Persistence of equine piroplasmosis in horses in Nigeria

Pathogens, 2021

Equine piroplasmosis, an economically important disease of equids caused by the hemoprotozoan parasites Theileria equi, T. haneyi, and Babesia caballi, has a worldwide distribution. These parasites are transmitted by ixodid ticks. To improve the detection of horses in Nigeria exposed to piroplasm parasites, 72 horses with variable clinical signs of piroplasmosis were sampled from Northwest and Northcentral Nigeria and tested by nPCR and cELISA. Blood and serum samples were collected from each horse via jugular venesection. Individually, nPCR or cELISA failed to identify all horses exposed to piroplasms. A combination of species-specific nPCR and the OIE-approved T. equi and B. caballi cELISAs enhanced the detection of horses exposed to parasites. The results also demonstrated horses showing abnormal hematology were positive for only T. equi, except for one sample that was coinfected with T. equi and T. haneyi. We also identified ticks collected from some of the horses, with Rhipicep...

Parasitology Research, 2010

Working donkeys (n ¼ 395) originating from three different districts of the Oromia region of Ethiopia were examined October 2009 and April 2010 for the prevalence of equine piroplasmosis between. Apart from hematological and serological examination, tick vectors were collected and determined. Intraerythrocytic stages of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi were detected in 12.2% and 1.8% of examined stained blood smears, respectively. The seroprevalence of T. equi and B. caballi was 55.7% and 13.2%, respectively. The majority of active infection coincided with anemia. Only 16 donkeys were infested with four species of hard ticks: Rhipicephalus turanicus, Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus pulchellus, and Amblyomma variegatum.

Introduction: Equine piroplasmosis caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi is an emerging equine disease of worldwide distribution. Tick vectors responsible for the spread and clinical cases are common in Pakistan. Objectives: A cross sectional seroepidemiological study was conducted in 5 draught equine populated metropolises of Punjab (Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, Multan and Bahawalpur) to access the prevalence of T. equi and B. caballi. Methods: Sera from 65 horses, 33 mules and 332 donkeys (n = 430) along with housing and managemental details were randomly collected and tested through commercial T. equi and B. caballi antibodies detection cELISA test kits (VMRD, Inc., USA). Data was analyzed using epidemiological software 'WINPEPI' for contributing risk factors by calculating odds ratio (OR). Results: Sero-prevalence of piroplasmosis was found to be 52.56% (T. equi = 41.16% and B. caballi = 21.62%; P < 0.05) in the selected areas. Forty four (10.23%) sera were found positive for both piroplasms (mix infection). Significantly higher (P < 0.05) prevalence was recorded in Lahore (95.65%, n = 66) and Faisalabad (64%, n = 96) than Multan (52.94%, n = 36), Gujranwala (50.67%, n = 38) and Bahawalpur (50%, n = 34). Sero-prevalence of piroplasmosis was 69.23% in horses (T. equi = 56.92%, n = 37; B. caballi = 24.61%, n = 16) followed by 63.64% in mules (T.equi 48.48%, n = 16; B. caballi 30.30%, n = 10) and 48.19% in donkeys (37.34%, n = 124) (• 2 = 11.41). Adjusted analysis for possible confounding factors revealed that living in congested communal stables (OR = 1.19, 95% CI 0.77-1.84) and with ticks infested equine cohorts (OR = 1.63, 95% CI 0.50-5.40) had higher risks of contracting the disease. Discussion and Conclusion: Sero-prevalence of piroplasmosis was alarmingly high in the selected population which could be attributed to the faulty housing / management practices and Published in IVIS with the permission of the WEVA Close this window to return to IVIS Thanks: Authors are extremely thankful for the support provided by The Brooke Hospital for Animals, Pakistan in collection of serum samples from their communities in Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad and Multan lack of knowledge among animal health professionals about the correct diagnosis and treatment of T. equi and B. caballi.

Veterinary Record

Equine piroplasmosis (EP) has historically been of minor concern to UK equine practitioners, primarily due to a lack of competent tick vectors. However, increased detection of EP tick vector species in the UK has been reported recently. EP screening is not currently required for equine importation, and when combined with recent relaxations in movement regulations, there is an increased risk regarding disease incursion and establishment into the UK. This study evaluated the prevalence of EP by both serology and PCR among 1242 UK equine samples submitted for EP screening between February and December 2016 to the Animal and Plant Health Agency and the Animal Health Trust. Where information was available, 81.5 per cent of submissions were for the purpose of UK export testing, and less than 0.1 per cent for UK importation. Serological prevalence of EP was 8.0 per cent, and parasite DNA was found in 0.8 per cent of samples. A subsequent analysis of PCR sensitivity in archived clinical sam...

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019

Equine Piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan protozoan parasites, Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. The disease is responsible for serious economic losses to the equine industry. It principally affects donkeys, horses, mules, and zebra but DNA of the parasites has also been detected in dogs and camels raising doubt about their host specificity. The disease is endemic in tropical and temperate regions of the world where the competent tick vectors are prevalent. Infected equids remain carrier for life with T. equi infection, whilst, infection with B. caballi is cleared within a few years. This review focuses on all aspects of the disease from the historical overview, biology of the parasite, epidemiology of the disease (specifically highlighting other non-equine hosts, such as dogs and camels), vector, clinical manifestations, risk factors, immunology, genetic diversity, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 2013

This is a cross-sectional molecular epidemiological study on equine piroplasmosis (EP) affecting horses and donkeys in the Sudan. The study evaluated 499 samples from geographically distinct regions in eastern, central and western parts of the country. PCR amplification of the 18S rRNA gene of both Thelieria equi and Babesia caballi was carried out. Horses from all sampled areas were found positive to T. equi DNA but no B. caballi was detected. Absence of B. caballi infection was confirmed by another PCR targeting the B. caballi 48-kDa merozoite antigen. The overall prevalence was found to be 35.95%. The highest prevalence was detected in Showak 13 (81.3%) and the lowest was in Shearia locality in South Darfur 1 (5.6%). In another experiment, capillary electrophoresis was used to detect and differentiate between T. equi and B. caballi using one set of primers designed to amplify the 18S rRNA gene in a single PCR. Capillary electrophoresis method was found to be powerful in detecting mixed infections in artificially mixed controls samples. The data obtained in this study would contribute to the development of a national control strategy of EP in the Sudan.

Preventive veterinary …, 2006

The objective of this study was to provide epidemiological information of equine trypanosomosis in the Central River Division (CRD) of The Gambia. Therefore, 2285 consultations records of equines, admitted in a gate-clinic at Sololo in CRD, were studied retrospectively. The data were recorded in the period between September 1995 and July 2002 and comprised consultations of 2113 horses and 172 donkeys. 'Trypanosome infection' was the most frequently diagnosed condition and accounted for 61% of the cases. Horses were more frequently diagnosed with trypanosome infections than donkeys (p 1 <0.001), with an occurrence of 63% compared to 43% in donkeys. In both horses and donkeys, trypanosome infections were mainly due to Trypanosoma congolense (64%) and T. vivax (32%). There was no difference observed in the occurrence of trypanosome infections in male or female donkeys (p=0.585), but there were more female (67.8%) horses observed with trypanosome infections than male horses (60.7%; p=0.003). There was no difference observed in the occurrence of trypanosome infections in donkeys older or younger than 1 year (p=0.130), but more older horses (63.2% >1 year) were observed with trypanosome infections than young horses (54.5 %< 1 year; p=0.033). The number of donkeys and horses with trypanosome infections decreased during the rainy season (June-September). The majority of equines that were admitted with trypanosome infections were severely anaemic. The average packed cell volume (PCV) declined with increasing parasitaemia (p= 0.006). Seventy four percent of the farmers' predictions of trypanosome infections in their equines were confirmed by darkground-microscopy. That proved that farmers had a fairly accurate knowledge of the diseases affecting their equines. The treatments executed at the gate-clinic were generally effective. The few (0.4%) relapses of the T. vivax infections that were previously treated with diminazene aceturate in this study were not sufficient to prove drug resistance. The study showed that the analysis of consultation records at a gate-clinic can provide complementary information to conventional epidemiological studies in the same research area.

Media Biznes Kultura, 2020

Bestie i ludzie. "Wilkołak" Adriana Panka i figura "hitlerowskiego psa" a semiotyka komunikacji Bestie i ludzie… Streszczenie W organizacji hitlerowskich obozów koncentracyjnych ważną rolę pełniły psy strażnicze i tropiące Acz wszechobecne w świadectwach więźniów jako budzące przerażenie bestie, to w kulturowej świadomości występują jedynie jako złowrogi ornament obozowej scenerii Podobnie marginalne miejsce zajmuje figura "hitlerowskiego psa" w tekstach polskiej kultury popularnej Autor opracowania stawia sobie za cel bliższe przyjrzenie się temu motywowi w zbiorowej świadomości, a zwłaszcza w polskiej twórczości filmowej Przybliża też system, w obrębie którego wykorzystywano psy Asumpt do tych rozważań daje osadzony fabularnie w pookupacyjnej rzeczywistości interesujący film Adriana Panka "Wilkołak" z 2018 roku Czerpiący z estetyki horroru i baśni, historyczny obraz wykorzystuje kulturowe konotacje figury obozowego psa dla ukazania uniwersalnych prawd o ludzkiej kondycji Słowa kluczowe: obozy koncentracyjne, pies, film, animal studies, horror Beasts and people. Adrian Panek's "The Werewolf" and the figure of the "Nazi dog" and communication semiotics Abstract Guard and hunting dogs played an important role in the organization of Nazi concentration camps Although ubiquitous in the prisoners' testimonies as terrifying beasts, they only appear in the cultural consciousness as an ominous ornament of the camp scenery The figure of the "Nazi dog" occupies a similarly marginal place in the texts of Polish popular culture The author of the study aims to take a closer look at this motif in collective consciousness, and especially in Polish filmmaking It also introduces the system in which dogs were used Embedded in the post-occupational reality, the interesting film by Adrian Panek, ‚The Werewolf', gives rise to these considerations Drawing on the aesthetics of horror and fairy tales, this historical image uses the cultural connotations of the figure of a camp dog to show universal truths about the human condition

Revista Electrónica Educare , 2024

Objetivo. Este artículo es el resultado de una investigación en la cual uno de sus objetivos se enfoca en identificar los principales factores de valoración de la calidad académica de programas de posgrado aplicados por diferentes modelos de autoevaluación en la región iberoamericana. Metodología. Se aplicó una investigación cualitativa utilizando métodos de la educación comparada para analizar siete modelos de autoevaluación existentes en Chile, Ecuador, Centroamérica, Colombia y España. Se establecieron unidades de análisis para realizar la comparación entre los criterios y evidencias de cada modelo mediante la utilización de matrices individuales. Posteriormente, se unificaron para sistematizar todos los elementos estudiados. Resultados. Los resultados identificaron niveles de relevancia entre los factores y sus correspondientes evidencias necesarias en la determinación de la calidad de un programa de posgrado. Conclusión. De todas las categorías planteadas para el análisis, las tres más importantes son: factores pedagógicos, factores administrativos y valoración del impacto.

Professional Historians in Public, ed. Berber Bevernage and Lutz Raphael, 2023

As history loses confidence as a discipline, it is other disciplines, such as law, and other processes, such as truth and reconciliation commissions, which appear to have a clearer idea of what history needs to be about. There are also popular, and populist, demands upon history: what should historians tell us? Is there a core 'national' or 'community' story to tell? Is history to be invoked in the service of the self-respect of particular groups whose appearance in the historical record has so far not been recognised by history? These demands, often generated outside the discipline, have had a profound effect on the internal understanding of history. What can legitimately be said? What is a suitable subject for research? What words, phrases, or episodes in history are best avoided, sensitively dealt with, or expunged from the record altogether? Every public space, every historical culture, nationally (by which is of course meant state-wise), regionally, communally, or otherwise organised, has different answers to the question of what history should be. This set of expectations is often implicit, and it is hard to indicate whether public expectations of history are shaped by professional historiography at all, whether professional historiography responds to public expectations of (or public demands for) history, or whether they are mutually influential, interacting, and reciprocally entangled. Minimalistically, we can suggest (and certainly we can agree about the normative expectation that it do so after the 'history from below' debates of the latter half of the twentieth century), 1 that public domain arguments have a bearing on what historians can legitimately write about, in what tone, rhetorical frame, or authorial positionality. We might want to paraphrase this statement in terms of the concept of 'languages of legitimation'the ways in which certain subjects can be legitimately talked about, which is again dependent on who is talking to whomand its relationship to the registers of legitimate history. I identify three registers of legitimate history in present-day public domain arguments: I propose that we call them a truth and reconciliation register, a historical conscience register, and a sensibilities of representation register.