Papers - academic journals by Henrique Menezes
Oikos, 2023
O artigo analisa a disputa pela difusão internacional da exclusividade de dados como forma de pro... more O artigo analisa a disputa pela difusão internacional da exclusividade de dados como forma de proteção a dados de testes clínicos. Essa é uma demanda crítica para as empresas farmacêuticas, que buscam maiores parcelas de mercado e mais longos períodos de monopólio visando recuperar os investimentos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento e maior lucratividade. Entretanto, trata-se de matéria sensível, com repercussões econômicas e sociais para países de menor renda que adotam esse regime de proteção. Esse artigo se fundamenta em questões críticas para a economia política da inovação e apresenta uma revisão de estudos empíricos que mostram, em síntese, que a exclusividade de dados atrasa a entrada de medicamentos genéricos no mercado, aumentando preços e reduzindo o acesso, ao passo que não se encontram benefícios da sua adoção, porque não há efeitos positivos sobre a inovação tecnológica interna, redução do "International drug lag" e o desenvolvimento de medicamentos para demandas epidemiológicas específicas. Palavras-chave: propriedade intelectual, exclusividade de dados, ensaio clínico, acesso a medicamentos, acesso a tecnologias.
Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 2022
The investment treaty regime, unlike other economic regimes, lacks common substantive multilatera... more The investment treaty regime, unlike other economic regimes, lacks common substantive multilateral rules and depends on countries signing bilateral or plurilateral investment treaties. As the regime presented a pro-developed country bias, developing countries, especially in Latin America, avoided signing investment treaties up to the 1980s. Brazil followed this trend and did not start an investment treaty program until the late 1990s. However, the treaties never entered into force. The country also avoided acceding to the World Bank agency responsible for investment arbitration proceedings-the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). In 2015, Brazil started a new investment treaty program. However, the timing seems counterintuitive. The investment treaty regime had already been criticized, including inefficiency in attracting foreign investment, the potential to encroach on countries' regulatory sovereignty and the lack of legitimacy of its investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) procedure. Furthermore, the favorable foreign economic scenario did not force the country to seek an inflow of foreign capital at that time. The new Cooperation and Facilitation Investment Agreement (CFIA) is presented as an investment treaty model for developing countries, since it responds to major criticisms to the investment treaty regime, and at the same time meets the demands of an important domestic interest group, the Brazilian industrial sector, for a legal framework that mitigates the political risk of its increasingly internationalized operations. Brazil's CFIA may be viewed as a model that other developing countries could emulate in the face of the failure of the traditional paradigm of investment dispute settlement.
International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 2022
Background: An effective response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic entails a c... more Background: An effective response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic entails a comprehensive strategy that ensures equitable access to all COVID-19-fighting technologies. To achieve this goal, the international community has acknowledged immunization as a public good. However, a trend of grossly unequal dose distribution emerged, owing, among other factors, to pharmaceutical companies' profit-driven actions, jeopardizing the mechanisms built to increase vaccine access. The contradiction between public health interests and corporate discretion in determining vaccine dose distribution poses critical concerns about the health risks associated with lengthening the duration of the pandemic and the eventual liability of companies for violations of human rights. Methods: To evaluate the risks posed to the COVID-19 immunization program, data on vaccine allocation and delivery, vaccine dose application, immunized populations, and the volume of Advanced Purchase Agreements (APAs) between countries and pharmaceutical companies were compiled and assessed. A descriptive analysis was then conducted to analyze the role of pharmaceutical companies in providing equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines. Results: When the data is broken down by income (as of June 2021), it shows that high-income countries (HICs) have already crossed the COVID-19 Vaccine Global Access (COVAX) 20% immunization threshold. However, countries of all other income levels have yet to achieve this mark for fully vaccinated people. Upper-middle-income countries (UMICs) have approximately 3%, low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) have approximately 2% and low-income countries (LICs) have less than 0.1% of fully vaccinated people per hundred. The supply shortage is expected to last until the second half of 2021. Conclusion: As a result of the COVAX failure, a health gap emerged with countries living in a pre-immunization period for an extended time. The existing conflict between the international response to tackle COVID-19 and corporate profitdriven behavior contributed to prolonging pandemic, especially in Africa. Accordingly, there is a need to approve an international treaty that targets the activities of all actors, including the pharmaceutical companies, in protecting human rights and the right to health realms.
Methods
To evaluate the risks posed to the COVID-19 immunization program, data on vaccine allocation and delivery, vaccine dose application, immunized populations, and the volume of Advanced Purchase Agreements (APAs) between countries and pharmaceutical companies were compiled and assessed. A descriptive analysis was then conducted to analyze the role of pharmaceutical companies in providing equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines.
Results
When the data is broken down by income (as of June 2021), it shows that high-income countries (HICs) have already crossed the COVID-19 Vaccine Global Access (COVAX) 20% immunization threshold. However, countries of all other income levels have yet to achieve this mark for fully vaccinated people. Upper-middle-income countries (UMICs) have approximately 3%, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have approximately 2% and low-income countries (LICs) have less than 0.1% of fully vaccinated people per hundred. The supply shortage is expected to last until the second half of 2021.
Conclusion
As a result of the COVAX failure, a health gap emerged with countries living in a pre-immunization period for an extended time. The existing conflict between the international response to tackle COVID-19 and corporate profitdriven behavior contributed to prolonging pandemic, especially in Africa. Accordingly, there is a need to approve an international treaty that targets the activities of all actors, including the pharmaceutical companies, in protecting human rights and the right to health realms.
Conjuntura Austral: Journal of the Global South, 2021
Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto e distribuição sob os termos da Licença Creative Comm... more Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto e distribuição sob os termos da Licença Creative Commons de Atribuição Não-Comercial Compartilha-Igual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), que permite seu uso, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio bem como sua transformação e criações a partir dele, desde que o a utor e a fonte originais sejam creditados. Ainda, o material não pode ser usado para fins comerciais, e no caso de ser transformado, ou servir de base para outras criações, estas devem ser distribuídas sob a mesma licença que o original.
Journal of International Relations and Development, 2021
In this paper, we examine Brazil’s international activism and ascent to the status of rising stat... more In this paper, we examine Brazil’s international activism and ascent to the status of rising state during the presidencies of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003–2010) and his chosen successor, Dilma Roussef (2011–2014). We focus on the dissemination of social policies under an innovative model of development that refected the political and economic context of a developing country. We argue that this activism
was framed in terms of Brazil’s socio-economic and cultural peculiarities, whereby these were treated not as obstacles but as positive contributions to developing states’ attempts to reform global governance structures. We argue that this refects an alternative form of foreign policy politicisation in which the social dilemmas, particularities and contradictions of the Brazilian experience are incorporated in the foreign policy agenda to leverage its international stature as a rising state. We explain how Brazil’s international cooperation through transferring its public policies and development models (policies for fghting hunger and poverty, agrarian development and income generation) to its Southern partners has been discursively articulated as
representing Brazil’s normative potential to contribute to political and institutional solutions, and rebuild norms and standards that afect the distribution of international power and wealth
South Centre Research Paper, 2021
Despite multilateral commitments and political statements of solidarity and cooperation to guaran... more Despite multilateral commitments and political statements of solidarity and cooperation to guarantee the availability and access to COVID-19 vaccines (and other relevant technologies for control and treatment), the scenario after the beginning of vaccination is marked by the deepening of vaccine nationalism, the concentration of inputs and vaccines production, and the uneven distribution of options of vaccine doses already approved for use. This pattern of production restrictions and unequal access will lead to an increase in international inequalities, leaving a large part of the world to have access to vaccines not until 2024. While advanced purchase agreements (APAs) among pharmaceutical companies and some developed countries are multiplying, the proposed mechanisms for voluntary licensing of technologies and the COVAX Facility do not achieve their goal of democratizing access to vaccines. In this sense, the current TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) waiver proposal seems to be the political and institutional response with the greatest potential to guarantee the scaling of the production of pharmaceutical inputs, allowing the adoption of a comprehensive strategy to ensure timely, sufficient, and affordable access to all technologies developed to fight COVID-19.
Meridiano 47, 2020
O artigo analisa uma dimensão específica dos debates sobre a implementação dos Objetivos de Desen... more O artigo analisa uma dimensão específica dos debates sobre a implementação dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável-ODS, destacando especificamente o papel da ciência, tecnologia e inovação para produção de respostas e soluções para os desafios trazidos com a aprovação da agenda. Dialogando com uma literatura, que se dedicou a análise da relação entre crescimento econômico, inovação tecnológica e mudanças climáticas, busca-se entender o papel da inovação e transferência de tecnologia em toda a agenda. Abstract The article analyzes a specific dimension of the debates on the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals-SDGs, highlighting specifically the role of science, technology, and innovation in producing responses and solutions to the challenges brought about with the approval of the agenda. In dialogue with specific literature, which is dedicated to the analysis of the relationship between economic growth, technological innovation, and climate change, the article seeks to understand the role of innovation and technology transfer within the whole agenda. Palavras-chave: Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação Tecnológica, Objetivos de Desenvol-vimento Sustentável.
E-International Relations, 2020
The burden caused by COVID-19 has brought awareness towards the importance of healthier lives and... more The burden caused by COVID-19 has brought awareness towards the importance of healthier lives and healthy lungs. Given that prolonged tobacco smoking is a leading risk factor for several underlying medical conditions that increase the chances of developing severe illness from COVID-19, it becomes necessary to implement effective tobacco control policies. Thus, COVID-19 reaffirmed the importance of complying with the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control – WHO FCTC – (2003) to their fullest, as well as its Guidelines for Implementation (2013). WHO FCTC is the first evidence-based legally binding treaty in response to noncommunicable diseases.
Panorama EUA, 2020
O artigo analisa o papel dos Estados Unidos no enfrentamento da pandemia de Covid-19 mundialmente... more O artigo analisa o papel dos Estados Unidos no enfrentamento da pandemia de Covid-19 mundialmente, destacando sua relação com a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). O país tem atuado de forma unilateral e acusatória, contribuindo para o enfraquecimento da OMS, o que impõe custos humanos, sociais e economicos de forma global.
Brazilian Journal Of International Relations , 2020
In 2002, Southern Africa was struck by a severe food crisis. Despite the hardships, some nations... more In 2002, Southern Africa was struck by a severe food crisis. Despite the hardships, some nations of this region refused food aid from the US due to the presence of Genetically Modified Organisms. They claimed that the food was unsafe for their population’s consumption. The paper addresses the main reasons for the US donation of GMOs. Based on
documental analysis, congressional hearings and literature review, we argue that although the donations may have the intention of helping the emergency problems of these African and Latin American countries, the food aid also promotes US market interests, disregarding public health
conceptions and economic interests of those countries
Estudos Internacionais, 2020
O artigo analisa o papel da Organização Mundial da Propriedade Intelectual (OMPI) na estruturação... more O artigo analisa o papel da Organização Mundial da Propriedade Intelectual (OMPI) na estruturação do regime internacional de propriedade intelectual, destacando como suas características particulares a confeririam poder e auto-nomia sobre sua constituency, os países-membros. Tomando com referência a estrutura analítica sugerida por Barnett e Finnemore (1999) sobre autonomia das organizações internacionais, são analisadas as características organizacionais e os mecanismos de governança da OMPI-fundamentalmente o papel da sua Secretaria executiva, a relação com o setor privado e o seu particular mecanismo de financiamento. A leitura desses elementos e das atividades desempenhadas pela OMPI aponta claramente para um nível de poder e autonomia da organi-zação perante os países que a compõem e um distanciamento entre suas ações e seu mandato, o que significaria um tipo de disfuncionalidade. Entretanto, a conclusão que chegamos é que, na realidade, há uma mudança na relação de de-pendência da OMPI e uma espécie reconfiguração da sua função internacional.
Revista de Direito da Cidade, 2019
O artigo analisa a participação das cidades nas negociações que levaram à aprovação da Nova Agend... more O artigo analisa a participação das cidades nas negociações que levaram à aprovação da Nova Agenda Urbana (NAU), como resultado da Terceira Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Moradia e Desenvolvimento Urbano Sustentável (Habitat III). A parte empírica da pesquisa busca responder uma indagação bem específica: seriam as cidades sub-representadas na política internacional? Antes mesmo de buscar uma resposta a essa pergunta, o artigo se dedica a um questionamento de ordem teórica, problematizando a pertinência de se discutir a democratização da política internacional tendo um nexo territorial como referência. Os resultados encontrados a partir do caso concreto indicam que o problema da sub-representação política, diagnosticado por diversos autores que identificam a falta de controle democrático exercido pelos indivíduos sobre as decisões que os impactam, também se manifesta para as cidades e governos locais nos espaços internacionais. Isso ocorre mesmo diante de um crescente movimento de atuação política desses atores e do maior peso atribuído às cidades nas mais recentes agendas globais de desenvolvimento sustentável. Ao propor uma discussão inovadora sobre o déficit democrático tendo como parâmetro o espaço territorial das cidades e seu âmbito de representação política, espera-se contribuir para a literatura que aborda esse fenômeno na política internacional. Palavras-chave: Déficit democrático; democracia global; normas internacionais; desenvolvimento sustentável; Habitat III.
Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 2020
O artigo analisa alguns dilemas relacionados à implementação da Conven-ção-Quadro para o Controle... more O artigo analisa alguns dilemas relacionados à implementação da Conven-ção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco, destacando as dificuldades dos Esta-dos participantes para adotar políticas públicas, com custo-benefício compro-vado, que visam à redução da oferta e demanda do tabaco. Especificamente, o artigo examina a recomendação para a adoção de políticas de padronização das embalagens de cigarro, presente nas diretrizes para a implementação dos Artigos 11 e 13 da Convenção. Por meio da análise de casos, identificamos fa-tores políticos e jurídicos que dificultam a implementação da Convenção, in-cluindo a inibição regulatória produzida pela abertura de litígios por parte da indústria do tabaco, que utiliza-se das cláusulas de arbitragem investidor-Es-tado existentes em acordos bilaterais de investimentos. Conclui-se que, apesar dos custos impostos aos Estados e dos atrasos na adoção dessas políticas, no médio ou longo prazo, as decisões proferidas pelos tribunais arbitrais e pelo Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias da Organização Mundial do Comércio podem consolidar o entendimento acerca da legalidade e efetividade de políti-cas que adotam o referido modelo. Política Pública; Tabaco; Embalagem de Produtos Derivados do Tabaco; Cooperação Internacional ENSAIO ESSAY Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licença Creative Commons Attribution, que permite uso, distribuição e reprodu-ção em qualquer meio, sem restrições, desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.
Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 2020
The article analyzes some dilemmas related to the implementation of the Framework Convention on T... more The article analyzes some dilemmas related to the implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, underscoring the States parties' difficulties in adopting public policies with proven cost-benefit and aimed at reducing tobacco's supply and demand. Specifically, the article examines the recommendation to adopt policies for plain cigarette packaging, as provided in the guidelines for implementation of the Convention's Articles 11 and 13. Based on case analysis, we identified political and legal factors that hinder the Convention's implementation, including the regulatory chill produced by legal claims filed by the tobacco industry, which uses investor-State arbitration clauses from bilateral investment agreements. The article concludes that despite the costs imposed on States and the delays in the adoption of such policies , in the medium and long term the rulings handed down by the arbitration courts and the World Trade Organization's Dispute Settlement Body can consolidate the understanding of the legality and effectiveness of policies that adopt the model.
Fome e Relações Internacionais, 2019
A insegurança alimentar existe quando as pessoas não têm acesso à alimentação adequada e em quant... more A insegurança alimentar existe quando as pessoas não têm acesso à alimentação adequada e em quantidades suficientes para permitir o desenvolvimento de uma vida ativa e saudável. A persistência da insegurança alimentar em pleno século XXI é um fenômeno ultrajante, pois não faltam meios materiais para se garantir que todos possam comer decentemente. De fato, o número de pessoas subnutridas no mundo caiu de 945 milhões para 820, 8 milhões entre 2005 e 2017. Contudo, o número mais recente não deixa de ser espantoso, ainda mais se considerarmos que população desnutrida tem, na verdade, crescido nos últimos três anos. Em 2014, 783,7 milhões de pessoas passaram fome .
This article analyses South-South initiatives for building an intellectual property (IP) flex-ibi... more This article analyses South-South initiatives for building an intellectual property (IP) flex-ibilities agenda, highlighting the particularities in this specific area of international relations as well as the difficulties encountered in building a common position. I start by outlining the changes and transformational dynamics in the international regime for the protection of IP, and examining how these changes, notably the proliferation of TRIPS-plus rules through preferential agreements, affect developing countries. Next, I examine the development of South-South collaboration as a strategic option for maintaining the policy space developing countries need to develop legal frameworks at-tuned to their specific needs and interests, and for building norms that strengthen IP flexibilities. I conclude that a strong and more purposeful response by countries like Brazil, India and China has been difficult to achieve for several reasons: i) the diversity of forms of protection included in the international negotiations; ii) the multiplicity of areas and public policies affected by IP regulations; and iii) domestic economic changes in developing countries.
Carta Internacional, 2018
Jeffrey Sachs e a Ajuda Oficial para o Desenvolvimento: uma releitura da Teoria da Modernização J... more Jeffrey Sachs e a Ajuda Oficial para o Desenvolvimento: uma releitura da Teoria da Modernização Jeffrey Sachs and the Official Development Assistance: a rereading of the Modernization Theory Resumo Desde o pós Segunda Guerra Mundial, a Ajuda Oficial para o Desenvolvimento (AOD) tornou-se uma constante nos projetos de desenvolvimento do mundo capitalista para a periferia. Esse instrumento se manteve presente na agenda de desenvolvimento a despeito das mudanças na economia mundial e das críticas sofridas. Nos anos 2000, a AOD se reafirmou política e teoricamente, como meio de implementação dos objetivos de desenvolvimento das Nações Unidas e pela produção acadêmica do economista Jeffrey D. Sachs. Considerando a importância de Sachs na engrenagem da estrutura internacional da AOD, é fundamental um olhar mais atento sobre sua produção intelectual. O objetivo desse artigo é uma análise da perspectiva de Sachs acerca do papel da AOD, apontando para as interseções do seu argumento com a teoria da modernização e a influência dessa linhagem teórica na concepção do autor sobre o papel da ajuda externa no desenvolvimento das sociedades presas na armadilha da pobreza. Palavras-chave: Jeffrey Sachs; Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável; Ajuda Oficial para o Desenvolvimento; Teoria da Modernização. Abstract Since the post World War II, Official Development Assistance (ODA) has become a constant in the development strategies of developed countries to the periphery. This instrument has remained on the development agenda despite changes in world economy and the criticisms 1 Doutor em Ciência Política pela Unicamp; Mestre em Relações Internacionais pelo PPG San Tiago Dantas (UNESP, Unicamp, PUC-SP); Bacharel em História pela UFMG e em Relações Internacionais pela PUC-MG. Professor do
O artigo apresenta uma experiência em desenvolvimento na Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB) q... more O artigo apresenta uma experiência em desenvolvimento na Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB) que tem como objetivo contribuir, de uma forma específica, no processo de implementação dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Sustentável (ODS) das Nações Unidas. Trata-se da execução de Projeto de Extensão Universitária focado na participação e contribuição da sociedade civil, especialmente enfocando no papel da Universidade, na implementação dos ODS e de sua agenda de desenvolvimento para o período pós-2015. Esse projeto, em desenvolvimento desde o início de 2015, busca contribuir com a difusão da agenda ODS entre organizações da sociedade civil do Nordeste brasileiro, além de atuar na capacitação de gestores e multiplicadores da agenda em diversos espaços e instituições da região. A Universidade tem enorme potencial para contribuir e garantir condições para a apropriação da agenda, formulação de políticas e desenvolvimento de tecnologias sociais para implementação dos ODS.
Resumo: O artigo analisa dois casos específicos de cooperação sul-sul em saúde – o Programa Mais ... more Resumo: O artigo analisa dois casos específicos de cooperação sul-sul em saúde – o Programa Mais Médicos para o Brasil e o processo de construção da Sociedade Moçambicana de Medicamentos. A análise desses casos joga luz a uma questão importante nas discussões contemporâneas em Saúde Global e nos estudos sobre cooperação internacional em saúde. Basicamente, busca-se demonstrar como arranjos de cooperação entre países que enfrentam limitações materiais significativas – mas que possuem expertise e relativa capacidade material – permitem a criação de dinâmicas colaborativas com resultados satisfatórios. Assim, dialogando criticamente com o conceito de cooperação estruturante em saúde, esse trabalho propõe uma leitura particular sobre as potencialidades da cooperação em saúde entre países do Sul Global e mostra como iniciativas particulares podem ter potencial transformador nos sistemas de saúde dos países receptores. Palavras-Chave: Cooperação Sul-Sul, Cooperação Estruturante em Saúde, Saúde Global. Abstract: The article analyzes two cases of South-South cooperation in health-the 'More Doctors for Brazil' Program and the process of construction of the Mozambican Society of
O artigo analisa os acordos preferenciais de comércio celebrados entre Estados Unidos e alguns pa... more O artigo analisa os acordos preferenciais de comércio celebrados entre Estados Unidos e alguns países da América Latina, destacando especificamente o conteúdo TRIPS-plus das regras de proteção à propriedade intelectual contidas nos acordos. Essas regras ampliam e aprofundam o padrão mínimo obrigatório do TRIPS, produzindo efeitos importantes em políticas públicas vitais para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico desses países.
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Papers - academic journals by Henrique Menezes
Methods
To evaluate the risks posed to the COVID-19 immunization program, data on vaccine allocation and delivery, vaccine dose application, immunized populations, and the volume of Advanced Purchase Agreements (APAs) between countries and pharmaceutical companies were compiled and assessed. A descriptive analysis was then conducted to analyze the role of pharmaceutical companies in providing equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines.
Results
When the data is broken down by income (as of June 2021), it shows that high-income countries (HICs) have already crossed the COVID-19 Vaccine Global Access (COVAX) 20% immunization threshold. However, countries of all other income levels have yet to achieve this mark for fully vaccinated people. Upper-middle-income countries (UMICs) have approximately 3%, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have approximately 2% and low-income countries (LICs) have less than 0.1% of fully vaccinated people per hundred. The supply shortage is expected to last until the second half of 2021.
Conclusion
As a result of the COVAX failure, a health gap emerged with countries living in a pre-immunization period for an extended time. The existing conflict between the international response to tackle COVID-19 and corporate profitdriven behavior contributed to prolonging pandemic, especially in Africa. Accordingly, there is a need to approve an international treaty that targets the activities of all actors, including the pharmaceutical companies, in protecting human rights and the right to health realms.
was framed in terms of Brazil’s socio-economic and cultural peculiarities, whereby these were treated not as obstacles but as positive contributions to developing states’ attempts to reform global governance structures. We argue that this refects an alternative form of foreign policy politicisation in which the social dilemmas, particularities and contradictions of the Brazilian experience are incorporated in the foreign policy agenda to leverage its international stature as a rising state. We explain how Brazil’s international cooperation through transferring its public policies and development models (policies for fghting hunger and poverty, agrarian development and income generation) to its Southern partners has been discursively articulated as
representing Brazil’s normative potential to contribute to political and institutional solutions, and rebuild norms and standards that afect the distribution of international power and wealth
documental analysis, congressional hearings and literature review, we argue that although the donations may have the intention of helping the emergency problems of these African and Latin American countries, the food aid also promotes US market interests, disregarding public health
conceptions and economic interests of those countries
Methods
To evaluate the risks posed to the COVID-19 immunization program, data on vaccine allocation and delivery, vaccine dose application, immunized populations, and the volume of Advanced Purchase Agreements (APAs) between countries and pharmaceutical companies were compiled and assessed. A descriptive analysis was then conducted to analyze the role of pharmaceutical companies in providing equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines.
Results
When the data is broken down by income (as of June 2021), it shows that high-income countries (HICs) have already crossed the COVID-19 Vaccine Global Access (COVAX) 20% immunization threshold. However, countries of all other income levels have yet to achieve this mark for fully vaccinated people. Upper-middle-income countries (UMICs) have approximately 3%, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have approximately 2% and low-income countries (LICs) have less than 0.1% of fully vaccinated people per hundred. The supply shortage is expected to last until the second half of 2021.
Conclusion
As a result of the COVAX failure, a health gap emerged with countries living in a pre-immunization period for an extended time. The existing conflict between the international response to tackle COVID-19 and corporate profitdriven behavior contributed to prolonging pandemic, especially in Africa. Accordingly, there is a need to approve an international treaty that targets the activities of all actors, including the pharmaceutical companies, in protecting human rights and the right to health realms.
was framed in terms of Brazil’s socio-economic and cultural peculiarities, whereby these were treated not as obstacles but as positive contributions to developing states’ attempts to reform global governance structures. We argue that this refects an alternative form of foreign policy politicisation in which the social dilemmas, particularities and contradictions of the Brazilian experience are incorporated in the foreign policy agenda to leverage its international stature as a rising state. We explain how Brazil’s international cooperation through transferring its public policies and development models (policies for fghting hunger and poverty, agrarian development and income generation) to its Southern partners has been discursively articulated as
representing Brazil’s normative potential to contribute to political and institutional solutions, and rebuild norms and standards that afect the distribution of international power and wealth
documental analysis, congressional hearings and literature review, we argue that although the donations may have the intention of helping the emergency problems of these African and Latin American countries, the food aid also promotes US market interests, disregarding public health
conceptions and economic interests of those countries