Part 2: Officers and Crew

Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar C.S.S. Alabama: An Illustrated History Library Special Collections Fall 10-10-2017 Part 2: Officers and Crew Jack L. Dickinson Marshall University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/css_al Part of the Military History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Dickinson, Jack L., "Part 2: Officers and Crew" (2017). C.S.S. Alabama: An Illustrated History. 2. http://mds.marshall.edu/css_al/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Library Special Collections at Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in C.S.S. Alabama: An Illustrated History by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. CSS Alabama : An Illustrated History You are here In Six Parts: Part 1: Building of Ship 290 ---> Part 2: Officers and Crew Part 3: Cruise of the Alabama Part 4: Battle with USS Kearsarge Part 5: Wreck Exploration & Excavation Part 6: Miscellaneous and Bibliography (the Alabama Claims, poems, music, sword of Raphael Semmes) To read any of the other parts, return to the menu and select that part to be downloaded. Designed and Assembled by Jack L. Dickinson Marshall University Special Collections 2017 1 CSS Alabama: An Illustrated History Officers and CREW OF THE CSS ALABAMA During the Civil War naval officers were divided into four categories for purposes of berthing and messing aboard ship: cabin, wardroom, steerage, and forward officers. The captain had a private state room, and higher ranking officers had small cabins, while lower ranks only had individual lockers. This was the arrangement of the officers of the CSS Alabama. CABIN OFFICERS: The Cabin Officers were the highest ranking officers on a ship. On larger vessels they could include the Commander-in-Chief, Commanders of a Squadron or Division, Flag Officers, the Commanding Officer of the ship, Fleet Captains, or any Captain or Commander assigned to duty aboard the ship. These officers had their own cabins. On a small ship, such as the Alabama, there was only one Cabin Officer, the ship’s Commanding Officer, Captain Semmes. Typically the captain took his mess in his state room. Captain Raphael Semmes, C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama Images from his book, Memoirs of Service Afloat. Raphael Semmes was born in 1809 in Maryland. He entered the U.S. Navy as a midshipman in 1823. During the Mexican War he commanded the USS Somers. The ship was sunk during the war. He wrote a book about his experience: Service Afloat and Ashore during the Mexican War (1851). He resigned his commission and entered the C.S. Navy in 1861, and was given command of the CSS Sumter. In six months he captured 18 merchant vessels. He was next given command of the CSS Alabama, in which he captured either 65 or 66 ships, between August 1862 and June 1864. His official rank was rear admiral and brigadier general. The Alabama was sunk by the USS Kearsarge in June 1864, off the coast of Cherbourg, France. He authored three books about his war service: The Cruise of the Alabama and Sumter (1864), The Log of the Alabama and Sumter (1865), and Memoirs of Service Afloat, During the War Between the States (1869). After the Civil War he engaged in a law practice in Mobile, AL, where he was arrested and imprisoned for six months. He died there in 1877. 2 WARDROOM OFFICERS: The wardroom was the room with adjacent small cabins on a ship where commissioned officers kept their spare wearing apparel and personal effects. These officers would mess together as well. The rooms were assigned according to rank. Wardroom officers typically included the ship’s executive officer, lieutenants, masters, midshipmen, surgeons, paymasters, chief engineer, Marine officers, and chaplains. Page from Memoirs of Service Afloat. 1st Lieutenant John McIntoch Kell C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama (1823 – October 5, 1900) Kell joined the US Navy as a midshipman in 1841, serving on a number of ships, and saw combat during the Mexican War. He resigned his commission and joined the C.S. Navy in 1861. He was Capt. Semmes’ first officer on the CSS Alabama. After the sinking of that ship in 1864, he was promoted to Commander, and assumed command of the 3 ironclad, CSS Richmond. He wrote an account of his service on the Alabama for Century Magazine. He also wrote a book-length account of his war experiences: Recollections of Naval Life (1900). After the war he settled in his home state of Georgia, becoming a farmer. He died in 1900. 2nd Lieutenant Richard Fielder Armstrong C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama Armstrong, an 1861 graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy, was born in Georgia. He resigned his commission and joined the Confederate Navy in 1861, serving first on the CSS Sumter. He next joined the CSS Alabama, where he commanded a gun division consisting of the Blakely pivot gun and two 32-pounders. He later commanded a similar division of three guns during the Battle of Fort Fisher. After the Civil War he moved to Nova Scotia, where he became a railroad executive. He died in 1904. 3rd Lieutenant Joseph David Wilson C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama Wilson, a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy in 1857, cast his lot with the Confederacy in 1861. He served first on the CSS Sumter and then joined the CSS Alabama in 1862 at Terceira and was given command of the aft-gun division. He was known as “Fighting Joe” for his militancy and fighting spirit. After the sinking of the Alabama, he returned to the Confederate States and commanded the gunboat, CSS Hampton. He died in 1880 near Ellaville, Florida. 4th Lieutenant John Low C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama Low, who was born in Great Britain, moved to America, settling in Savannah, Georgia. He first served as the second officer of the CSS Fingal, before joining the CSS Alabama. He was detached from that vessel to command the CSS Tuscaloosa. He was replaced by Lieut. Arthur Sinclair. He kept detailed journals, which were used by William S. Hoole to recount Low’s career in Four Years in the Confederate Navy, published in 1964. He returned to England after the war, becoming an influential businessman. He died in 1906. 4th Lieutenant Arthur Sinclair, Jr. C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama Sinclair, born in Virginia, came from a family with a distinguished naval tradition; both his father and grandfather rose to high rank in the U.S. Navy. He entered the C.S. Navy as a masters mate and was promoted to lieutenant in 1863 by Semmes. He served on two famous Confederate ships, the CSS Merrimac and the CSS Alabama. After the Civil War he wrote a 350-page book about his war experiences, Two Years on the Alabama, which was published in 1895 and 1896. He died in 1925 in Baltimore, Maryland. Acting 5th Lieutenant Irvine Stephens Bulloch C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama 4 Bulloch, the brother of Capt. James D. Bulloch, entered the C.S. Navy as a midshipman in 1861. He served on a number of vessels before joining the CSS Alabama, where he was the ship’s sailing master, in charge of its navigation. After that ship sank, he served on the CSS Shenandoah as master and watch officer. For much of time he was an “acting” lieutenant, only receiving his actual commission in 1865—perhaps the last man to be commissioned in the Confederate Navy. He lived in Liverpool, England, until his death in 1898. Lieutenants Armstrong, Sinclair and Howell, Midshipmen Maffit & Anderson, Masters Mate Fullam, from Memoirs of Service Afloat. 5 Assistant Paymaster Clarence Randolph Yonge C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama Yonge was born in Georgia about 1833. He traveled to England and worked as a clerk with Capt. James D. Bullock in Liverpool, acquiring vessels for the Confederate Navy. After the CSS Alabama was built, he signed on with Capt. Semmes as Assistant Paymaster. While docked at Kingston, Jamaica, he communicated with the U.S. Consular Office. Semmes had him arrested and dismissed from the service, putting him ashore on January 24, 1863. In April of that year he prepared an “affidavit against his former comrades,” who considered him a spy and traitor. He was listed as living in Baltimore in the 1880 federal census. Surgeon Francis L. Gault C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama Gault, who was a Virginian, began his naval career as an assistant surgeon in the U.S. Navy in 1855, but joined the C.S. Navy in 1861. He was also appointed acting paymaster in 1863 after Yonge’s dismissal. He served on the CSS Sumter, before being assigned to the CSS Alabama. After the sinking of that ship, he served in the C.S. Army, where he surrendered at Appomattox. Following the Civil War, he served as a doctor with an expedition exploring the Amazon River. Later he returned to Virginia and entered private practice. Gault died in 1915. Assistant Surgeon David Herbert Llewellyn C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama Llewellyn was born in Wiltshire, England, and studied medicine at Charing-Cross Hospital, graduating in 1859. He accepted employment on the CSS Alabama. During the battle with the USS Kearsarge he insisted that all wounded be removed from the sinking Alabama before he left. He stayed on board too long and was drowned as the ship sunk. His obituary stated that he was drowned on June 19, 1864, off Cherbourg, France. Chief Engineer Miles J. Freeman C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama Freeman was the chief engineer of the Habana at the time it was purchased by the Confederacy. Semmes convinced him to help refit that vessel as the CSS Sumter. He agreed to stay on as that ship’s Chief Engineer. After that ship was laid up at Gibraltar in 1862, he served in the same position on the CSS Alabama. He was captured when the Alabama sank. He did not seek a parole and was held as a prisoner of war at Fort Warren, Mass., until the end of the war. After the war, he worked as an engineer for a steamship line out of New York. Captain Beckett K. Howell C.S. Marine Corps, C.S.S. Alabama Howell, born in 1840, obtained a commission as a 1st Lieutenant in the U.S. Marine Corps before becoming a 1st Lieutenant for the Confederate Marines. He was the only Marine assigned to the CSS Alabama. He was a close friend of Capt. Semmes, as well as a brother-in-law of President Jefferson Davis, who married his sister Varina Ann Banks Howell. He was promoted captain in 1863, but curiously he was always referred to as “Marine Lieutenant Howell.” After the war he returned to his home state of Louisiana, where he died in 1882. 6 STEERAGE OFFICERS: Steerage officers were typically men holding a warrant rank. On the Alabama the starboard steerage was for midshipmen and master’s mates, while the port steerage was for the engineers. They were furnished with lockers and slept in berths. Steerage officers were assistant engineers, master’s mates, secretaries to the commanding officer, and clerks to the paymaster. On smaller vessels, where space was at a premium, midshipmen were frequently assigned to the steerage; such was the case on the Alabama. Midshipman William H. Sinclair C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama Sinclair was born in Virginia and entered the C.S. Navy in 1861. He was assigned to the CSS Nashville. In 1862 he was transferred to the CSS Alabama. He was attached as an acting lieutenant and as executive officer to the CSS Tuscaloosa. He attempted to rejoin the Alabama at Cherbourg, but was prevented by the French authorities and so missed the vessel’s final engagement. He remained in Europe, awaiting construction of additional vessels. Upon the end of the war, he returned the United States and subsequently settled in Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he died. Midshipman Eugene Anderson Maffitt C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama Maffitt joined the C.S. Navy with his cousin, E. M. Anderson, in 1861. Both served together at the Savannah Station until they were transferred to the CSS Alabama. He was in charge of two 32-pounder guns in Wilson’s division. After the Alabama was sunk–he was rescued by the Deerhound. In December 1864 he was captured on an English steamer docked at Portland, Maine, and was incarcerated at Fort Warren until 1866. After the war he settled in Wilmington, NC, where he died in 1886. Midshipman Edwin Maffit Anderson C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama Anderson was born in Georgia. He joined the C.S. Navy with E. Anderson Maffiit, his cousin, in 1861 and was appointed a midshipman. After serving at the Savannah Station he joined the CSS Alabama. He commanded one of the 32-pounders in Lieut. Wilson’s division. He later became the navigator for the blockade runner, CSS Owl, commanded by his uncle, Captain John N. Maffitt. At war’s end he held the rank of lieutenant. He died in 1923 at Savannah, GA. Secretary to the Captain William Breedlove Smith C.S. Navy C.S.S. Alabama Smith was born in Louisiana. He served as Capt. Semmes’ secretary on the CSS Sumter, as well as on the CSS Alabama. When the latter vessel sunk, he returned to England, where he was promoted to paymaster and assigned to the CSS Shenandoah, serving on that vessel until the war’s end. He became a successful merchant in St. Louis and New Orleans after the war. Master’s Mate George T. Fullam C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama 7 Fullam, an Englishman, signed on to the CSS Alabama by James Bullock when it was under construction. He became convinced of the Confederate cause and joined the ship’s crew. He was given charge of the ship’s prisoners. His journal became the first published account of the Alabama’s service– The Cruise of the Alabama (Liverpool, 1863). After the war, he worked on a number of maritime vessels as a master’s mate and a navigator. He was lost at sea in 1879 while commanding the steamer, Marlborough, leaving a wife and a large family. Master’s Mate James Evans C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama Evans worked as a bar pilot in the Charleston harbor, before he joined the Confederated Navy. Initially, he helped bring blockade runners into the harbor, before being assigned to the CSS Alabama. He had an uncanny knack for identifying the nationality of vessels at a considerable distance, and Capt. Semmes wouldn’t pursue a ship if Evans said it was neutral. After the Civil War he returned to his work as a bar pilot. Master’s Mate Max von Meulnier C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama Baron Maximilian Von Meulnier was an officer in the Prussian Navy. While on leave, making a round the world tour, he and Julius Schroeder were shipwrecked near Cape Town, South Africa. The two men volunteered for service in the C.S. Navy. He proved a capable and efficient officer and served the Confederate cause well. After the war, he returned to his home town of Berlin. Master’s Mate Julius Schroeder C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama Schroeder, an officer in the Prussian Navy, joined the CSS Alabama’s crew with fellow volunteer, Baron von Meulnier, after the two men were shipwrecked while on a world cruise. He was a fine officer and was discharged at Cherbourg, but returned to take part in the fight with the USS Kearsarge. After the Alabama sank, he returned to Prussia, where he became a professor of mathematics. 1st Assistant Engineer William Param Brooks C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama Brooks, a South Carolinian, served as an engineer on merchant ships, until he joined the C.S. Navy in 1861. He sailed on the CSS Sumter, before his assignment on board the CSS Alabama. During the engagement with the USS Kearsarge, he was rescued by the Dearhound. He then served on the CSS Stonewall until the war’s end. After service in the Spanish Navy as an Engineer, he returned to the merchant marine with the Ocean Steamship Company. He died 1927. 2nd Assistant Engineer Matthew O’Brien C.S. Navy C.S.S. Alabama 8 O’Brien was born in 1837 in Ireland and moved to Alabama with his family in 1841. He joined the C.S. Navy in 1861. He served on four ships, the CSS Sumter, CSS Euphronse, CSS Alabama, and finally the CSS Shenandoah, the latter as Chief Engineer. After the Civil War he was employed as an engineer with the Morgan Steamship Line. Later he entered government service, becoming the U.S. Inspector of steam ships in Louisiana. Steerage officers: O’Brien, Galt, Howell, and Bonfils. Page from Memoirs of Service Afloat. 9 3rd Assistant Engineer Simeon W. Cummings C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama Cummings, born in Connecticut, moved to Louisiana and served in a coast-line steamship company before joining the C.S. Navy in 1861. Although a Northerner by birth he was an ardent Rebel. He accidentally shot himself with a shotgun at Saldanha Bay, South Africa, on August 3, 1863, and quickly died. Originally buried at Saldanha Bay with full military honors, his remains were removed in 1994 by the Sons of Confederate Veterans and the Military Order of the Stars and Bars. After hundreds of mourners passed his casket at Elm Springs, he was re-interned at Columbia, TN. 3rd Assistant Engineer John W. Pundt C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama Pundt was born in South Carolina and worked as an engineer on merchant ships before receiving a commission as a 3rd Assistant Engineer in the C.S. Navy in 1861. He served on the CSS Sumter, before joining the CSS Alabama. He was captured in the engagement with the USS Kearsarge, but was paroled. He then returned to the United States and continued to work in the merchant marine. 4th Assistant Engineer William Robertson C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama Englishman Robertson was in Cape Town when the CSS Alabama docked. Based on a letter of recommendation, Capt. Semmes commissioned him to replace Simeon Cummings, who had shot himself and died. He was an efficient engineer, standing by his station during the battle with the USS Kearsarge. He was seriously wounded and couldn’t escape the sinking ship, and so perished in the line of duty. FORWARD OFFICERS: Forward Officers were petty officers. The rank included the vessel’s boatswains, gunners, carpenters, and sailmakers. They were possibly furnished lockers, but slept in hammocks with enlisted sailors. The Alabama only had one officer in each of these ranks, while larger vessels might have an additional man in each rank. Boatswain Benjamin P. Mecaskey C.S. Navy, C.S.S. Alabama Mecaskey (also McCaskey), served in the U.S. Navy as a boatswain before receiving a commission to the same rank in the C.S. Navy in 1861. He served in the CSS Sumter, before joining the CSS Alabama. He was captured after the latter ship sank, and was held a prisoner of war on various ships and finally at Fort Warren until the conflict ended. There is nothing known about his life after the Civil War. He died in 1892. 10 Gunner Thomas C. Cuddy C.S. Navy C.S.S. Alabama Cuddy was born in South Carolina and had been trained in ordnance at the Washington Navy Yard, before the war. With the approaching hostilities he chose to serve with the Confederate States, becoming a gunner in the C.S. Navy. He was responsible for all of the Alabama’s ordnance. After the sinking of the Alabama he tried to returned to the Confederacy and was drowned on Jan. 19, 1865, in the Mersey River, while a passenger on the blockade runner, Lelia. Carpenter William Robinson C.S. Navy C.S.S. Alabama Robinson, although Boston born, was engaged in a private shipyard business in Louisiana when he joined the Confederacy. He worked on re-fitting the steamship Habana into the CSS Sumter. He then joined the CSS Alabama as a carpenter. In the final battle he was wounded and transferred with other wounded to the Kearsarge. He died of his wounds before the federal vessel docked at Cherbourg. He was likely buried at Cherbourg, but location of his grave is not known. Sailmaker Henry Alcott C.S. Navy C.S.S. Alabama Alcott was one of a number of British born sailors that Semmes recruited for service on the CSS Alabama. He was a capable and skilled officer, keeping the vessel’s canvas in good repair. He was one of the last to leave the sinking Alabama and was rescued by the Deerhound. He later served on the CSS Shenandoah. At the war’s end he returned to Britain, where he worked in the merchant marine. He died in 1891 in Liverpool. 11 Photographs taken in London in 1862 before boarding the CSS Alabama, Key: Left to right Top Row: Lt. Kell, Surg. Llewellyn, Capt. Semmes, Lt Wilson, MMate Evans*. 2nd Row: MMate Bullock, Lt. A. Sinclair, Eng. Freeman, Lt. Armstrong, Clerk Smith. 3rd Row: Surg. Gault, Eng. Brook, Midm. Maffitt, Midm. Anderson, MMate Fullman. 4th Row: CSMC Lt. Howell, Boatsw. Mecaskey,** Paym. Yonge, Lt. Low, Eng. Cummings. *Mistakenly identified as Lt. Schroeder, who joined the crew at Cape Town. **Mistakenly identified as Carptr. Robinson 12 A GENERAL MUSTER-ROLL of the C.S.S. ALABAMA Taken from Arthur Sinclair Two Years on the Alabama Boston: Lee & Shepherd, 1895 Pages 344-352 PAY OF THE OFFICERS AND ENLISTEDMEN OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES NAVY Based on Miller. Photographic History of the Civil War, vol. 6, p. 90 and Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the Navy of the Confederate States, to January 1, 1862 (1864), pp. 26-29. The pay of the officers of the Confederate navy was based on a sliding scale, regulated by the length of service and the occupation of the officer, as was the law in the Federal service. The pay, however, was larger. An admiral received $6000 a year; a captain’s pay, when commanding a squadron, $5000; on any other duty at sea, $4200; on other duty, $3600, and on leave or awaiting orders, $3000. The pay of other officers was to be regulated by length of service, but as the first increase in pay was to come after five years’ service, none of the officers benefitted by it. The pay of a commander on duty at sea was $2825 a year for the first five years after the date of commission, and on other duty, $2662. Commanders on leave or awaiting orders received $2250. Lieutenants commanding at sea received $2550; first lieutenants on duty at sea received $1500 a year, and the same when on other duty. When on leave or awaiting orders they received $1200 a year. Second lieutenants when on duty at sea received $1200 a year, and when on leave or on other duty received $1000. Surgeons on duty at sea received $2200 and when on other duty $2000 a year. OFFICERS’ ANNUAL PAY Admirals $6000 Captains $5000 (when commanding a squadron) $4200 (on duty at sea) $3600 (on other duty) $3000 (on leave or waiting orders) Commanders $2825 (on duty at sea) $2662 (on other duty) $2250 (on leave or awaiting orders) First Lieutenants $1500 (on sea duty or on any duty) $1200 (on leave or waiting orders) Second Lieutenants $1200 (on sea duty or on any duty) Surgeons $2200 (on sea duty) $2000 (on other duty) $1600 (on leave or waiting orders) Assistant Surgeons $1250 (on sea duty) $1500 (on other duty) $ 800 (on leave or waiting orders) Paymasters $2000 (on sea duty) $1800 (on other duty) $1400 (on leave or waiting orders) Assistant Paymasters $1200 (on sea duty) $1000 (all other duty) Masters (in line of promotion) $1000 (on sea duty) $ 900 (on other duty or on leave) Masters (not in line for promotion) $1000 (on sea duty) $ 900 (on other duty or on leave) Midshipmen $ 550 (on sea duty) $ 500 (all other duty) $ 450 (on leave or waiting orders) Boatswains, Gunners, Carpenters, Sailmasters $ 1000 (on sea duty) $ 800 (all other duty) $ 600 (on leave or waiting orders) Chief Engineers $ 1800 (on all duty) $ 1200 (on leave or waiting orders) First Assistant Engineers $ 1250 (on all duty) $ 900 (on leave or waiting orders) Second Assistant Engineers $ 1050 (on all duty) $ 750 (on leave or waiting orders) First Assistant Engineers $ 750 (on all duty) $ 600 (on leave or waiting orders) Secretaries $1000 (To commanding-in-chief) $ 900 (No to commanding-in-chief) ENLISTEDMEN ’S MONTHLY PAY Yeoman Armorers Master Mates Master’s Boatswain’s Gunner’s Carpenter’s Sailmaker’s Master’s At Arms Ship’s Corporal Coxswains Quartermasters Quarter Gunners Captains Of Forecastle Of Tops Of Afterguards Of Hold Coopers $49, $44, $34, $28 $34, $29, $24 $29 $29 $29 $24 $24 $29 $24 $28 $28 $24 $28 $24 $24 $24 $24 Stewards Ship’s Officer’s Surgeon’s Cooks Ship’s Officer’s Masters of the Band Musicians First Class Second Class Seamen Ordinary Seamen Landsmen Boys Fireman First Class Second Class Coal-Heavers $34 $24 $28 $28 $24 $24 $19 $16 $22 $18 $16 $12, $13, $14 $34 $29 $22 ENLISTEDMEN ’S MONTHLY PAY ON THE CSS ALABAMA Based on Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, Ser. 1, Vol. 1, p. 808 On November 29, 1862, Captain Raphael Semmes recorded the following pay scale for the crew of the CSS Alabama, most of whom were English sailors, in his log book. The rates were given in British pounds with their equivalent in Confederate dollars. Master at Arms Yeoman Ship’s Steward Ship’s Corporal Armorer Ship’s Cook Chief Boatswain’s Mate Second Boatswain’s Mate Gunner’s Mates Carpenter’s Mate Sailmaker’s Mate Quartermasters Quarter Gunners £6 0s £6 0s £6 0s £5 10s £6 0s £5 10s £6 0s £5 10s £6 0s £6 0s £5 10s £5 10s £5 10s $29.04 $29.04 $29.04 $26.62 $29.04 $26.62 $29.04 $26.62 $29.04 $29.04 $26.62 $26.62 $26.62 Cockswains Captains of Forecastle Captains of Tops Captains of Afterguard Captains of Hold Cabin Stewards Wardroom Stewards Seaman Ordinary Seamen Landsmen Boys Firemen Trimakers £5 10s £5 10s £5 0s £5 0s £5 0s £5 0s £5 0s £4 10s £4 10s £3 10s £2 0s £7 0s £5 0s $26.62 $26.62 $24.20 $24.20 $24.20 $24.20 $24.20 $21.78 $21.78 $14.94 $ 9.86 $33.88 $24.20