Agriculture

The proposed research study was conducted during 2010-11 at the Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi. The runner plants of the strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) cv. Chandler were collected from Swat (Mingora.) Different cultivation systems were adapted i.e., standard growing media in polyethylene bags (T ), soil less media (T ), high tunnel (T ), green house (T ), 1 2 3 4

Strawberry is a perishable crop that is in high demand by consumers because of its taste and good quality, and by growers because of its high yield, and good profitability. For production at the commercial level, growth regulators have been used. However, more attention is now being paid towards pre- and post-harvest techniques using various combinations of growth regulators and salt. In view of current trends a research program was initiated at the Horticulture Department, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan during the 2010–2011 strawberry season. The experiment was carried out to investigate the impact of exogenous application of salt and growth regulators on the growth and yield of strawberry. The treatments applied in a Randomized Complete Block Design were: T1: Control/ untreated; T2: Gibberellic Acid 50ppm; T3: Salicylic Acid 1mMol-L; T4: Calcium Chloride 0.4%; T5: Gibberellic Acid 50ppm + Calcium Chloride 0.4%; T6: Salicylic Acid 1mMol-L + Calcium Chloride 0.4%. Results indicated that salt applied in combination with growth regulators resulted in the best increase in growth and yield. The use of GA3 singly or in combination with calcium chloride significantly enhanced vegetative growth, corresponding to an increase in plant height, crown diameter, canopy spread, fresh and dry plant weight, leaf area, amount of fruit set, and number of runners, trusses, flowers and fruits when compared with salicylic acid, and calcium chloride. However, fruit size, weight and yield exhibited a decreasing trend. Amongst the combined sprays of growth regulator and salt, salicylic acid + calcium chloride showed significant results in all parameters i.e. vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality, over the gibberellic acid + calcium chloride combination, followed by the control. Notably, the salicylic acid + calcium chloride improved fruit quality by increasing ascorbic acid content and TSS, whereas titratable acidity showed a non-significant response.

Strawberry is perishable crop which is exceedingly in demand for its taste, profitability, high yield and good quality. For production at commercial level growth regulators have been used in the past but in present more attention paid towards pre and post-harvest techniques by using combination of growth regulators with salt. Keeping in view, present research was laid at research area of horticulture department, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, during 2010-2011. The experiment was carried out to check the impact of exogenous application of salt and growth regulators on growth and yield of strawberry. The treatments thus formed were T 1 : Control/ untreated; T 2 : Gibberellic acid 50ppm; T 3 : Salicylic acid 1mMol-L ; T 4 : Calcium chloride 0.4%; T 5 : Gibberellic acid 50ppm + Calcium chloride 0.4%; T 6 : Salicylic acid 1mMol-L + Calcium chloride 0.4%. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was applied to verify the treatments. Results showed that application of growth regulators combined with salt was more effective in increasing growth and yield. GA 3 either applied singly or among calcium chloride, radically increased the vegetative growth parameters by increasing plant height, crown diameter, canopy spread, fresh and dry weight of plant and leaves, leaf area, fruit set percentage, number of, runners, trusses, flowers and fruits; as compared to salicylic acid followed by Calcium chloride. However, fruit size, weight and yield were reduced. Among combined sprays of growth regulator and salt, Salicylic acid + Calcium chloride showed significant results in all parameters viz; vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality parameters, than Gibberellic acid + Calcium chloride followed by control. Salicylic acid + CaCl 2 also improve the fruit quality by significantly increasing ascorbic acid content and Total Soluble Solids while titratable acidity showed non-significant result.

Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) belongs to family Gentianaceae is becoming one of the most highly ranked cut flowers in international market. Lisianthus seeds exhibited cold-related dormancy and slow germination rate. Seed priming techniques have been utilized to increase germination attributes and improve germination uniformity. The present study was conducted to enhance germination uniformity and plant development in Lisianthus by using different priming techniques. The effect of different concentrations of gibberellic acid (250, 500 and 1000 ppm GA3), potassium nitrate (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% KNO3), hydro priming (DW, CDW, WDW) and control was examined on germination and other physiological parameters. Complete Randomized Design (CRD) was used for nine treatments with five replications. Plants treated with GA3 of concenteration 1000 ppm had a positive impact on all parameters ( mean germination time, germination index, plant height, number of leaves, stem length, number of flowers, ...

Strawberry is perishable crop which is exceedingly in demand for its taste, profitability, high yield and good quality. For production at commercial level growth regulators have been used in the past but in present more attention paid towards pre and post-harvest techniques by using combination of growth regulators with salt. Keeping in view, present research was laid at research area of horticulture department, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, during 2010 – 2011. The experiment was carried out to check the impact of exogenous application of salt and growth regulators on growth and yield of strawberry. The treatments thus formed were T1: Control/ untreated; T2: Gibberellic acid 50ppm; T3: Salicylic acid 1mMol -L ; T4: Calcium chloride 0.4%; T5: Gibberellic acid 50ppm + Calcium chloride 0.4%; T6: Salicylic acid 1mMol -L + Calcium chloride 0.4%. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was applied to verify the treatments. Results showed that application of gro...

This paper presents a review of the literature on case study research and comments on the ongoing debate of the value of case study. A research paradigm and its theoretical framework is described. This review focuses extensively on the positions as foundational writers in the area of case study research. As well, a range of voices in the debate related to case study research and its position as a research methodology in both the quantitative and qualitative paradigms are identified.

Two models of agricultural research and technology diffusion arc described and contrasted. The central source of innovation model frequently underlies the theories and rhetoric of agricultural research and extension institutions. The multiple source of innovation model places agricultural research and diffusion processes in the historical. political. economic. agroclimatic. and institutional context in which technological change takes place. The paper discusses the evidence and reasons for the dominance of the central model and reviews the significance of the multiple source model for agricultural research policy.

akistan is at 28th amongst the countries that are going to be hurt badly by climate change. It falls in ten major wheat-producing countries of the world in terms of area, production and yield per hectare. Global warming, as a result of climate change, may negatively affect morphological characters of wheat. The present study was undertaken in district Layyah to find out the impact of climate change on wheat crop. The district had a total of three (3) tehsils (sub-divisions) and two(2) tehsils were selected purposely which were badly affected by extreme climatic event like floods. Thereafter, there (3) union councils from each tehsil,three(3) villages from each selected union council and seven farmers from each village were selected. Thus, a sample of 126 farmers were chosen and interviewed through a pretested structured interview schedule at their fields. The data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS).Vast majority (94.4%) of the respondents informed that climate change had effect on wheat crop productivity. Majority (above 90%) of the respondents reported that climate change was affecting their crop almost at every stage in the way of unpredicted rains, sudden rise in temperature and long drought periods. P Abstract http://ijasrt.iau-shoushtar.ac.ir 2020; 10(3):103-108 104 Farmers' Perception Regarding Impact of Climate Change Siddiqui and Shah

akistan is at 28th amongst the countries that are going to be hurt badly by climate change. It falls in ten major wheat-producing countries of the world in terms of area, production and yield per hectare. Global warming, as a result of climate change, may negatively affect morphological characters of wheat. The present study was undertaken in district Layyah to find out the impact of climate change on wheat crop. The district had a total of three (3) tehsils (sub-divisions) and two(2) tehsils were selected purposely which were badly affected by extreme climatic event like floods. Thereafter, there (3) union councils from each tehsil,three(3) villages from each selected union council and seven (7) farmers from each village were selected. Thus, a sample of 126 farmers were chosen and interviewed through a pretested structured interview schedule at their fields. The data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS).Vast majority (94.4%) of the respondents informed that climate change had effect on wheat crop productivity. Majority (above 90%) of the respondents reported that climate change was affecting their crop almost at every stage in the way of unpredicted rains, sudden rise in temperature and long drought periods.

Arguably, the South China Sea drama is an important piece in the new "Great Game" that is being played out between the world's current superpower (US), perceived by some to be in decline, and the new challenger (China) that wants to take its rightful place as an equal and perhaps even more. The US is faced with the strategic challenge of how to manage China's global ascendancy peacefully. China's unilateral actions in the South China Sea, which include claims of sovereignty of the islands reaching back to ancient times, the construction of artificial islands in the Spratlys and Paracels, airfield extensions, and deployments of surfaceto-air and anti-ship missiles, do not bode well for any future peaceful settlement of South China Sea disputes in which Taiwan, Brunei, Vietnam, Malaysia and the Philippines are also claimants. While the US has not taken sides in these territorial disputes, its strenuous insistence on its right of freedom of navigation through disputed waters has brought the US into confrontation with China, at a time when the latter is modernizing and restructuring its military forces. Ironically, all sides claim that their actions are aimed at maintaining peace and stability in the region. Some observers fear, however, that the situation will ultimately lead to a military clash between China and the US.

In order to sustain a competitive edge in this global manufacturing era, enterprises need to adopt appropriate improvement schemes. This article examines a detailed study of quality improvement tools mostly used in the organizations. As this is the conceptual paper, the paper focuses on two important quality improvement techniques, BPR (Business Process Reengineering) and TQM (Total quality management). Both the approaches clinch the same thoughts and objectives for organizational enhancement but the difference lies in terms of means used by each technique, the risk, time frame and the magnitude of change expected from each of these programs. In order to attain this comparison, the article first defines and explains each of the approaches for the in depth understanding of the difference as well as similarities between these two. The articles (related to the comparison of these two improvement tools) of almost last 15 years are gathered and studied in detail and then conclusion is drawn based on the findings of different previous articles. The methodology used primarily is literature review as well as the case study method also helps in gathering the data. The study concludes that even though both the approaches intend to enhance organizational competence, they are relatively different both theoretically as well as practically and each of the approach is suitable for different situation depending upon the needs and requirements of the organization.

The main idea of the paper to presents a model with the discussion of Human resources management role with line extent of Management competency, team working, effective communication, IT and Organizational structure and there impact on the effectiveness of Business Process Reengineering. The article suggest that the use of HRM with the implementation of the BPR find the better results and support the organizational better