Burials & Funeral Practices

Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 1 8.08.2023 10:14 EDITORS Serdar Aybek Burak Arslan TURKISH TEXT PROOFREADING Faruk Şüyün Sevim Erdoğan ENGLISH TEXT TRANSLATION & PROOFREADING Robert L. Bragner PRODUCTION Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları PRODUCTION CONSULTANT Nezih Başgelen ©2023 Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları Tur. San. Tic. Ltd. Şti. Hayriye Cad. Cezayir Sok. No: 5/2 Beyoğlu İstanbul Yayıncı Sertifika No: 43899 ISBN 978-605-396-575-6 PUBLICATION COORDINATORS Furkan Aydıncı Alper Bahar Ecem Yalman Turhan PHOTOGRAPHS Mehmet Yasa Umut Canseven Metropolis Kazı Arşivi BOOK DESIGN Umut Altıntaş ABOUT THE COVER That passage appearing on the front and back covers of this book is from the Apollonios Honorific Inscription (see figure 25), whose features provided the inspiration for the cover’s design. Boris Dreyer translated the original text from Ancient Greek to German; Güler Ateş translated the German text into Turkish; Robert Bragner translated the Turkish text into English. TYPOGRAPHIC DESIGN & LAYOUT The typographic design and layout of the text of the book in irregular paragraph blocks shifted left and right was inspired by the 2,300 yearold ashlar masonry of the fortifications and buildings of the ancient city of Metropolis. Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 2 DISTRIBUTOR Yeniçarşı Cad. No: 66/A 34433, Galatasaray/Beyoğlu-İstanbul Tel.: 0212 249 92 26 www.arkeolojisanat.com [email protected] The authors and originators of all material appearing in this book are solely responsible for any opinions, ideas, evaluations, criticisms etc expressed therein. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları neither incurs nor accepts any responsibilities or liabilities on their account. First edition: İstanbul, March 2023 PRINTING Ofset Yapımevi Çağlayan, Şair Sok. No:4, 34403 Kâğıthane/İstanbul Matbaa Sertifika No: 45354 Nothing in this book other than short, dulycredited excerpts by reviewers etc may be reproduced in any way whatsoever without the permission of the publisher. 8.08.2023 10:14 PUBLISHING EDITOR Serdar Aybek Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 3 8.08.2023 10:14 CONTENT INTRODUCTION Güler Sabancı p. 6-7 FOREWORD Serdar Aybek p. 8-9 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND NOTES p. 436-441 INDEX p. 442-443 AUTHORS p. 444 Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 4 METROPOLIS: PAST AND PRESENT p. 16-49 LOCATION Serdar Aybek Burak Arslan p. 17 FLORA&FAUNA Vedat Onar p. 18 THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT Serdar Aybek Burak Arslan Zeynep Meriç Şahin Menteşe p. 24 METROPOLIS IN THE HISTORICAL RECORD p. 50-89 BENEFACTORS Boris Dreyer p. 51 ANCIENT AUTHORS & TRAVELERS Ali Kazım Öz Burak Arslan p. 55 BEFORE THE FIRST SCIENTIFIC STUDIES An Interview with Cengiz İçten p. 66 THE FIRST SCIENTIFIC STUDIES Recep Meriç p. 76 GOVERNMENT p. 90-105 REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY & THE BOULEUTERION Ali Kazım Öz p. 91 RELATIONS WITH THE ROMAN EMPIRE Alexander Hilverda p. 93 ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING & CONSTRUCTION p. 106-159 CITY PLANNING & THE CONFIGURATION OF THE URBAN SPACE Mine Tanaç-Zeren p. 107 BUILDING MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES & STONEMASONRY Serdar Aybek Onur Gülbay p. 115 SECURITY & DEFENSE Umut Canseven p. 117 SOURCES, DISTRIBUTION & USE OF WATER Yılmaz Balım p. 120 8.08.2023 10:14 SOCIETY & CULTURE p. 160-251 HOME & FAMILY LIFE Onur Gülbay p. 161 GASTRONOMY & CULINARY CULTURE Yaşar Serkal Yıldırım Ezgi Duman Zeynep Meriç p. 162 EDUCATION & SPORT Yılmaz Balım p. 166 HEALTH & HYGIENE Onur Gülbay p. 172 RELIGION & BELIEFS Christina Sponsel-Schaffner Aygün Ekin-Meriç Christine Thomas p. 174 BURIALS & FUNERAL PRACTICES Serdar Aybek Burak Arslan p. 202 Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 5 ART p. 252-347 PAINTING Binnur Gürler Serdar Aybek Burak Arslan p. 253 SCULPTURE Serdar Aybek p. 255 COROPLASTIC ART Serdar Aybek p. 265 MOSAIC Ali Kazım Öz Serdar Aybek p. 273 THE THEATER & THEATRICAL ARTS Burak Arslan p. 275 COMMERCIAL LIFE p. 348-383 COINAGE Håkon Roland Burak Arslan p. 349 ECONOMICS Burak Arslan p. 350 INDUSTRY & CRAFTS Umut Canseven Emine Akkuş-Koçak p. 352 THE ELEMENTS OF EVERYDAY LIFE p. 384-435 HOUSEHOLD ARTICLES & SOURCES OF ARTIFICIAL ILLUMINATION Serdar Aybek Eda Güngör-Alper p. 385 JEWELRY, ACCESSORIES & PERSONAL CARE ITEMS Burak Arslan Serdar Aybek p. 387 HAND TOOLS & HARDWARE Burak Arslan Serdar Aybek p. 394 8.08.2023 10:14 160 HOME & FAMILY LIFE Onur Gülbay [O.G.] GASTRONOMY & CULINARY CULTURE Yaşar Serkal Yıldırım [Y.S.Y.] Ezgi Duman [E.D.] Zeynep Meriç [Z.M.] EDUCATION & SPORT Yılmaz Balım [Y.B.] HEALTH & HYGIENE Onur Gülbay [O.G.] RELIGION & BELIEFS Christina Sponsel-Schaffner [C.S.S.] Aygün Ekin-Meriç [A.E.M.] Christine Thomas [C.T.] BURIALS & FUNERAL PRACTICES Serdar Aybek [S.A.] Burak Arslan [B.A.] Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 160 8.08.2023 10:18 202 S O C I E T Y & C U LT U R E reads “Aulus Granius Bassus dedicated this altar to the divine The inscribed marble slabs used to make the church’s Asclepius and Hygieia” are evidence that the cult of Asclepius floor for example are originally from different parts of the was strong in ancient Metropolis. (See “Health & Hygiene”.) bathhouse while every one of the columns used inside the One of the entrances to the bouleuterion from the main church was extracted from one Roman-period structure or street on the upper terrace of “Middle Town” contains another. Some architectural elements were purposely made a graffito of the name “Athena”. The importance of this for this church however such as the altar and the ambo, deity in ancient Metropolis is also attested to by the the latter consisting of a small raised platform accessed by image of Athena on a gemstone and by terracotta and steps from which the priest addressed the congregation. bronze figurines, all found at the site. [ 162, 163 ] THE CHURCH’S SURVIVING AMBO AND ALTAR Among the terracotta and marble figurine finds at Metropolis, The ambo of this Metropolitan church was centrally located those of Aphrodite are common and make up a substantial within the structure. Such a central location is unorthodox group. [ 164, 165 ] The Ephesian Artemis cult was known in and is another clue pointing to an early construction Metropolis and many objects depicting that goddess have date. Although the outer faces of the blocks making up been encountered. A monumentally-proportioned marble the ambo are lined up with continuous flat moldings, inscription discovered near Metropolis indicates that the interior clamp holes that do not coincide and differently- boundaries of an Artemesian temenos must have been rather dimensioned blocks are all indicative of architectural close to the city during the reign of Emperor Domitian (81- elements taken from earlier Roman structures. [ 167 ] 96 AD). (See “Ancient Authors & Travelers”.) [ 33 ] [S.A.] TRANSITION FROM PAGANISM TO CHRISTIANITY A huge assortment of finds attests to the existence of Christian worship at Metropolis from the Late Roman Imperial period onward. The presence of an episcopal church in the Araplı Tepe district and the density of settlement around that church both indicate that there must have been a substantial number of people living here at least until the late thirteenth or early fourteenth century.138 The Araplı Tepe (aka Arap Tepesi) district extends slightly The altar is similarly aligned with the central ambo and is located just in front of the apse. It consists of a recycled marble table slab set atop a wide base fashioned from masonry blocks. The base is plastered with a plain, white mortar. The central nave in which the ambo and altar are located was paved with rectangular brick slabs, most likely during the final phase of the building’s construction. The northern aisle had a tessellated pavement while the southern aisle is in a state of complete ruin. So far as we can tell, the building continued to be used as a church up until the last phase of Metropolis. downhill from the main settlement on the hillside just Even after it fell into ruin however, the church’s grounds outside the refortified Hellenistic walls of the Metropolitan continued to be used as a cemetery, as was normally the acropolis. In an area projecting to the east is the still-visible custom in such situations. The vicinity of the building apse of what has been identified as an episcopal church. remained an important settlement until the very end of This building had a typical basilica floor plan consisting the Byzantine period. Historical sources from the period of a central nave flanked by a single aisle on each side. immediately following speak of three monasteries founded [ 166 ] At about 40 meters in length along its main axis, by St Lazarus near Metropolis on Mount Gallesion. this structure is big enough to justify its being identified This suggests that, like Ephesus, Metropolis remained as Christian Metropolis’s principal church, a presumption important among Christians living in its vicinity. [C.T.] that is also supported by much epigraphic evidence. A fragment of an architectural element from the Early Byzantine BURIALS & FUNERAL PRACTICES period contains an incomplete inscription that reads “-IOS ΕΠΙΣΚΟΠΟΣ” and presumably once gave the name of one From the third century BC onward, Metropolis evolved from of Metropolis’s bishops. [ 166 ] This fragment points to the a small hilltop fort settlement into a Hellenic city-state (polis) existence both of an episcopal church at Metropolis and of an conforming to contemporary notions of urban planning. Such honorific inscription associated with it. In his Synecdemus, a work cities during this period did not have large populations. The listing Byzantine imperial administrative divisions and their example of Priene, a city of some regional importance at the cities, Hierocles also cites Metropolis as an episcopal see. 139 time, can help give us an idea of what Metropolis’s population This church was built primarily using spolia (recycled) may have been. It has been ascertained that at the beginning materials sourced from the nearby Lower Bath/Palaestra. of the Hellenistic period, Priene may have had a population of Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 202 8.08.2023 10:19 204 S O C I E T Y & C U LT U R E five thousand.140 Taking into account both the dimensions of bone.143 [ 171 ] The tomb is dated to the middle of the second Metropolis’s public buildings and the areas that were settled century BC. Expert examination of the skeleton reveals that in Hellenistic times, the city’s population could not have been the tomb’s occupant was a woman, must have been between more than five thousand and is even likely to have been less 25-30 years old when she died, stood about 149-155 cms tall, than that. By contrast, there is much archaeological evidence of and had given birth at least once. Deformations in the teeth in urban expansion and population growth during Roman times. her lower-right and upper-right jaws and in her left shoulder Based on our findings at the site, we know where Metropolis’s are interpreted as evidence that this woman frequently spun cemeteries were located and we can see how their boundaries wool while she was alive, an interpretation that is supported changed in the course of the centuries between the city’s by the presence of two bone distaves among the grave goods. earliest times to its final days; we can also observe changes There is no evidence of injury or disease in the skeleton so in funeral and burial practices and traditions and get an the reasons for this young woman’s death are unknown. idea of Metropolis’s demographic structure during different TUMULI: AN ALTERNATIVE FORM OF BURIAL periods. Various types of entombments have been identified Another form of burial seen in and around Metropolis at Metropolis including rock-cut tombs, vaulted tombs, consists of tumuli, which make their first appearance in tumuli, and simple graves dug in the earth.141 [ 168 ] the region in the Hellenistic period. These barrows have The eastern side of the hill fanning out below the acropolis is the burial chambers fashioned from neatly-cut blocks of a area into which the centrally-planned heart of ancient Metropolis locally available limestone, atop which was raised a mound was located. All public and private structures were erected on this of earth. They are fairly common in the vicinity. One sunny hillside and along its lower reaches. The back (ie western) example that conforms to the tumulus type is located two side of the hill is what normally should have been used as the kilometers south of Metropolis. Measuring 4.5 meters in city’s necropolis. [ 169 ] The presence of burials discovered in this height and 14 meters in diameter, its burial chamber was area dated to the fourth century BC show that the area–including constructed of opus isodomum blocks of ashlar masonry. the future site of the ancient theater–was indeed full of cist graves. On the western side of the Metropolitan acropolis hill is With the Hippodamian expansion of the city through the a cist-grave tomb whose occupant lived during Hellenistic erection of public buildings in the second century BC, it times. Architecturally it consist of a crypt hollowed out of appears that the boundaries of the necropolis were moved the bedrock; a vaulted chamber inside contains a carvedfurther south in order to make room for the theater. From out bench or platform on which the corpse would have this period onward there is also noticeably greater diversity been laid out. There is much evidence of the chamber’s in entombment types, no doubt attributable to urban growth subsequent reuse and looting however so that it’s impossible and to increased population. Rectangular cist graves cut out to be certain what it was originally used for. [ 172 ] of the schist bedrock are the earliest examples of burials that have so far been discovered at Metropolis. 142 Some of these graves were sealed with slabs of unworked schist, others with neatly-cut slabs of limestone. [ 170 ] The schist bedrock on which the city stands is fairly easy to work and that probably accounts for the prevalence of this type of burial. GRAVE OFFERINGS That said, its architectural features anticipate those of other tombs that would be built at Metropolis in later periods. The same hollowed-bedrock architecture is to be seen for example in two Roman-period tombs discovered in a deep, rocky ravine on the western side of the theater. [ 173 ] The characteristically Metropolitan architectural tradition of combining hollowed-out natural bedrock and a manmade Grave goods or offerings are objects placed in a burial along structure also manifests itself here in these tombs’ vaulted with a corpse. Besides reflecting a culture’s funeral practices chambers. Such chambers were widely used in many parts and traditions, grave goods may also provide information of Asia Minor from Hellenistic times to the Early Byzantine about the deceased’s gender, habits, and occupation. Among period. Probably the biggest reason for this is that when the most striking of the grave goods discovered at Metropolis your materials consist of not much more than river stone are those from the tomb of a woman who was interred on the or rubblestone and lime mortar, it is the simplest and most hillside south of the theater. Discovered in 2009, the tomb economical type of tomb you can make. These tombs were contains a rich assortment of objects including a large number of generally intended to be burial-places for members of a terracotta unguentaria (tears vessels), jewelry, and accessories single family. Based on the grave goods discovered in these together with a collection of implements fashioned from two Roman-period examples, we can date them to the first Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 204 8.08.2023 10:19 205 M E T R O P O L I S : A C I T Y, I T S P E O P L E , T H E I R WAY O F L I F E century AD. Grave goods encountered in other burials around the city help us to better understand funeral customs and practices in Hellenistic and Roman-period Metropolis. [ 174 ] example of Metropolitan funeral practices consists of a bronze lamp discovered in a different marble ostotekh. Dated to the sixth century, the body of the lamp would originally have been METROPOLITAN FUNERAL TRADITIONS AND PRACTICES fitted with both a tripod stand and a chain from which the lamp A pair of rectangular box-shaped marble ostotekhs decorated survived. The lamp seems to have been carefully placed inside with garlands and dated to Roman times adds to our knowledge the ostotekh. Found in situ, these objects may be indicative about Metropolitan funeral traditions and practices. [ 175 ] of funeral rites associated with nearby burials. [ 176-177 ] could be suspended; only the body and part of the lid have These miniature stone sarcophagi would have been used as As the Turks gained increasingly greater military and receptacles for the ashes and bones of a cremated corpse. They political control of southwestern Asia Minor, the region’s were discovered near one another and are from an earlier-period Muslim communities rapidly grew in number and size. tomb whose materials were repurposed in late antiquity. One of Examples of Islamic burials and headstones found on the the ostotekhs discovered in situ in the course of archaeological eastern side of the city where it joins the plain are the most excavations bears an inscription indicating that it contains conspicuous evidence of Turkish-period Metropolis. [ 179 ] the remains of Atimetos, who is identified as an officer of In a sense, pre-Republican burials in the Özbey village Tiberius Claudius Germanicus. [ 175 ] Its front is decorated cemetery (which is referred to locally as “Yörük Mezarlığı” with a garland executed in great detail and fairly high relief ie “Yoruk Cemetery” and which is still in use today) are both while its back lacks any decoration whatsoever. There are a reflection and continuation of that Early Turkish-period stylized decorations on the two shorter sides. This ostotekh was process. (See “Ancient Authors & Travelers”.) [ 35 ] [S.A., B.A.] discovered south of the Araplıtepe church, where it had been used in the construction or repair of a water channel. [ 176-177 ] With the advent of Christianity in Metropolis, there were changes not only in tomb types and funeral practices but also where burials took place. Byzantine-period burials tend to cluster around the Araplıtepe church in an area that apparently was considered hallowed ground. The most common entombment consists of a simple grave dug into the earth. The graves are simply covered with slabs of schist or with spolia and are of the type referred to as a “capuccina grave”. Between the leg bones of a skeleton in one of the Araplıtepe graves, investigators came upon two horseshoes. [ 178 ] Significantly smaller than real horseshoes, such objects were believed to be talismans that provided protection against evil and satanic spirits. More Christian-period burials similar to the Araplıtepe graves have been encountered in the Zeus Krezimos sanctuary and around the cistern on the acropolis. All of these burials are in keeping with Christian funeral practices, which is to say that they contain no grave offerings at all. That the Zeus Krezimos sanctuary continued to be used for burials during Christian times however is evidence that even though paganism was a thing of the past, one of its sanctuaries was still considered to be hallowed ground. Analysis of residues detected in a pithos discovered in the vicinity of tombs suggests that it may have been oriental sweetgum, produced from the sap of a tree (Liquidambar orientalis), an endemic species in the region. This fragrant oil may have been used in the conduct of funeral rites.144 Another Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 205 8.08.2023 10:19 243 M E T R O P O L I S : A C I T Y, I T S P E O P L E , T H E I R WAY O F L I F E [ 170 ] Cist-grave tomb, second century BC. (“Burials & Funeral Practices”) [ 169 ] Naiskos-type funerary stele with a triangular pediment, Hellenistic period. A youth holding a bow and striking a heroic pose is accompanied by a servant. Height: 158 cm, Width: 64 cm, Depth: 23 cm. Ephesus Museum 7/3/89. (“Burials & Funeral Practices”) Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 243 The eastern side of the hill fanning out below the acropolis is the area in which the centrally-planned heart of ancient Metropolis was located. All public and private structures were erected on this sunny hillside and along its lower reaches. The back (western) side of the hill is what normally should have been used as the city’s necropolis. 8.08.2023 10:20 244 S O C I E T Y & C U LT U R E [ 171 ] Finds from the tomb of a young woman, second century BC. (“Burials & Funeral Practices”) Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 244 8.08.2023 10:20 245 M E T R O P O L I S : A C I T Y, I T S P E O P L E , T H E I R WAY O F L I F E Grave goods or offerings are objects placed in a burial along with a corpse. Besides reflecting a culture’s funeral practices and traditions, grave goods may also provide information about the deceased’s gender, habits, and occupation. Among the most striking of the grave goods discovered at Metropolis are those from the tomb of a woman who was interred on the hillside south of the theater. Discovered in 2009, the tomb contains a rich assortment of objects including a large number of terracotta unguentaria (tears vessels), jewelry, and accessories together with a collection of implements fashioned from bone. Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 245 8.08.2023 10:20 246 [ 172 ] Rock-cut tomb on the western slope of the Acropolis, Hellenistic period. (“Burials & Funeral Practices”) Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 246 S O C I E T Y & C U LT U R E On the western hillside is a cist-grave tomb whose occupant lived during Hellenistic times. Architecturally it consists of a crypt hollowed out of the bedrock; a vaulted chamber inside contains a carved-out bench or platform on which the corpse would have been laid out. There is much evidence of the chamber’s subsequent looting and reuse however so it’s impossible to be certain what it was originally used for. 8.08.2023 10:20 247 M E T R O P O L I S : A C I T Y, I T S P E O P L E , T H E I R WAY O F L I F E [ 173 ] Vaulted tomb, first century AD. (“Burials & Funeral Practices”) [ 174 ] Hellenistic-period unguentaria grave offerings. (“Burials & Funeral Practices”) Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 247 Tombs were usually intended to be burial-places for members of a single family. Two Roman-period examples can be dated to the first century AD by their grave goods. Grave offerings encountered in other burials around the city help us to better understand funeral customs and practices in Hellenistic and Roman-period Metropolis. 8.08.2023 10:20 248 [ 175 ] Garland-decorated marble ostotekh inscribed with the name “Atimetos”, Roman period. Height: 30 cm, Width: 57 cm, Depth: 33 cm. Metropolis Excavation Inv 2022/132. (“Burials & Funeral Practices”) S O C I E T Y & C U LT U R E One of the ostotekhs discovered in situ in the course of archaeological excavations bears an inscription indicating that it contains the remains of Atimetos, who is identified as an officer of Tiberius Claudius Germanicus. [175] Its front is decorated with a garland executed in great detail and fairly high relief while its back lacks any decoration whatsoever. There are stylized decorations on the two shorter sides. This ostotekh was discovered south of the Araplıtepe church, where it had been used in the construction or repair of a water channel. [ 177 ] Bronze lamp found inside the marble ostotekh. (“Burials & Funeral Practices”) Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 248 8.08.2023 10:20 249 M E T R O P O L I S : A C I T Y, I T S P E O P L E , T H E I R WAY O F L I F E [ 176 ] The ostotekh was discovered among waterchannel spolia near the Araplıtepe church. (“Burials & Funeral Practices”) Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 249 8.08.2023 10:20 250 S O C I E T Y & C U LT U R E [ 178 ] Christian grave at the Araplıtepe church, Byzantine period. (“Burials & Funeral Practices”) Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 250 8.08.2023 10:20 251 [ 179 ] Gravestone decorated with a mosque in relief, Late Ottoman period. Height: 59.5 cm, Width: 38 cm. Metropolis Excavation Inv 1423. (“Burials & Funeral Practices”) Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 251 M E T R O P O L I S : A C I T Y, I T S P E O P L E , T H E I R WAY O F L I F E As the Turks gained increasingly greater military and political control of southwestern Asia Minor, the region’s Muslim communities rapidly grew in number and size. Examples of Islamic burials and headstones found on the eastern side of the city where it joins the plain are the most conspicuous evidence of Turkish-period Metropolis. 8.08.2023 10:20 436 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND NOTES Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 436 8.08.2023 10:25 437 1. Meriç, R. 1982, Metropolis in Ionien, Ergebnisse einer SurveyUnternehmung in den Jahren 1972-1975. Verlag Anton Hain, Königstein. 2. Meriç, R. & A. K. Öz. 2015. ‘’Bademgediği Tepe (Puranda) near Metropolis” In; Nostoi, Indigenous Culture, Migration and Integration in the Aegean Islands and Western Anatolia during LBA and Early Iron Age, edited by K. Kopanias, Ç. Maner and Nicholas Chr. Stampolidis, Universities of Crete and Koç. İstanbul / Athena: 609-626; Meriç, R. 2002. “Metropolis Yakınındaki Hitit Çağdaşı bir Arzawa Kenti.” İzmir Kent Kültürü Dergisi, Vol. 5, İzmir: 230-234. 3. French, D. H. 2014. “Roman roads and milestones of Asia Minor” British Intitute at Ankara, Vol. 3, Ankara; French, D. H. 2016. “Roman roads and milestones of Asia Minor.” British Intitute at Ankara, Vol. 4: Ankara; Hawkins, J. D. 1998. “Tarkasnawa King of Mira ‘Tarkondemos’, Boğazköy Sealings and Karabel.” AnatSt, Vol. 48: 1-31. 4. Meriç, R. 1985. “Zur Lage des ephesischen Außenhafens Panormos.” Lebendige Altertumswissenschaft. Festgabe zur Vollendung 70. Lebenjahres von Hermann Vetters. Wien: 30-32; Meriç, R. 1998. “Antik Dönemde Küçük Menderes Havzasının Tarihsel Coğrafyasına Genel Bir Bakış.” Ege Coğrafyası Dergisi (Aegean Geographical Journal), Vol. 04, No. 01: 200-213. 5. Meriç, R. 2009. Das Hinterland von Ephesos: Archaeologisch-topographische Forschungen im Kaystros-Tal. Österreichisches Archäologisches Institut Press, Wien. 6. Arslan, B., S. Aybek & E. Durak. 2017. “Metropolis’te Bulunan Ok Uçları.” Masrop E-Dergi, Cilt 9: 53-74. 7. Strabon. The Geography of Strabo, Book VI. Translated by H. L. Jones. The Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge. 1960. 8. Kayış, Y. 2012. “Aydın Vilâyeti Salnâmelerinde Torbalı ve Sultan II. Abdülhamid’in Hayır Eserleri.” Torbalı Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları-1. İzmir. 9. Herling, L., K. Kasper, C. Lichter & R. Meriç. 2008. “Im Westen nichts Neues? Ergebnisse der Grabungen 2003 und 2004 in DedecikHeybelitepe.” IstMitt 58: 13-65; Lichter C. & R. Meriç. 2012. “DedecikHeybelitepe, Excavations at a Neolithic Settlement in the Torbah Plain.” In; The Neolithic in Turkey, Vol. 4, edited by M. Özdoğan, N. Başgelen & P. Kuniholm, Archaeology and Art Publications, İstanbul: 133-138. 10. Meriç, R. & P. A. Mountjoy. 2001. “Three Mycenaean Vases from Ionia.” IstMitt 51: 133-137; Meriç, R. & P. A. Mountjoy. 2002. “Mycenaean Pottery from Bademgediği Tepe (Puranda) in Ionia: A preliminary report.” IstMitt 52: 79-98; Meriç. R. 2003. “Excavation at Bademgediği Tepe (Puranda) 1999–2002: A Preliminary Report.” IstMitt 52: 79-98. 11. Schachner, A. & R. Meriç. 2000. “Ein Stempelsiegel des späten 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr. aus Metropolis in Ionien.” SMEA XLII/1: 85-102. 12. Aybek, S., O. Gülbay., M. Kılıç., B. Arslan., Y. Balım & U. Canseven. 2018. “2016 Yılı Metropolis Çevresi Yüzey Araştırması.” 35. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, Cilt 2, Ankara: 303-318; Aybek, S., O. Gülbay & U. Canseven. 2019. “2017 Yılı Metropolis Çevresi Yüzey Araştırması.” 36. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, Cilt 3, Ankara: 333-348. 13. Meriç, R. 2003. Metropolis, Metropolis Ana Tanrıça Kenti / City of the Mother Goddess. Mas Matbaacılık. İstanbul. 14. Dreyer, B. & H. Engelmann. 2003. Die Inschriften von Metropolis, Die Derkete für Apollonios: Städtische Politik unter den Attaliden und im Konflikt zwischen Aristonikos und Rom, Band 63. Teil 1. Dr. Rudolf Halbert GMBH. Bonn. 15. Aybek, S., A. Ekin-Meriç & A. K. Öz. 2009. İonia’da Bir Ana Tanrıça Kenti Metropolis. Homer Kitabevi. İstanbul. 16. Meriç, A.Z. 2021. “Metropolis Buluntuları Işığında Bizans ile Beylikler Arasındaki Etkileşim.” In; Anadolu’da Etnoarkeoloji Araştırmaları (Prehistorik Dönemlerden Günümüze Kadar), edited by İ. Akkaş & M. Karakoç, Doruk Yayınları, İstanbul: 526-542. 17. Dreyer, B. 2018. “Ein Wohltater in Sozialer Mission Aus Metropolis.” In; Orient & Occident in Antiquity / Orient & Okzident in der Antike. edited by B. Dreyer & S. Aybek, Lit Verlag, Berlin, Band 3: 25-28. 18. https://eden.wisski.data.fau.de/wisski/navigate/1294/ view?wisski_bundle=be84f890827d14fee1981ea260c4affe 19. https://eden.wisski.data.fau.de/wisski/navigate/101/ view?wisski_bundle=be84f890827d14fee1981ea260c4affe 20. https://eden.wisski.data.fau.de/wisski/navigate/1373/ view?wisski_bundle=be84f890827d14fee1981ea260c4affe 21. https://eden.wisski.data.fau.de/wisski/navigate/1474/ Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 437 view?wisski_bundle=be84f890827d14fee1981ea260c4affe 22. Dreyer, B. & H. Engelmann. 2003. Die Inschriften von Metropolis, Die Derkete fur Apollonios: Stadtische Politik unter den Attaliden und im Konflikt zwischen Aristonikos und Rom, Band 63. Teil 1. Dr. Rudolf Halbert GMBH. Bonn. 23. http://wisski.cs.fau.de/eden/content/ecrm_E34_Inscription3ce5 24. Dreyer, B. 2010. “Neue Inschriften aus Metropolis (Ionien).” In; Metropolis Ionia II; Yolların Kesiştiği Yer, Recep Meric İcin Yazılar (The Land of the Crossroads; Essays in Honour of Recep Meric), edited by S. Aybek & A. K. Öz, Homer Kitabevi, İstanbul: 115-122. 25. https://eden.wisski.data.fau.de/wisski/navigate/1463/ view?wisski_bundle=be84f890827d14fee1981ea260c4affe; Dreyer, B. 2010. “Neue Inschriften aus Metropolis (Ionien).” In; Metropolis Ionia II; Yolların Kesiştiği Yer, Recep Meric İcin Yazılar (The Land of the Crossroads; Essays in Honour of Recep Meric), edited by S. Aybek & A. K. Öz, Homer Kitabevi, İstanbul: 115-122. 26. Robert, J. 1989. Claros I. Decrets Hellenistiques. Virginia University, Virginia. 27. https://eden.wisski.data.fau.de/wisski/navigate/102/ view?wisski_bundle=be84f890827d14fee1981ea260c4affe 28. Dreyer, B. & H. Engelmann. 2006. “Augustus und Germanicus im ionischen Metropolis.” ZPE Band 158: 173-182. 29. https://eden.wisski.data.fau.de/wisski/navigate/1477/ view?wisski_bundle=be84f890827d14fee1981ea260c4affe 30. https://eden.wisski.data.fau.de/wisski/navigate/1464/ view?wisski_bundle=be84f890827d14fee1981ea260c4affe 31. https://eden.wisski.data.fau.de/wisski/navigate/1478/ view?wisski_bundle=be84f890827d14fee1981ea260c4affe5 32. https://eden.wisski.data.fau.de/wisski/navigate/1315/ view?wisski_bundle=be84f890827d14fee1981ea260c4affe 33. Pliny, Natural History, translated by P. Holland. London: George Barclay,1847. 34. Meriç, R. 1982. Metropolis in Ionien, Ergebnisse einer Survey-Unternehmung in den Jahren 1972-1975. Verlag Anton Hain. Königstein; Meriç, R. 2009. Das Hinterland von Ephesos: Archaologisch-topographische Forschungen im KaystrosTal, Osterreichisches Archaologisches Institut. Vienna. 35. However when calculated according to the Metropolis route, the distance should be 24.2 kms from Ephesus. 36. An inscription discovered in the village of Kuyumcu is evidence that the Artemis temple’s sacred precinct extended at least that far. Werner Jobst identified a fortress in the village of Barutçu and single Hellenistic-period watchtowers in the village of Gölova and at Cevaşır. Werner, J. 1978. “Hellenistische Außenfortifikationen um Ephesos” in Studien zur Religion und Kultur Kleinasiens: Etudes préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l’Empire romain, edited by. S. Şahin, E. Schwertheim und J. Wagner, Brill-Leiden, I: 447-456. 37. According to a milestone discovered near Bonetai (presentday Küçükkale village), the distance from it to Ephesus is 90 stadia (17 kms) and to Sardis is 410 stadia (78 kms). From this we may understand that the route was 40 stadia shorter than that of the main road traversing the Karabel pass. 38. Strabon. The Geography of Strabo, Book VI, translated by H. L. Jones. Cambridge: The Loeb Classical Library, 1960. 39. Weber, E. 1976. Tabula Peutingeriana: Codex Vindobonensis 324. Graz; Hierocles, Synecdemus, translated by H. Gelzer. Lipsiae, 1893: 660.9. 40. Wheler, G. 1682. A Journey into Greece by George Wheler in Company of Dr Spon of Lyons in six books containing I. II, III. IV. V. VI. London: William Cademan, Robert Kettlewell & Awnsham Churchill. 41. Encounters with highwaymen and bandits were numerous and frequent in and around Seydiköy. Among their many victims were the Smyrniote Levantines W. A. Jonkheer, H. van Lennep, A. O. van Lennep, and Baron van Heemstra. A “Captain Andreas gang” is mentioned by name in Nikos Kararas’s book (1964, 149). In his description of the area, C. Texier (1862, 309) calls the road “Chemin du Sang” (“Bloody Road”) and says that the brigands were in fact from the island of Samos. 42. Concerning Mount Alaman (also “Aleman” and “Eleman”): J. Spons asserts that it is Mount Mimas; G. Wheler, drawing on the evidence of Strabo, says it must be Mount Gallesion. 8.08.2023 10:25 438 43. This may be the district known as Kabacakırı nowadays. Hill, David J. A. 2010. “Travelers in Asia Minor from 1677-1904: A summary of antiquarian descriptions of Metropolis and its landscape” in Metropolis Ionia II; Yolların Kesiştiği Yer, Recep Meric İcin Yazılar (The Land of the Crossroads; Essays in Honour of Recep Meric), edited by S. Aybek & A. K. Öz, Homer Kitabevi, İstanbul: 157-166. 44. Arundell, F. V. J. 1834. Discoveries in Asia Minor Including a Description of the Ruins of Several Ancient Cities And Especially Antioch of Pisidia. London. 45. Texier, C. 1849. Description de L’Asie Mineure, Le Ministere de L’Instruction Publique, Deuxieme Volume. Paris. 46. Texier, C. 1862. Asie Mineure, Description Geographique, Historique et Archeologique. Firmin Didot. Paris. 47. Fontrier, A. M. 1876-78. Peri tes en Ionia Metropoleos; Mouseion kai Bibliotheke tes Euangelikes Skoles/Ionia Metropolisi Hakkında. İzmir Evangelik Müzesi ve Kitaplığı Yayınları, İzmir. 48. Schuchhardt, C. 1886. Kolophon, Notion und Klaros. Athens. 49. Ramsay, W. M. 1960. Anadolu’nun Tarihi Coğrafyası. Çev. M. Pektaş. Milli Eğitim Basımevi, İstanbul. 50. Weber, G. 1904. “Wasserleitungen in kleinasiatischen Städten. Metropolis in Ionien.” JdI 19: 88-101. 51. Keil, J. & A. Premerstein. 1914. Bericht uber eine dritte reise in Lydien und den angrenzenden gebieten Ioniens. Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna. 52. Aybek, S., A. K. Öz. & A. Ekin-Meriç. 2009. Metropolis İonia’da Bir Tanrıca Kenti. Homer Kitabevi, İstanbul. 53. Dreyer, B. & H. Engelmann. 2003. Die Inschriften von Metropolis, Die Derkete fur Apollonios: Stadtische Politik unter den Attaliden und im Konflikt zwischen Aristonikos und Rom, Band 63. Teil 1. Dr. Rudolf Halbert GMBH. Bonn. 54. Meriç R. 2003. Metropolis, Metropolis Ana Tanrıca Kenti / City of the Mother Goddess. Mas Matbaacılık. İstanbul. 55. Engelmann, H. 1999. “Inschriften aus Metropolis.” ZPE 125: 135-146. 56. Engelmann, H. 2008. “Eine Ehreninschrift der Presbyteroi von Metropolis.” Asia Minor Studien 65 (VomEuphrat bis zum Bosporus. Kleinasien in der Antike. Festschrift für Elmar Schwertheim zum 65): 197-198. 57. Öz, A. K. 2006. “Antik Dönemden Modern Mimariye Meclis Binaları İçin Bir Form Analizi.” Mimarlık, Sayı 330: 57-63. 58. Öz, A. K. 2006. Antik Donem Meclis Binalarının Metropolis Örneğinde Araştırılması ve Korunması. (Yayımlanmamış) Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı, İzmir. 59. Sartori. G. 1993. Demokrasi Teorisine Geri Donuş. Çev. T. Karamustafaoğlu ve M. Turhan, Ankara. 60. For the justifications for diplomatic missions see also Friedemann, Q. 1993. Die Honoratiorenschicht in den Städten des griechischen Ostens, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 175-176. 61. This lobbying could become quite demeaning as is documented by a somewhat older decree from Abdera about envoys from Teos (Syll. ³656) in which are described the daily “physical and mental torments” the envoys had to endure during their submissive supplications (proskynesis) in the atria of senatorial houses. (Lehmann, G. A. 1998. “Römischer Tod” in Colophon/Claros. Neue Quellen zum Status der “freien” Polisstaaten an der Westküste Kleinasiens im späten zweiten Jahrhundert v. Chr, Göttingen.) 62. Agathias 2, 17. 63. Friedemann Q. 1993. Die Honoratiorenschicht in den Städten des griechischen Ostens, Stuttgart. 64. Dreyer, B. & H. Engelmann. 2003. Die Inschriften von Metropolis, Die Derkete für Apollonios: Städtische Politik unter den Attaliden und im Konflikt zwischen Aristonikos und Rom LXIII:1, Dr Rudolf Halbert GMBH, Bonn. 65. Van Douwe, A. 2014. “Die Dekrete des Apollonios aus Metropolis und der Aristonikos-Krieg” in Orient & Occident in Antiquity / Orient & Okzident in der Antike / Die Surveys im Hermos-und Kaystrostal und die Grabungen an den Thermen von Metropolis (Ionien) sowie am Stadion von Magnesia am Maander, edited by B. Dreyer & S. Aybek, Lit Verlag, Berlin, I: 137-146. 66. Lehmann, G. A. 1998. “Römischer Tod” in Colophon/ Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 438 Claros. Neue Quellen zum Status der “freien” Polisstaaten an der Westküste Kleinasiens im späten zweiten Jahrhundert v. Chr, Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philologisch-Historische Klasse, Göttingen: 125-194. 67. It is generally accepted that poleis sought seeking community-patronage at least since the middle of the 2nd century BC. (Badian, E. 1958. Foreign Clientelae. 264-70 B.C. Oxford; Touloumakos, J. 1988. “Zum römischen Gemeindepatronat im griechischen Osten”, Hermes 116: 304-324.) 68. In addition to this honorary inscription, they are also further known: AE 2013, no 1536; Athenagoras also from a coin between 222-235 CE (Head, B. V. 1892. Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Ionia in the British Museums, London 176, nos 8-9); Aurelius Ammianus also from an inscription on a grave from Chondria (Şehitler), 220-240 CE (I Ephesus VII 1, no 3453) and Eden, no 216. 69. About the personal identity of the two positions see Deininger, J. 1965. Die Provinziallandtage der römischen Kaiserzeit. von Augustus bis zum Ende des dritten Jahrhunderts n. Chr. Munich/ Berlin, 41-50; Engelmann, H. 2000. “Asiarchs”, ZPE 132: 173–175. 70. This general sense of gratitude is also apparent in a 9 BC Calendar Decree: http://wisski.cs.fau.de/eden/content/ecrm_E34_Inscription3c6f. 71. Sponsel, C. 2017. Der Areskult in Metropolis (Ionien), FAU University Press, Erlangen. 72. Prosopographia Imperii Romani, saec. I, II, III (Volume 4), Berolini, 1952-1966. 73. Engelmann, H., K. Dieter & M. Dieter. 1980. Die Inschriften von Ephesos IV: 001-1445 (Repertorium), Cologne. 74. Burns, A. 1976. “Hippodamos and the planned city”, Historia 25: 414-428; Kriesis, A. 1965. Greek Town Buildings, The National Technical University of Athens, Athens; Mansel, A. M. 1984. Ege ve Yunan Tarihi, 4. Baskı, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara; Wycherley, R.E. 1993. Antik Çağda Kentler Nasıl Kuruldu?, 4. Baskı. Çev. N. Nirven & N. Başgelen. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul. 75. Tanaç, M. 2000. Batı Anadolu Antik Yerleşimlerinde Kentsel Mekan Kurgusu Araştırması [Unpublished master’s thesis], DEÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi, İzmir; Tanaç, M. 2002. “Batı Anadolu Antik Kentlerinde Izgara Planlamanın Gelişimi”, İzmir Kent Kültürü Dergisi 5, İzmir: 287-297. 76. Owens, E.J. 2000. Yunan ve Roma Dünyasında Kent, Çev. C. Bilsel. Homer Kitabevi, İstanbul; Wycherley, R.E. 1993. Antik Çağda Kentler Nasıl Kuruldu?, 3. Baskı. Çev. N. Nirven & N. Başgelen. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul. 77. Tanaç, M. 2000. Batı Anadolu Antik Yerleşimlerinde Kentsel Mekan Kurgusu Araştırması [Unpublished master’s thesis], DEÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi, İzmir; Tanaç, M. 2002. “Batı Anadolu Antik Kentlerinde Izgara Planlamanın Gelişimi”, İzmir Kent Kültürü Dergisi 5, İzmir: 287-297. 78. Tanaç, M. 2000. Batı Anadolu Antik Yerleşimlerinde Kentsel Mekan Kurgusu Araştırması [Unpublished master’s thesis], DEÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi, İzmir; Tanaç, M. 2002. “Batı Anadolu Antik Kentlerinde Izgara Planlamanın Gelişimi”, İzmir Kent Kültürü Dergisi 5, İzmir: 287-297; Aybek, S., A. E. Meriç & A. K. Öz. 2009. İonia’da Bir Ana Tanrıça Kenti Metropolis, Homer Kitabevi, İstanbul; Meriç, R. 1996. Metropolis, Metropolis Dostları Derneği; Meriç, R. 2003. Metropolis Ana Tanrıça Kenti, MAS Matbaacılık, İstanbul. 79. Tanaç, M. 2000. Batı Anadolu Antik Yerleşimlerinde Kentsel Mekan Kurgusu Araştırması [Unpublished master’s thesis], DEÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi, İzmir; Tanaç, M. 2002. “Batı Anadolu Antik Kentlerinde Izgara Planlamanın Gelişimi”, İzmir Kent Kültürü Dergisi, 5, İzmir: 287-297. 80. Akarca, A. 1978. Şehir ve Savunma, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara. 81. Tanaç, M. 2000. 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Aybek, S. 2011. “Metropolis Terrakotaları Hakkında İncelemeler”, http://wisski.cs.fau.de/eden/content/ecrm_E34_Inscription3c53 Trakya Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi I:1, Edirne: 145-158. 133. https://eden.wisski.data.fau.de/wisski_views/metropolis_inschriften, 156. Ekin-Meriç, A. 2013. Metropolis İonia III, Ana Tanrıça nos 81, 83, 85, 88, 90-92, 94, 95, 97, 103, 82, 84, 86, 89, 93, 96, 110, 113, 102. Kutsal Mağaraları, Homer Kitabevi, İstanbul. 134. Dreyer, B. & H. Engelmann. 2009. “Neue Dokumente 157. Gülbay, O. 2018. “Ein neuer Hausaltar aus zum Kult des Ares in Metropolis”, ZPE 168: 161-176. Metropolis für Hadrian mit den Epitheten Olympios 135. Aybek, S., Dreyer B. & Sponsel C. 2018. “Der Kultplatz des und Zeus Soter Augustus”, Phaselis IV: 231-237. Zeus Krezimos in Metropolis in Ionien”, Gephyra XV: 71-94. 158. Öz, A. K. 2012. “The Research and Conservation 136. Aybek, S. & O. 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A Case Study From Metropolis in Ionia” in Orient & Occident in Antiquity / Orient & Okzident in der Antike, edited by B. Dreyer & S. Aybek, Lit Verlag, Berlin, III: 25-49. 170. Meriç, R. 2003. Metropolis, Metropolis Ana Tanrıça Kenti / City of the Mother Goddess. Mas Matbaacılık, İstanbul. 171. Meriç, R. 1981. “Metrologische Funde aus Metropolis und Ephesos”, ZPE XLI, Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn: 211-215. 172. Fazlıoğlu, İ. 1997. Eskiçağda Dokuma, Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 1997. 173. Aybek, S., B. Arslan & O. Gülbay. 2021. The Peristyle House of Metropolis, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul. 174. Akkuş-Koçak, E. 2021. “Glass Workshops and Glass Production in Metropolis (Ionia)”, Annales du 21 Congrés de 1’Association Internationale pour 1’Historie du Verre, 3-7 September 2018, edited by O. 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Ekin-Meriç 2012. “Metropolis’den Rölyefli Matara” in İsmail Fazlıoğlu Anı Kitabı, edited by I. Şahin, Edirne: 17-23. 181. Durak, E. 2013. Metropolis Bronz Eserler [Unpublished master’s thesis], Trakya Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı, Edirne. Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 441 8.08.2023 10:25 442 INDEX Abdülhamit II; 30 Adramyttium (Edremit); 350, 360 Agesilaus; 18 Agonothetes; 51, 54. Aigai (Yuntdağıköseler); 93, 350, 440 Akhisar; 94, 350 Alaman Dağı; 17, 59, 120, 224. Alexandra Myrton; 174 Alexandria Troas (Dalyan); 350, 360 Alexandros Euplos; 55 Alinda (Karpuzlu); 350 Alyattes; 17 Anakome; 59 Andon Pass; 55 Andron; 176 Antioch (Yalvaç); 350, 438 Antoniniani; 352, 362, 364, 440, 441 Antoninus Pius; 54, 171, 273 Apamea (Dinar); 350, 360 Apellas Archelaos; 96 Aphrodite; 202, 235, 236, 272, 307, 311 Apollonios (Dossier); 31, 52, 56, 91, 93, 94, 96, 104, 171, 176, 178, 265, 350, 437, 438, 439 Arapkahve Höyük; 24, 31, 176 Araplıtepe; 29, 76, 118, 205, 240, 248, 250, 255, 263 Archelaos Pythes; 52, 96 Ardys; 17 Ares; 29, 51, 53, 55, 96, 97, 176, 178, 198, 228, 232, 276, 277, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 440 Ariadne; 189, 198, 275, 276, 330 Aristonicus; 29, 52, 54, 94 Artemas; 198 Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 442 Artemis; 71, 202, 272, 437 Arzawa; 24, 55, 437 Asclepius; 172, 198, 202, 208, 265 Assos; 79 Astraios; 18, 20, 55, 120, 121, 162, 349 Athena; 114, 202, 234, 235, 272, 437 Atimetos; 205, 248 Attalos; 94, 176 Attica; 165 Augustus; 31, 54, 64, 65, 94, 96, 97, 171, 178, 277, 437, 438, 440 Auliukome (Kozpınar); 59 Aulus Granius Bassus; 51, 202 Aurelianus; 352 Aurelius Ammianus; 96, 102, 438 Aurelius Menekrates; 97 Avlutaş; 31, 118 Aydın Mountain; 17 Ayrancılar; 59, 66, 72, 120, 153 Bacchantes; 253 Bademgediği Tepe; 17, 24, 25, 31, 38, 44, 45, 255, 437 Ballıcaoluk Kalesi; 118 Balpınar; 120 Barutçu; 55, 437 Battalus; 352, 366 Belevi; 55, 59, 116 Bozdağlar; 16, 20, 59 Cabagea; 66 Caracalla; 55, 97 Cayster/Kaystros; 17, 18, 20, 51, 52, 55, 59, 66, 91, 162, 350, 394 Chairemon; 94 Charites; 385, 392 Chios (Sakız Adası); 59, 165, 180, 350, 358, 360 Claros (Ahmetbeyli); 54, 59, 66, 437, 438 Claudia Trophime; 97 Clazomenae (Urla); 59 Cnidus (Datça); 114, 165, 180, 350, 358 Colophon (Değirmendere); 17, 54, 66, 94, 96, 176, 350, 360, 438 Constantinopolis; 350 Cos (İstanköy); 165, 180, 350, 358, 360 Cybele; 29, 288, 349 Cyzicus (Belkıs); 350, 352 Çaka Bey; 29 Çakal Pass; 55 Çatal Lake; 55, 67 Çevlik Çayı; 18, 20, 55, 120, 162 Dedecik-Heybelitepe; 17, 24, 31, 42, 43, 437 Delos; 51, 165 Demeter; 256, 270 Demetrios; 58, 178 Diadochi; 91 Diodorus; 18 Dionysus; 162, 189, 198, 233, 275, 276, 277, 330, 349 Diophantos; 51 Domitian; 71, 202 Ephesus; 7, 17, 18, 24, 29, 30, 31, 51, 52, 55, 59, 66, 70, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80, 116, 117, 162, 165, 172, 174, 202, 253, 255, 273, 350, 360, 437, 438 Eros/Erotes; 198, 272, 275, 276, 301, 302, 330 Eukles; 51, 54, 97 Evliya Çelebi; 30 Fetrek Çayı; 18, 55, 79, 162 Flavia Polliane; 97 Flavian Dynasty; 94 Flavius Zoticus; 97 Gallesion; 17, 32, 59, 96, 120, 176, 202, 224, 437, 440 Gallienus; 352 Gebekirse Lake; 55, 67 Germanicus; 54, 205, 248, 277, 437 Gothic/Goths; 29, 31, 352 Göllüce; 116 8.08.2023 10:25 443 Griffin; 101, 265, 289, 334 Gukguk Tepe; 31, 118, 144 Gyges; 17 Hadrian; 273, 440 Halys; 59. Hamidiye; 66 Hasançavuşlar; 116, 125 Hegesias; 51, 178, 277, 352 Hera; 176, 198 Heraclea ad Latmum (Bafa); 114, 350 Hercules; 272, 401 Hermas; 51 Hermes; 54, 198, 202, 233, 272, 276 Hestia; 98, 256 Hierocles; 59, 115, 202, 437, 440 Hippodamus; 91, 107 Homer; 55, 162, 166, 439 Hygieia; 172, 198, 202, 209, 265, 296 Hypaipa; 18, 350 Isthmia; 166 İznik; 80 Justinian; 255 Kaplancık; 116 Karabel Pass; 17, 18, 117, 437 Karataş Kale; 31, 118, 142 Keçikalesi; 59 Kızılhisar; 30, 66 Kilbos; 91 Kocagöz Lake; 55, 67 Kovukpınar; 120 Kozpınar; 59. Küçük Menderes; 8, 21, 55, 59, 66, 80, 437 Kyriakos; 55 Laskarid; 256 Lazarus; 59, 202 Licinius Balbus; 14, 54 Lollianus; 55 Lysimachus; 91 Machatas; 352, 366 Maenad; 275, 276, 331 Magnesia ad Maendrum (Ortaklar); 114, 350, 360, 438, 439, 440 Marcus Antonius; 253 Marcus Aurelius Athenagoras; 54, 96 Marcus Gavius Apicius; 162 Mediolanum (Milan); 352 Mehmed II; 30, 49 Melos; 24, 43 Menippos; 54, 94, 96 Menteşeoğulları; 30 Mesopotamia; 166 Messene; 91 Messogis; 17 Meter Gallesia; 51, 55, 59, 176, 178, 224 Metrodoros Eukles; 54 Miletus; 17, 91 ,114, 350, 360 Minoan; 166 Mousa/Muses; 272, 304 Mursili II; 55 Mycenaean; 81, 255, 259, 437 Nemea; 166 Nero; 31, 52, 62, 178 Nicomedia (İzmit) ; 350 Nif (Olympos) Dağı; 59, 118 Nikaia; 80 Nikandros; 165, 350, 356, 439, 441 Nike; 272, 304 Nikolaos; 97 Notion (Ahmetbeyli); 66, 438 Nysa (Sultanhisar); 91 Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 443 Olympia; 166, 439 Olynthus; 161, 170 Ödemiş; 18, 350 Pan/Faun; 189, 253 Pantheon; 176, 198, 272 Pax Augusta; 96 Pergamum/Pergamene; 52, 91, 93, 94, 116, 120, 165, 166, 171, 265, 276, 350, 360 Perge; 97 Philiskos; 54, 171 Philoxenos; 54 171 Phokaia; 166 Phyrites; 18, 55, 79, 162 Pliny; 55 Plutarch; 253 Polemaios; 94, 96 Polemarchos; 52, 171 Priene; 17, 93, 114, 202 Publius Plancius; 51, 97 Publius Publii Filius Plancius; 97 Puranda; 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, 255, 437 Puteoli; 51 Rhodes/Rhodian; 94, 165, 350, 358, 359 Sadyattes; 17 Sağlıküstü; 116 Samos; 59, 437 Sardis; 17, 18, 51, 79, 117, 350, 360, 437 Satyr; 253 Sebaste Caesarea; 277 Seleucid; 29, 91, 118 Selunisia Lake; 55, 67 Septimius Severus; 178, 228 Serapas; 198 Sextidius Reginus; 97 Sextus Appuleius; 55 Silenus; 272 Sinektepe Höyük; 24, 31, 55 Siscia (Sisak, Croatia); 352 Smyrna; 17, 24, 29, 30, 55, 80, 117, 162, 174, 350, 360 Soluntum; 91 Sparta; 18 Stagnum Pegaseum (Cellat Gölü); 18, 20, 55, 79, 117 Susa; 18 Tacitus; 54 Tahtalı Çayı; 18, 59 Taurus Plancius; 97 Tepeköy Höyüğü; 31 Termessos; 93 Theognetos; 51 Theotokos Monastery; 59 Thespis of Icaria; 275 Thyateira; 94, 350 Tiberius; 31, 54, 171 Tissaphernes; 18 Tmolos; 16, 18, 20, 59 Tralleis (Aydın); 94, 350 Trianda; 59, 72, 120, 153 Trojan; 55 Tulum; 59, 118, 140 Tyche; 198, 272, 273, 349 Tychikos; 198 Ufaktepe; 24, 31 Uyuzdere; 76, 80, 162, 176, 224, 226, 227, 272 Vedius Gymnasium; 172, 439 Vibia Nepsis; 97 Xenophon; 18 Yazıbaşı Höyüğü; 31 Zeus Krezimos; 12, 20, 51, 110, 115, 124, 176, 198, 205, 230, 232, 265, 276, 440. 8.08.2023 10:25 AUTHORS AKKUŞ KOÇAK, Emine [E.A.K.] Yozgat Bozok Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü Erdoğan Akdağ Kampüsü 66100 Merkez/Yozgat [email protected] ARSLAN, Burak [B.A.] Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü Klasik Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı Merkez Kampüs 35100 Bornova/İzmir [email protected] AYBEK, Serdar [S.A.] Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü Şehit. Prof. Dr. İlhan Varank Yerleşkesi 451410 Yunusemre/Manisa [email protected] BALIM, Yılmaz [Y.B.] Metropolis Kazı Evi Yeniköy Mah. Sancak Sok. No:5 35860 Torbalı /İzmir CANSEVEN, Umut [U.C.] Metropolis Kazı Evi Yeniköy Mah. Sancak Sok. No:5 35860 Torbalı /İzmir DREYER, Boris [B.D.] Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte Kochstr. 4, Postfach 8 91054 Erlangen [email protected] DUMAN, Ezgi [E.D.] Metropolis Kazı Evi Yeniköy Mah. Sancak Sok. No:5 35860 Torbalı /İzmir EKİN MERİÇ, Aygün [A.E.M.] Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü Klasik Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı 35390 Buca/İzmir [email protected] GÜLBAY, Onur [O.G.] Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü Klasik Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı 35390 Buca/İzmir [email protected] GÜNGÖR ALPER, Eda [E.G.A.] Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji Bölümü Klasik Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı 35390 Buca/İzmir [email protected] Metropolis ING Kitap (Final).indd 444 GÜRLER, Binnur [B.G.] Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi, Arkeoloji Bölümü Klasik Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı 35390 Buca/İzmir [email protected] HILVERDA, Alexander [A.H.] Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte Kochstr. 4, Postfach 8 91054 Erlangen [email protected] MENTEŞE, Şahin [Ş.M.] Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Arkeoloji Bölümü Şehit. Prof. Dr. İlhan Varank Yerleşkesi 451410 Yunusemre/Manisa [email protected] MERİÇ, Recep [R.M.] Metropolis Kazı Evi Yeniköy Mah. Sancak Sok. No:5 35860 Torbalı /İzmir MERİÇ, Zeynep A. [Z.M.] Metropolis Kazı Evi Yeniköy Mah. Sancak Sok. No:5 35860 Torbalı /İzmir Metropolis Archaeological Site Yeniköy Mahallesi, 35860 Torbalı-İzmir metropolistr.org ONAR, Vedat [V.O.] İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa Osteoarkeoloji Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi 34320 Avcılar/İstanbul [email protected] ÖZ, Ali Kazım [A.K.Ö.] Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi, Arkeoloji Bölümü Restorasyon Anabilim Dalı 35390 Buca/İzmir [email protected] ROLAND, Håkon [H.R.] University of Oslo/Norway Museum of Cultural History [email protected] SPONSEL-SCHAFFNER, Christina [C.S.S.] Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Geschichte Professur für Alte Geschichte Kochstr. 4, Postfach 891054 Erlangen [email protected] TANAÇ ZEREN, Mine [M.T.Z.] Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mimarlık Fakültesi, Mimarlık Bölümü Restorasyon Anabilim Dalı 35390 Buca/İzmir [email protected] THOMAS, Christine [C.T.] UC Santa Barbara Department of Religious Studies Cordano Chair in Catholic Studies Director Ancient Mediterranean Studies Program 3130 Santa Barbara/California/USA [email protected] YILDIRIM, Yaşar S. [Y.S.Y.] Karabük Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi, Arkeoloji Bölümü Klasik Arkeoloji Anabilim Dalı 78050 Merkez/Karabük [email protected] 8.08.2023 10:25