Retranslation by Kaisa Koskinen
This monograph (in Finnish) offers an analytical overview and explanation of retranslation as a r... more This monograph (in Finnish) offers an analytical overview and explanation of retranslation as a regular activity in any literary system. The book discusses the qualities and constraints of this activity by taking stock of previous international research and by looking at extensive empirical evidence from Finnish literature. Numerous case studies also function as practical illustrations of the various research questions one can pose to retranslation data, and the book can be used as a text book for university courses on literature and translation.
A defining feature of retranslation is that a previous translation exists, and this earlier tex... more A defining feature of retranslation is that a previous translation exists, and this earlier text has a first translator. In this article we argue that the figure of the first translator exerts an influence in the retranslation process, and all retranslators are forced to develop a stance towards the predecessor. Taking Harold Bloom’s notion of anxiety of influence in poetry as a starting point, we look at two cases of retranslation that share the same famous first translator, Pentti Saarikoski, analysing how and where the voice of this first translation can be heard in the retranslations. According to Bloom’s taxonomy, there are six modes available to poets. Applying the same taxonomy to our two retranslators, we find that they have resorted to different modes. What remains constant is that the figure of the first translator is an unavoidable function of the retranslation process and needs to be taken into account both by the retranslator and by researchers studying retranslations.
Keywords: retranslator, first translator, anxiety of influence, Pentti Saarikoski, dependency/abhängigkeit, translator roles
Outi Paloposki and Kaisa Koskinen: ‘Reprocessing texts. The fine line between retranslating and r... more Outi Paloposki and Kaisa Koskinen: ‘Reprocessing texts. The fine line between retranslating and revising.’ Across Languages and Cultures 11(1), 2010, 29–49.
Retranslations are a frequent object of study in Translation Studies. They can be used as data for a number of research problems, or retranslation can be studied as a phenomenon of its own. There are no large-scale surveys on retranslation, however, let alone surveys that would be coupled with in-depth case studies; no doubt due to the laboriousness and complexity of such task. Our own interest in the issue started from a small-scale project testing the so-called Retranslation Hypothesis, but gradually our research expanded to focus on the phenomenon as a whole. We have addressed three main areas: the extent and proportion of retranslation in Finland (including lists and timelines of retranslated literature); the motives for and reception of retranslations (publishers, readers); and finally, what happens to a text when it is retranslated (textual analysis). For this purpose, we have compiled three different sets of data in Finnish translated literature. These sets consist of synchronic data (retranslations and their reviews from the year 2000), diachronic data (retranslations of classics lists compiled in 1999 and 1887) and case studies (works by e. g. Victor Hugo, Nikolai Gogol, Astrid Lindgren and Juan Valera translated into Finnish). This paper presents an overview of the results of our own study, argues for a need for a comprehensive treatment of retranslation as a phenomenon, and discusses the implications of textual analysis to the understanding of what retranslation is. of The cases presented include Hugo's Les Miserables, Gogol’s Dead souls and Lagerlöf's Gösta Berling.
This is the original entry to the Handbook of Translation Studies Vol 1 from 2010; a revised vers... more This is the original entry to the Handbook of Translation Studies Vol 1 from 2010; a revised version will be published shortly.
Kaisa Koskinen and Outi Paloposki: ‘Retranslations in the Age of Digital Reproduction’, Cadernos ... more Kaisa Koskinen and Outi Paloposki: ‘Retranslations in the Age of Digital Reproduction’, Cadernos de Tradução, special issue on retranslation, 11 – 2003/1, 18–38.
Abstract
In the present article, we continue our earlier discussion on retranslations,
started at the EST (European Society for Translation Studies) 2001 Congress in Copenhagen (Paloposki and Koskinen, 2004). This present
article builds on the conclusions of the earlier one, which, in brief, are as
follows: contrary to what the so called Retranslation Hypothesis claims, the textual profiles of translations are not determined simply by their chronological order of appearance, but respond to a number of different reasons and settings. In Section II, we will develop this point more, giving an overview of the Retranslation Hypothesis, of the study of retranslations, and historical data examining some of the earlier ideas on retranslation. We then approach retranslation from the present-day perspective, pointing out the relevance of retranslation and different modes of reproduction in the digital age of new technologies.
Keywords: Retranslation, Reprints, Publishing industry, Technological
advances.
Training by Kaisa Koskinen
User-centred translation (UCT) aims at providing translators with tools that can be used to enhan... more User-centred translation (UCT) aims at providing translators with tools that can be used to enhance translations with the aid of usability research methods. This article reports an experimental case of UCT. The aim was to test the feasibility of usability testing for a team translation project involving web-based course material. Two different tests were designed: one followed a task-based model, where the participants were asked to perform a clearly defined task, while the other was an attempt to create an empirical test measuring the usability of a text intended to be read and understood by its users. The test participants were recruited from among potential representative users, who resemble the intended target audience. The results from the two test sessions indicate that the usability tests were indeed meaningful for the translation team, and while the methods themselves require refinement, UCT offers promising new avenues for research and practical applications.
PICT “Promoting Intercultural Competence in Translators” is the name of a project of the European... more PICT “Promoting Intercultural Competence in Translators” is the name of a project of the European Union, which ran from 2011-2013.
The core aim of the PICT project was to produce a comprehensive toolkit making it easy for HE institutions within the EU to introduce Intercultural Communication into their postgraduate programmes in Translation. A set of ready-made lesson plans and assessment materials is now freely available on-line in several languages. I have got a number of requests to upload the document. Please note that all materials are available on-line if you follow the attached link.
Interpreter and Translator Trainer (ITT) 6:1, 2012
This article describes a case study, where students of an MA level research methods course for tr... more This article describes a case study, where students of an MA level research methods course for translation studies were invited to engage in a participatory learning experience in the spirit of critical pedagogy. During the course, the matrix originally designed by Michael Burawoy to describe the four fields of sociology (professional, critical, policy and public sociology) was presented and adapted to translation studies. The notion of public translation studies was then used to enhance the students’ awareness of the dialogic possibilities of research to engage with different publics. This engagement was then put into practice in a small-scale assignment designed both to introduce fieldwork methods and to bring the students’ lived experiences into the classroom for discussion and debate. We found that the framework of critical pedagogy and public translation studies offered many opportunities to resist the marketization and commodification forces currently shaping contemporary university education. They also offer an empowering opportunity to create a more democratic and dialogic learning environment.
Institutional translation by Kaisa Koskinen
The article aims to identify the sources of disunity between different usages of ‘institutional t... more The article aims to identify the sources of disunity between different usages of ‘institutional translation’ and to propose a clarifying foundation for the concept. It argues that the core function of institutions as regulatory organizational systems is to govern, and in a multilingual environment they can and often do employ translation in performing their governing function. In that case, they govern by translation. To better understand the nature of government by translation, the concepts of governance, governing and governmentability are discussed; Meylaerts’ model of translational options in multilingual governance is applied to governing, and a tentative model of the translation regimes (maintenance, regulation, implementation and identity work) is designed.
Published: Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, DOI: 10.1080/0907676X.2014.948887
50 eprints freely available from the link.
International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 2013
Fifteen years ago, the illusions of equality and equivalence were identified as cornerstones of E... more Fifteen years ago, the illusions of equality and equivalence were identified as cornerstones of EU translation. This paper revisits these concepts from a contemporary point of view. Several new official languages have been introduced, a new communication policy has been adopted, and social media tools have entered the field of EU communication. Particular emphasis is placed on virtual linguistic landscapes in the EU blogosphere and social media networks, and on the emerging language policy identifiable from the language practices in them. The analysis of language choices in Commissioners' blogs, the European Commission's Facebook profile, EUtube and EuroparlTV indicates that, to further the aim of creating a European public sphere, communication practices are shifting from the policy of multilingualism towards a hegemonic language policy where English dominates.
Handbook of Translation Studies, Vol 2 (Benjamins), 2011
Hermes, 2009
This paper explores how and whether the different institutional and organisational contexts affec... more This paper explores how and whether the different institutional and organisational contexts affect translators' professional activities and professional identities. The site researched is the European Commission, where the changing political impetus has recently instigated a new role for some of the translators. For them, the institutional framework has thus changed substantially. This presents an opportunity to research how institutionally expressed status affects the status as experienced by the translators themselves. The data consists of institutional documents as well as interview and observation data from two different settings, a traditional translation unit in Luxembourg (2004) and the local representation of the European Commission in Helsinki .
‘Kansalaiset keskustelevat – kuuleeko EU?’ Lukija- ja käyttäjälähtöinen viestintä/ Reader- and Us... more ‘Kansalaiset keskustelevat – kuuleeko EU?’ Lukija- ja käyttäjälähtöinen viestintä/ Reader- and User-Oriented Commmunication. Viestinnäntutkimuksen päivät 2007. Vaasan yliopiston selvityksiä ja raportteja, eds. Heli Katajamäki et al., Vaasa 2008, 138–144.
The European Union institutions have recently paid a lot of attention to their communication strategies. In this article, EU communication is examined with respect to active and, in particular, affective citizenship. With the help of a case example (public debate on the so called “Article 141 aid” for Finnish farmers, thoughout the autumn 2007) it is argued that increasing the affectivity of the dialogue between the distant and bureaucratic institution and the citizens would require the EU institutions to adopt an even more localized and dialogic communication strategy.
The Translator, Vol 6, N:o 1, 2000., 2000
Sociology of translation by Kaisa Koskinen
Kulttuurien kohtaaminen on aikamme suuria haasteita. Monikulttuurisuus tuottaa käytännössä myös m... more Kulttuurien kohtaaminen on aikamme suuria haasteita. Monikulttuurisuus tuottaa käytännössä myös monikielisyyttä. Kielten kohtaaminen synnyttää myös kääntämisen tiloja tai paikkoja. Tulkattu Tampere esittelee tällaisia pysyviä tai hetkellisiä tiloja: oikeussalia, koulua, monikulttuurista työyhteisöä ja seurakuntaa samoin kuin julkisen tilan kielimaisemaa. Tampere toimii kirjaa yhdistävänä teemana, mutta vastaavia tiloja syntyy kaikkialle, missä erikieliset ihmiset kohtaavat.
Editorial (by Łucja Biel)
With its issue n° 25, The Journal of Specialised Translation pays tribu... more Editorial (by Łucja Biel)
With its issue n° 25, The Journal of Specialised Translation pays tribute to translators, putting their emerging and evolving profession in the spotlight. The special issue on The translation profession: centres and peripheries, guestedited by Helle V. Dam and Kaisa Koskinen, continues to explore a theme already touched on in n° 19 (Machine translation and the working methods of
translators) and n° 21 (Professional aspects of translation). It features 12 papers, an introduction and a concluding article by the guest editors, 8 reviews and 2 interviews. It offers a comprehensive overview of research into the translation profession, illustrated with evidence from varied mature markets, such as Denmark, Finland, Spain, Switzerland, Austria and Israel, and supported by data obtained through methodologically rich approaches, including sociology of translation, observational workplace studies, surveys, retrospective verbal protocols, and social network analysis.
The prevalent theme of the issue is the topology of the translation profession — its centre/prototype and fuzzy boundaries — from both diachronic (Paloposki) and synchronic perspectives. The guest editors lay the conceptual foundations in their introduction and concluding paper and discuss boundary work by researchers, trainers and professionals (Dam and Koskinen). Two papers focus
on an important determinant of the topology — the translator status, analysing how it is perceived by seasoned translators (Dam and Zethsen) and translation students (Ruokonen). Another crucial aspect of the topology is the centrality of actors in varied settings: in small and medium-sized enterprises (Kuznik) and among freelancers, in-house translators and amateur translators (Risku, Rogl and Pein-Weber). Finally, the core group of papers address internal and external threats to the translation profession. Threats from within include the antiprofessionalisation ethos fostered by literary translators (Sela-Sheffy), and internal hierarchisation (Hunziker Heeb). External threats are posed by: crowdsourcing
(Flanagan), market disorder and temporary de-professionalisation
related to the recent plague of identity thefts (Pym, Orrego-Carmona, TorresSimón), and last but not least, threats from technology — computer-aided translation (Christensen and Schjoldager; Bundgaard, Christensen and Schjoldager) and machine translation (Koponen).
This issue also offers two interviews related to its theme: one of a translation company director, the other of a freelance translation professional. With its richness of perspectives and methodological eclectism, research into the translation profession emerges as a strong and much needed sub-field within Translation Studies.
This article concludes a special issue on the translating profession. Taking all contributions as... more This article concludes a special issue on the translating profession. Taking all contributions as its data set, it provides an overview of how academic articles on translation practice participate in boundary work in the field of translation. Boundary work, i.e. creating and policing boundaries, is analysed from three angles: we look at definitions of professional translation (i.e., who are considered insiders), internal differentiations and border disputes inside the field, and border disputes between insiders and outsiders. The results emphasise the necessity to recognise the researchers’ and trainers’ role in boundary work and to pay attention to assumed boundaries researchers may unintentionally reinforce. The findings also highlight that researchers and
practitioners may have different views and conflicting interests.
Uploads
Retranslation by Kaisa Koskinen
Keywords: retranslator, first translator, anxiety of influence, Pentti Saarikoski, dependency/abhängigkeit, translator roles
Retranslations are a frequent object of study in Translation Studies. They can be used as data for a number of research problems, or retranslation can be studied as a phenomenon of its own. There are no large-scale surveys on retranslation, however, let alone surveys that would be coupled with in-depth case studies; no doubt due to the laboriousness and complexity of such task. Our own interest in the issue started from a small-scale project testing the so-called Retranslation Hypothesis, but gradually our research expanded to focus on the phenomenon as a whole. We have addressed three main areas: the extent and proportion of retranslation in Finland (including lists and timelines of retranslated literature); the motives for and reception of retranslations (publishers, readers); and finally, what happens to a text when it is retranslated (textual analysis). For this purpose, we have compiled three different sets of data in Finnish translated literature. These sets consist of synchronic data (retranslations and their reviews from the year 2000), diachronic data (retranslations of classics lists compiled in 1999 and 1887) and case studies (works by e. g. Victor Hugo, Nikolai Gogol, Astrid Lindgren and Juan Valera translated into Finnish). This paper presents an overview of the results of our own study, argues for a need for a comprehensive treatment of retranslation as a phenomenon, and discusses the implications of textual analysis to the understanding of what retranslation is. of The cases presented include Hugo's Les Miserables, Gogol’s Dead souls and Lagerlöf's Gösta Berling.
Abstract
In the present article, we continue our earlier discussion on retranslations,
started at the EST (European Society for Translation Studies) 2001 Congress in Copenhagen (Paloposki and Koskinen, 2004). This present
article builds on the conclusions of the earlier one, which, in brief, are as
follows: contrary to what the so called Retranslation Hypothesis claims, the textual profiles of translations are not determined simply by their chronological order of appearance, but respond to a number of different reasons and settings. In Section II, we will develop this point more, giving an overview of the Retranslation Hypothesis, of the study of retranslations, and historical data examining some of the earlier ideas on retranslation. We then approach retranslation from the present-day perspective, pointing out the relevance of retranslation and different modes of reproduction in the digital age of new technologies.
Keywords: Retranslation, Reprints, Publishing industry, Technological
advances.
Training by Kaisa Koskinen
The core aim of the PICT project was to produce a comprehensive toolkit making it easy for HE institutions within the EU to introduce Intercultural Communication into their postgraduate programmes in Translation. A set of ready-made lesson plans and assessment materials is now freely available on-line in several languages. I have got a number of requests to upload the document. Please note that all materials are available on-line if you follow the attached link.
Institutional translation by Kaisa Koskinen
Published: Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, DOI: 10.1080/0907676X.2014.948887
50 eprints freely available from the link.
The European Union institutions have recently paid a lot of attention to their communication strategies. In this article, EU communication is examined with respect to active and, in particular, affective citizenship. With the help of a case example (public debate on the so called “Article 141 aid” for Finnish farmers, thoughout the autumn 2007) it is argued that increasing the affectivity of the dialogue between the distant and bureaucratic institution and the citizens would require the EU institutions to adopt an even more localized and dialogic communication strategy.
Sociology of translation by Kaisa Koskinen
With its issue n° 25, The Journal of Specialised Translation pays tribute to translators, putting their emerging and evolving profession in the spotlight. The special issue on The translation profession: centres and peripheries, guestedited by Helle V. Dam and Kaisa Koskinen, continues to explore a theme already touched on in n° 19 (Machine translation and the working methods of
translators) and n° 21 (Professional aspects of translation). It features 12 papers, an introduction and a concluding article by the guest editors, 8 reviews and 2 interviews. It offers a comprehensive overview of research into the translation profession, illustrated with evidence from varied mature markets, such as Denmark, Finland, Spain, Switzerland, Austria and Israel, and supported by data obtained through methodologically rich approaches, including sociology of translation, observational workplace studies, surveys, retrospective verbal protocols, and social network analysis.
The prevalent theme of the issue is the topology of the translation profession — its centre/prototype and fuzzy boundaries — from both diachronic (Paloposki) and synchronic perspectives. The guest editors lay the conceptual foundations in their introduction and concluding paper and discuss boundary work by researchers, trainers and professionals (Dam and Koskinen). Two papers focus
on an important determinant of the topology — the translator status, analysing how it is perceived by seasoned translators (Dam and Zethsen) and translation students (Ruokonen). Another crucial aspect of the topology is the centrality of actors in varied settings: in small and medium-sized enterprises (Kuznik) and among freelancers, in-house translators and amateur translators (Risku, Rogl and Pein-Weber). Finally, the core group of papers address internal and external threats to the translation profession. Threats from within include the antiprofessionalisation ethos fostered by literary translators (Sela-Sheffy), and internal hierarchisation (Hunziker Heeb). External threats are posed by: crowdsourcing
(Flanagan), market disorder and temporary de-professionalisation
related to the recent plague of identity thefts (Pym, Orrego-Carmona, TorresSimón), and last but not least, threats from technology — computer-aided translation (Christensen and Schjoldager; Bundgaard, Christensen and Schjoldager) and machine translation (Koponen).
This issue also offers two interviews related to its theme: one of a translation company director, the other of a freelance translation professional. With its richness of perspectives and methodological eclectism, research into the translation profession emerges as a strong and much needed sub-field within Translation Studies.
practitioners may have different views and conflicting interests.
Keywords: retranslator, first translator, anxiety of influence, Pentti Saarikoski, dependency/abhängigkeit, translator roles
Retranslations are a frequent object of study in Translation Studies. They can be used as data for a number of research problems, or retranslation can be studied as a phenomenon of its own. There are no large-scale surveys on retranslation, however, let alone surveys that would be coupled with in-depth case studies; no doubt due to the laboriousness and complexity of such task. Our own interest in the issue started from a small-scale project testing the so-called Retranslation Hypothesis, but gradually our research expanded to focus on the phenomenon as a whole. We have addressed three main areas: the extent and proportion of retranslation in Finland (including lists and timelines of retranslated literature); the motives for and reception of retranslations (publishers, readers); and finally, what happens to a text when it is retranslated (textual analysis). For this purpose, we have compiled three different sets of data in Finnish translated literature. These sets consist of synchronic data (retranslations and their reviews from the year 2000), diachronic data (retranslations of classics lists compiled in 1999 and 1887) and case studies (works by e. g. Victor Hugo, Nikolai Gogol, Astrid Lindgren and Juan Valera translated into Finnish). This paper presents an overview of the results of our own study, argues for a need for a comprehensive treatment of retranslation as a phenomenon, and discusses the implications of textual analysis to the understanding of what retranslation is. of The cases presented include Hugo's Les Miserables, Gogol’s Dead souls and Lagerlöf's Gösta Berling.
Abstract
In the present article, we continue our earlier discussion on retranslations,
started at the EST (European Society for Translation Studies) 2001 Congress in Copenhagen (Paloposki and Koskinen, 2004). This present
article builds on the conclusions of the earlier one, which, in brief, are as
follows: contrary to what the so called Retranslation Hypothesis claims, the textual profiles of translations are not determined simply by their chronological order of appearance, but respond to a number of different reasons and settings. In Section II, we will develop this point more, giving an overview of the Retranslation Hypothesis, of the study of retranslations, and historical data examining some of the earlier ideas on retranslation. We then approach retranslation from the present-day perspective, pointing out the relevance of retranslation and different modes of reproduction in the digital age of new technologies.
Keywords: Retranslation, Reprints, Publishing industry, Technological
advances.
The core aim of the PICT project was to produce a comprehensive toolkit making it easy for HE institutions within the EU to introduce Intercultural Communication into their postgraduate programmes in Translation. A set of ready-made lesson plans and assessment materials is now freely available on-line in several languages. I have got a number of requests to upload the document. Please note that all materials are available on-line if you follow the attached link.
Published: Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, DOI: 10.1080/0907676X.2014.948887
50 eprints freely available from the link.
The European Union institutions have recently paid a lot of attention to their communication strategies. In this article, EU communication is examined with respect to active and, in particular, affective citizenship. With the help of a case example (public debate on the so called “Article 141 aid” for Finnish farmers, thoughout the autumn 2007) it is argued that increasing the affectivity of the dialogue between the distant and bureaucratic institution and the citizens would require the EU institutions to adopt an even more localized and dialogic communication strategy.
With its issue n° 25, The Journal of Specialised Translation pays tribute to translators, putting their emerging and evolving profession in the spotlight. The special issue on The translation profession: centres and peripheries, guestedited by Helle V. Dam and Kaisa Koskinen, continues to explore a theme already touched on in n° 19 (Machine translation and the working methods of
translators) and n° 21 (Professional aspects of translation). It features 12 papers, an introduction and a concluding article by the guest editors, 8 reviews and 2 interviews. It offers a comprehensive overview of research into the translation profession, illustrated with evidence from varied mature markets, such as Denmark, Finland, Spain, Switzerland, Austria and Israel, and supported by data obtained through methodologically rich approaches, including sociology of translation, observational workplace studies, surveys, retrospective verbal protocols, and social network analysis.
The prevalent theme of the issue is the topology of the translation profession — its centre/prototype and fuzzy boundaries — from both diachronic (Paloposki) and synchronic perspectives. The guest editors lay the conceptual foundations in their introduction and concluding paper and discuss boundary work by researchers, trainers and professionals (Dam and Koskinen). Two papers focus
on an important determinant of the topology — the translator status, analysing how it is perceived by seasoned translators (Dam and Zethsen) and translation students (Ruokonen). Another crucial aspect of the topology is the centrality of actors in varied settings: in small and medium-sized enterprises (Kuznik) and among freelancers, in-house translators and amateur translators (Risku, Rogl and Pein-Weber). Finally, the core group of papers address internal and external threats to the translation profession. Threats from within include the antiprofessionalisation ethos fostered by literary translators (Sela-Sheffy), and internal hierarchisation (Hunziker Heeb). External threats are posed by: crowdsourcing
(Flanagan), market disorder and temporary de-professionalisation
related to the recent plague of identity thefts (Pym, Orrego-Carmona, TorresSimón), and last but not least, threats from technology — computer-aided translation (Christensen and Schjoldager; Bundgaard, Christensen and Schjoldager) and machine translation (Koponen).
This issue also offers two interviews related to its theme: one of a translation company director, the other of a freelance translation professional. With its richness of perspectives and methodological eclectism, research into the translation profession emerges as a strong and much needed sub-field within Translation Studies.
practitioners may have different views and conflicting interests.
Keywords: translation space, translational action, translationality, multilingualism, urban space, history of translationality
This article reports on a research project that elicited translators’ emotional narratives of their work with the aim of better understanding the contemporary scene of professional translation. The respondents (n = 102) represent EU translators, Finnish professional translators and translation students from two countries (Ireland and Finland). The method of data collection
was “love letter/hate letter”, an exploratory tool borrowed from user experience research (Hanington & Martin 2012: 114). A total of 148 letters drafted by the respondents has beenanalysed, and the findings are contrasted with the notion of habitus put forward by Daniel Simeoni in his classic essay from 1998. A content and discourse analysis of translators’ predominantly positive emotions, their spatial discourses, preference for efficiency and yearning for freedom largely supports Simeoni’s hypothesis of translators’ voluntary subservience, but the results also suggest that his model is too simplified to fully capture the variability of
empirical data.
Keywords: habitus, emotions, love letter/hate letter method, space, efficiency, freedom
Avainsanat: habitus, tunteet, rakkauskirje/erokirje-menetelmä, tila, tehokkuus, vapaus
Meinianneli Demasi, PROFESSIONAL L2 TRANSLATION: PERCEPTION AND PRACTICE
Elin Svahn, FEELING LIKE A TRANSLATOR: EXPLORING TRANSLATOR STUDENTS’ SELF-CONCEPTS THROUGH FOCUS GROUPS
Juho Suokas, USABILITY METHODS IN TRANSLATION EVALUATION: HEURISTIC EVALUATION AND USABILITY TESTING
Mary Nurminen, MACHINE TRANSLATION-MEDIATED INTERVIEWING AS A METHOD FOR GATHERING DATA IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: A PILOT PROJECT
Ida Hove Solberg, FINDING THE X FACTOR: SUPPORT TRANSLATION AND THE CASE OF LE DEUXIÈME SEXE IN SCANDINAVIA
Iris F. Muñiz, TRACKING SOURCES IN INDIRECT TRANSLATION ARCHAEOLOGY – A CASE STUDY ON A 1917 SPANISH TRANSLATION OF IBSEN’S ET DUKKEHJEM (1879)