, J.C. (2001). Using Q-sorts in participatory processes: An introduction to the methodology. In R.A. Krueger, M.A. Casey, J. Donner, S. Kirsch, & J.N. Maack, Social analysis: Selected tools and techniques (Social Development Papers, No. 36, pp. 24-49). Washington, DC: Social Development Department, The World Bank. Available: http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/essd/essd.nsf/SocialDevelopment/Pubs-SAP Dryzek, J.S. (1990). Discursive democracy: Politics, policy and science. London: Cambridge University Press. (Chapter 9, "The Measure of Political Man—and Woman," pp. 173-189.) Durning, D.W. (in press). Q methodology. In J. Rabin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of public administration and public policy. New York: Taylor & Francis. Durning, D., & Brown, S.R. (2007). Q methodology and decision making. In G. Morçöl (Ed.), Handbook of decision making (pp. 537-563). New York: CRC Press (Taylor & Francis Group). Febbraro, A.R. (1995). On the epistemology, metatheory, and ideology of Q methodology: A critical analysis. In I. Lubek, R. van Hezewijk, G. Pheterson, & C.W. Tolman (Eds.), Trends and issues in theoretical psychology (pp. 144-150). New York: Springer. Gallivan, J. (1994). Subjectivity and the psychology of gender: Q as a feminist methodology. In J. Gallivan, S.D. Crozier & V.M. Lalande (Eds.), Women, girls, and achievement (pp. 29-36). Toronto: Captus University Publications. Gauzente, C. (2005). La méthodologie Q et l’étude de la subjectivité [Q methodology and the study of subjectivity]. In P. Roussel & F. Wacheux (Eds.), Management des ressources humaines: Méthodes de recherche en sciences humaines et sociales [Methods of research for management sciences and applications in human resource management] (pp. 177-206). Brussels: De Boeck. Giles, D.C. (2002). Q methodology. In Advanced research methods in psychology (pp. 238246). Hove, East Sussex, UK: Routledge. 7 Gopoian, J.D. & S.R. Brown (1989). Public opinion and campaign strategy. In S. Long (Ed.), Political behavior annual (Vol. 2, pp. 103-124). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Kerlinger, F.N. (1972). Q methodology in behavioral research. In S.R. Brown & D.J. Brenner (Eds.), Science, psychology, and communication (pp. 3-38) . New York: Teachers College Press. Kerlinger, F.N. (1986). Foundations of behavioral research (3rd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. (Chapter on "Q Methodology") Kitzinger, C. (1986). Introducing and developing Q as a feminist methodology: A study of accounts of lesbianism. In S. Wilkinson (Ed.), Feminist social psychology: Developing theory and practice (pp. 151-172). Milton Keynes, England, and Philadelphia: Open University Press. Lou, S.M. (1981). Q technique. In K.S. Yang, C. Wen, C.S. Wu, & I. Lee (Eds.), Research methods for social and behavioral sciences (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 741-757). Taipei: Tung Huang Book. (Chinese) Mowrer, O.H. (1953). "Q-technique"—description, history, and critique. In O.H. Mowrer (Ed.), Psychotherapy (pp. 316-375). New York: Ronald. Nunnally, J.C., Jr. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed., pp. 613-625). New York: McGraw-Hill. Ozer, D.J. (1993). The Q-sort method and the study of personality development. In D.C. Funder, R.D. Parke, C. Tomlinson-Keasey, & K. Widaman (Eds.), Studying lives through time: Personality and development (pp. 147-168). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Ozer, D.J. (2001). Q-sort technique. In W.E. Craighead & C.B. Nemeroff (Eds.), The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology and behavioral science (3rd ed., pp. 1359-1360). New York: Wiley. Rhoads, James C. (2007). Q methodology. In Neil J. Salkind (Ed.) and Kristin Rasmussen (Managing Ed.), Encyclopedia of measurement and statistics (Vol. 3, pp. 799-802). Thousand Oaks, CA, London, and New Delhi: Sage. Robbins, P. (2005). Q methodology. In K. Kempf-Leonard (Ed.), Encyclopedia of social measurement (Vol. 3, pp. 209-215). San Diego: Elsevier. Robyn, R. (2005). Methodology. In R. Robyn (Ed.), The changing face of European identity: A seven-nation study of (supra)national attachments (pp. 17-36). London: Routledge. Senn, C.Y. (1996). Q-methodology as feminist methodology: Women’s views and experiences of pornography. In S. Wilkinson (Ed.), Feminist social psychologies: International perspectives (pp. 201-217). Buckingham, UK; Philadelphia: Open University Press. Smith, N.W. (2001). Current systems in psychology: History, theory, research, and applications. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. Chapter 11, “Operant subjectivity: Objectivity of subjectivity,” pp. 319-343. Smith, N.W. & Smith, L.L. (1993). Field theory in science: Its role as a necessary and sufficient condition in psychology. In N.W. Smith, Greek and interbehavioral psychology: Selected and revised papers of Noel W. Smith (pp. 213-228). Lanham, MD: University Press of America. (Republished with revisions: Psychological Record, 1996, 46, 3-19.) Stainton Rogers, R. (1995). Q methodology. In J.A. Smith, R. Harré, & L. Van Langenhove (Eds.), Rethinking methods in psychology (pp. 178-192). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Stenner, P., & Stainton Rogers, R. (2004). Q methodology and qualiquantology: The example of discriminating between emotions. In Z. Todd, B. Nerlich, S. McKeown & D.D. Clarke (Eds.), Mixing methods in psychology: The integration of qualitative and quantitative me- 8 thods in theory and practice (pp. 101-120). Hove, East Sussex, UK and New York: Psychology Press. Stenner, P., Watts, S., & Worrell, M. (2007). Q-methodology. In C. Willig & W. StaintonRogers (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research in psychology (pp. 215-239). London: Sage. Stephenson, W. (1950). The significance of Q-technique for the study of personality. In M.L. Reymert (Ed.), Feelings and emotions (pp. 552-570). New York: McGraw-Hill. Stephenson, W. (1985). Q-methodology and English literature. In C.R. Cooper (Ed.), Researching response to literature and the teaching of literature: Points of departure (pp. 233-250). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Stephenson, W. (1987). Q methodology: Interbehavioral and quantum theoretical connections in clinical psychology. In D.H. Ruben & D.J. Delprato (Eds.), New ideas in therapy: Introduction to an interdisciplinary approach (pp. 95-106). New York: Greenwood. Wang, K-L. (1993). Brief introduction of Q method. Journal of Chinese Industry and Commerce, No. 15, 287-298. (Chinese) Wolf, R.M. (1997). Q-methodology. In J.P. Keeves (Ed.), Educational research, methodology, and measurement: An international handbook (2nd ed., pp. 417-420). London: Elsevier Science. (1st ed., 1988, pp. 732-734, Oxford: Pergamon) Yang, C.L., & Chen, M.L. (2001). Introduction of Q-methodology. Chang Gung Nursing Science, 12, 144-152. (Chinese) Books Utilizing Q Technique and Methodology Aalto, P. (2003). Constructing post-Soviet geopolitics in Estonia. London & Portland, OR: Frank Cass. Abraham, A. (1972). Le monde intérieur des enseignants [The interior world of teachers]. Paris: Epi. Addams, H., & Proops, J. (Eds.) (2000). Social discourse and environmental policy: An application of Q methodology. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar. Barry, J., & Proops, J. (2000). Citizenship, sustainability, and environmental research: Q methodology and local exchange trading systems. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. Beck, S.J. (1954). The six schizophrenias: Reaction patterns in children and adults (Research Monograph No. 6). Chicago: American Orthopsychiatric Association. Beck, S.J. (1965). Psychological processes in the schizophrenic adaptation. New York: Grune and Stratton. Block, J., with Haan, N. (1971). Lives through time. Berkeley, CA: Bancroft. Cragan, J.F. & Shields, D.C. (Eds.) (1981). Applied communication research. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. Curt, B.C. (pseud.) (1994). Textuality and tectonics: Troubling social and psychological science. Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open University Press. de Graaf, G. (2003). Tractable morality: Customer discourses of bankers, veterinarians and charity workers (ERIM Ph.D. Series Research in Management). Rotterdam: Erasmus Research Institute of Management, Erasmus University. Dryzek, J., & Holmes, L.T. (2002). Post-communist democratization: Political discourses across thirteen countries. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. 9 Eichorn, D.H., Clausen, J.A., Haan, N., Honzik, M.P., & Mussen, P.H. (Eds.) (1981). Present and past in middle life. New York: Academic Press. Friedenberg, E.Z. (1965). Coming of age in America: Growth and acquiescence. New York: Random House. Friedenberg, E.Z. (1965). The dignity of youth and other atavisms. Boston: Beacon Press. Friedenberg, E.Z. & Roth, J.A. (1954). Self-perception in the university: A study of successful and unsuccessful graduate students (Supplementary Educational Monographs No. 80). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Gillespie, J.D. (1993). Politics at the periphery: Third parties in "two-party America." Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. Grinker, R.R., Miller, J., Sabshin, M., Nunn, R., & Nunnally, J.C. (1961). The phenomena of depressions. New York: Harper & Row. Haan, N. (1977). Coping and defending: Processes of self-environment organization. New York: Academic Press. Hamilton, H.D. & Cohen, S.H. (1974). Policy making by plebiscite: School referenda. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. Hauser, S.T. (1971). Black and white identity formation: Studies in the psychosocial development of lower socioeconomic class adolescent boys. New York: Wiley-Interscience. (2nd ed., with E. Kasendorf. Malabar, FL: Robert E. Krieger, 1983.) Hill, S. (1992). Democratic values and technological choices. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. John-Steiner, V. (2000). Creative collaboration. New York: Oxford University Press. Kerlinger, F.N. (1984). Liberalism and conservatism: The nature and structure of social attitudes. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Kitzinger, Celia. (1987). The social construction of lesbianism (Inquiries in Social Construction series). London: Sage Publications. (American ed., 1988). [See special issue reappraisal of this book in Feminism & Psychology, 2004 (November), 14(4), 485-534.] Klickperová-Baker, M. (Ed.) (1999). Ready for democracy? Civic culture and civility with a focus on Czech society. Prague: Institute of Psychology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. Knight, M. & Doan, R. (1994). The stories we tell ourselves: I→spi: A technique for narrative assessment. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace. Kroth, R.L. (1975). Communicating with parents of exceptional children: Improving parent-teacher relationships. Denver: Love Publishing. Kroth, R.L. & Simpson, R.L. (1977). Parent conferences as a teaching strategy. Denver: Love Publishing. Lieberman, M.A. & Tobin, S.S. (1983). The experience of old age: Stress, coping, and survival. New York: Basic. Lionberger, H.F., Pope, L.A., & Reddy, B.A. (1979). Information development and flow: A study of the communication behavior of social scientists in a U.S. Land Grant and two Taiwan universities (Research Bulletin 1033). Columbia: University of Missouri, Agricultural Experiment Station. Maas, H.S. & Kuypers, J.A. (1974). From thirty to seventy: A forty-year longitudinal study of adult life styles and personality. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Marks, P.A. & Seeman, W. (1963). The actuarial description of abnormal personality: An atlas for use with the MMPI. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins. Murstein, B.I. (1976). Who will marry whom? Theories and research in marital choice. New York: Springer. 10 Nimmo, D.D. & Savage, R.L. (1976). Candidates and their images: Concepts, methods, and findings. Pacific Palisades, CA: Goodyear. Peritore, N.P. (1990). Socialism, communism, and liberation theology in Brazil: An opinion survey using Q-methodology. (Monographs in International Studies, Latin America Series, No. 15.) Athens: Ohio University Press. Peritore, N.P. (1999). Third World environmentalism: Case studies from the Global South. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. Reiss, D. (1981). The family's construction of reality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Robyn, R. (Ed.) (2005). The changing face of European identity: A seven-nation study of (supra)national attachments. London: Routledge. Robyn, R. Introduction: National versus supranational identity in Europe (pp. 1-16). Robyn, R. Methodology (pp. 17-36). Schrøder, K.C., & Hansen, S.E. Beyond duality: Danes’ views on Denmark and the European Union 2001 (pp. 37-63). McCormack, U. Being in Europe: Pluralism and patriotism in England and Scotland (pp. 64-90). Robyn, R. Supranational identity emerging in France: Nationalism submergent (pp. 91-114). Colegrove, D.W. Steadfastly European? German (supra)national identity in a rapidly changing Europe (pp. 115-139). Pitasi, A., Marchionni, M., & Massoni, M.F. Italian multiple identities: The Italian perception of national and European belonging (pp. 140-158). De Landtsheer, C., Carroll, C., & Hekscher, R. European identity frames in the Netherlands (pp. 159-185). Barry, J. Northern Ireland, identities and Europe (pp. 186-206). Silander, D., & Wallin, C. Being a Swede in a transforming European setting: The structures of an emerging Swedish supranational identity in the twenty-first century (pp. 207-226). Robyn, R. Conclusion (pp. 227-235). Schutz, W.C. (1958). FIRO: A three-dimensional theory of interpersonal behavior. New York: Rinehart. (Reprinted: The interpersonal underworld. Palo Alto, CA: Science & Behavior Books, 1966.) Spotts, J.V. & Shontz, F.C. (1980). Cocaine users: A representative case approach. New York: Free Press. Stainton Rogers, W. (1991). Explaining health and illness: An exploration of diversity. Exeter, UK: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Stock, D. & Thelen, H.A. (1958). Emotional dynamics and group culture: Experimental studies of individual and group behavior. New York: New York University Press. Stone, J.C. (1969). Teachers for the disadvantaged. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Sylvester, J.L. (1998). Directing health messages toward African Americans: Attitudes toward health care and the mass media. New York: Garland. Truax, C.B. & Carkhuff, R.R. (1967). Toward effective counseling and psychotherapy: Training and practice. Chicago: Aldine. Wessman, A.E. & Ricks, D.F. (1966). Mood and personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Wylie, R.C. (1961). The self concept: A critical survey of pertinent research literature. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. (Rev. ed., Vol 1., 1974.) Yalom, I.D. (1970). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy. New York: Basic. (2nd ed. 1975; 3rd ed. 1985.) 11 Kent State University Dissertations Baas, L.R. (1976). The Constitution and the public mind. Beaver, A.M. (2001). Women leaders in academic medicine: A Q analysis of leader profiles among women deans, department chairs, and program directors. Bedrosian, W.K. (2004). Teacher decision making in the stage manager role: A Q method study. Bissler, J.V. (2002). Identification of processes that have been helpful during the bereavement process for mothers and fathers who have experienced the sudden death of their 15- to 28year-old biological children. Boughner, S.R. (1995). A Q methodological study of narrative structure in personal narratives. Bublic, J.M. (1997). The media hegemony thesis examined through Q methodology. Byrnes, Robert L. (1975). An examination of Gestalt therapy personality theory using Q methodology. Caldwell, P.F. (1999). Windows of caring: High school students' constructions of a caring teacher. Christman, P.D. (2004). Students' perceptions of various opinions thought to contribute to the successful completion of a bachelor's degree from a private, Christian college: A Qmethodological study. Cohen, S.H . (1971). Voting behavior in school referenda: An investigation of attitudes and other determinants by Q technique and survey research. Crawford, G.M. (2002). Family mediators' perceptions of the behaviors and personal characteristics that help them to be effective: A Q-methodological study. Daily, J.H. (1973). Dimensions of political attitudes: A Q technique study of public reactions to the Calley verdict. Davis, T.C. (1997). The subjectivity of national identity: A Q-methodological study of individual attachment to the Basque nation. Dean, E.P. (2006). Characteristics of a healthy woman: Perceptions of professional counselors and lesbian women as an element of satisfaction in counseling. Dobbs, S.E. (1991). Conceptions of giftedness and talent: A Q-methodological study. Goodman, G.D. (2000). Factors that influence post-secondary students with disabilities to adopt or reject assistive technology for computer access. Hiruy, M. (1987). Exploring the perspectives of ethics: The case of public administrators in the United States. Hurd, R.C. (1996). Adults view their childhood bereavement experiences: An application of Q methodology. Janson, C.A. (2007). High school counselors’ perceptions of their educational leadership behaviors: A Q methodology study. Kim, S.E. (1991). Factors affecting implementation effectiveness: A study of Community Development Block Grant implementation. Kindsvatter, A. (2006). Factors associated with counseling client perceptions of contributions to pre-treatment change. l'Amoreaux, N.A. (2000). Children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their perceptions of parental helpfulness with homework: A Q-methodological study. Mann, D.P. (2002). The God concepts of a cohort group of graduate students in a Christian seminary based counseling program in northeastern Ohio: A Q methodological study. McCain, J.A. (1973). Empirical variations of African socialism: a perceptual analysis. 12 McKeown, B.F. (1977). Private meanings of public objects: hypnotically induced mood states and the displacement hypothesis. McKeown, F.T. (1975). Kari–Aaron: An intensive analysis in schizophrenia and object relations. (Master’s thesis.) Moseman, C.C. (1999). Primary teachers' beliefs regarding family competence for providing input to help meet children's educational needs. Nelson, D.A. (1991). Gerontologic learning and the development of practical knowledge in the nursing home setting. Newman, T.D. (2005). Physician assisted suicide and euthanasia: A Q study of the links between ethics and public policy. Nyirabu, M. (1981). A study of development opinion in Tanzania. Olsen, C.M. (2005). Potential coaching clients and their perceptions of helpful coaching behaviors: A Q-methodological study. Pacho, A.G. (1981). Policy agenda of the ethnic Chinese in the Philippines. Parker, K.R. (1984). Storylistener subjectivity: A Q methodological exploration. Peets, T.J. (2004). Single mothers' perceptions of what is important in their lives as they transition from welfare to work. Perrin, G.R. (1977). On the development of a birth order theory using Q-methodology. Quillin, A.B. (2004). Perceptions of the spiritual: An assessment of master's level student counselors' views of spirituality. Rhoads, J.C., Jr. (1997). The authoritarian personality revisited: Toward an alternative methodology. Rickel, T.A. (2000). High school seniors' perceptions about the achievement gap between black and white students: An application of Q methodology on race and education. Robyn, R. (2000). Forms of attachment to the European Union: A study of French conceptions of identity in the context of a changing Europe. Sezgin, E. (2007). A comparative perspective of international cooperation against terrorism. Shah, S.M. (1982). Work orientation of middle-level managers from the public sector. Smith, J.M. (2000). The use of Q-methodology to assess the possibility that fear is a barrier preventing the use of mental health services by African American men. Sun, T.W. (1992). Public administration in Taiwan: The state-of-the-art. Taylor, T.L. (2005). Parental perceptions of encouragers and discouragers of involvement with their African American pre-adolescent sons' school. Thomas, D.B. (1975). On the psychological substructure of ideology: A Q-technique study of personality and politics. Tolymbek, A. (2007). Political leadership style in Kazakhstan. Trepal, H.C. (2004). Adolescents’ perceptions of their pregnancy: A Q-methodological study. Vernon, D.A. (2003). An investigation of members' perceptions of Yalom's therapeutic factors in single-session group counseling for first year students. Wagner, Laurie M. (2008). College students’ perceptions of healthy sexuality: A Q methodological study. Ward, T.A. (2005). Does context matter? Internet adoption in public and private spaces. 13 Special Issues Goldman, I. & Brown, S.R. (Eds.) (1990). Q methodology and communication: Theory and applications. Electronic Journal of Communication/La Revue Electronique de Communication, 1(1), special issue. (http://www.cios.org/www/ejcmain.htm) McKeown, B.F. Q methodology, communication, and the behavioral text. Goldman, I. Abductory inference, communication theory and subjective science. Sanders, K.P. & Morris, D.N. Combining research approaches: The Anvil writers revisited. Brown, S.R. & Mathieson, M. The operantcy of practical criticism. Stainton Rogers, R. & Stainton Rogers, W. What the Brits got out of the Q: And why their work may not line up with the American way of getting into it! Iliescu, D. (Ed.). (2005). Special issue on Q methodology. Human Resources Psychology, 5 (Romanian). Brown, S.R. What’s past is prologue. Lipgar, R.M., Bair, J.P., & Fichtner, C.G. Integrating research with conference learning: 10 years of Q methodology studies exploring experiential learning in the Tavistock tradition. Bimler, D., & Kirkland, J. From circumplex to sphere: Perceptions of vocational activities, explored and applied. Iliescu, D., & Boroş, S. An alternative to mapping organizational identification: Q-sort. Selected Writings of William Stephenson About William Stephenson Avery, D.R. (1990). The methodologists. In W.D. Sloan (Ed.), Makers of the media mind: Journalism educators and their ideas (pp. 287-329). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. (See section on William Stephenson, pp. 302-306.) 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Mass Comm Review, 18, 27-39. Logan, R.A. (2003). Stephenson, MacLean & qualitative mass communication research. Journal of Human Subjectivity, 1(2), 4-30. Midgley, B.D., & Morris, E.K. (2002). Subjectivity and behaviorism: Skinner, Kantor, and Stephenson. Operant Subjectivity, 25, 127-138. Morrell, J. (1997). Science at Oxford 1914-1939: Transforming an arts university (pp. 90-92). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. Sanders, K.P. (1974). William Stephenson: The study of (his) behavior. Mass Communication Review, 2, 9-16. In Memoriam: William Stephenson, 1902-1989. Operant Subjectivity, 13, entire issue. Methodological Foundations (1935). Technique of factor analysis. Nature, 136, 297. (Reprinted in Brown, Political subjectivity, pp. 9-10.) (1935). Correlating persons instead of tests. Character and Personality, 4, 17-24. Stricklin, M. (2005). Correlating persons instead of tests: My favorite Stephenson article. Operant Subjectivity, 28, 177-180. (1936). The foundations of psychometry: Four factor systems. Psychometrika, 1, 195-209. (1939). (with C. Burt). Alternative views on correlations between persons. Psychometrika, 4, 269-281. (1952). A note on Professor R.B. Cattell's methodological adumbrations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 8, 206-207. (1952). Some observations on Q technique. Psychological Bulletin, 49, 483-498. (1953). The study of behavior: Q-technique and its methodology. (Republished: Midway edition, University of Chicago Press, 1975.) (1977). Factors as operant subjectivity. Operant Subjectivity, 1, 3-16. (1990). Fifty years of exclusionary psychometrics: I. Q technique. Operant Subjectivity, 13, 105-120. (1990). Fifty years of exclusionary psychometrics: II. Developments. Operant Subjectivity, 13, 141-162. (1993-94). Introduction to Q-methodology. Operant Subjectivity, 17, 1-13. Philosophical Contributions (1953). Postulates of behaviorism. Philosophy of Science, 20, 110-120. Midgley, B.D. (2005/2006). 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Evaluation of public relations programs. Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Economiche e Commerciali, 16, 166-184. (1972). Applications of communication theory: I. The substructure of science. Psychological Record, 22, 17-36. (1972). Applications of communication theory: II—Interpretations of Keats' "Ode on a Grecian Urn." Psychological Record, 22, 177-192. (1973). Applications of communication theory: III. Intelligence and multivalued choice. Psychological Record, 23, 17-32. (1976). Q-methodology: Conceptualization and measurement of operant effects of television viewing. JCATS: Journal of the Centre for Advanced Television Studies, 4, 17-18. (1978). Applications of communication theory: IV. Immediate experience of movies. Operant Subjectivity, 1, 96-116. (1978). Concourse theory of communication. Communication, 3, 21-40. (Cf. Protoconcursus: The concourse theory of communication. Operant Subjectivity, 1986, 9, 37-58, 73-96.) (1979). The communicability and operantcy of self. 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