TCIN

Traumatic brain injury is the leading cause of death in children and young adults globally. malignant cerebral oedema has a major role in the pathophysiology that evolves after severe traumatic brain injury. Added to this is the significant morbidity and mortality from cerebral oedema associated with acute stroke, hypoxic ischemic coma, neurological cancers and brain infection. Therapeutic strategies to prevent cerebral oedema are limited and, if brain swelling persists, the risks of permanent brain damage or mortality are greatly exacerbated. Here we show that a temporary and size-selective modulation of the blood-brain barrier allows enhanced movement of water from the brain to the blood and significantly impacts on brain swelling. We also show cognitive improvement in mice with focal cerebral oedema following administration in these animals of short interfering RnA directed against claudin-5. These observations may have profound consequences for early intervention in cases of traumatic brain injury, or indeed any neurological condition where cerebral oedema is the hallmark pathology.

Environmental enrichment promotes structural and functional changes in the brain, including enhanced learning and memory performance in rodents. Transient global cerebral ischemia (15 min) causes specific damage to dorsal hippocampal area CA1 pyramidal cells of the rat concomitantly with cognitive deficits. Thus, we investigated if environmental enrichment can protect rats against the cognitive and neurological consequences of transient ischemia. We evaluated the impairment of learning and memory with three tasks: odour discrimination, object exploration and spatial learning. Contrary to expectation, we found that the enriched environment improved performances for both ischemic and sham rats in odour discrimination and object exploration tasks compared with standard condition housed rats. After exposure to an enriched environment, ischemic rats performed better in the water maze than those in the standard housing conditions. However, exposure to an enriched environment does not protect against actual loss of CA1 pyramidal cells. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were increased in environmental enrichment animals compared to those housed in standard conditions. We conclude that environmental enrichment has positive effects that are independent of the effects of ischemic brain lesions.

Although formation and stabilization of long-lasting associative memories are thought to require time-dependent coordinated hippocampal-cortical interactions, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we present evidence that neurons in the rat cortex must undergo a "tagging process" upon encoding to ensure the progressive hippocampal-driven rewiring of cortical networks that support remote memory storage. This process was AMPA-and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent, information-specific, and capable of modulating remote memory persistence by affecting the temporal dynamics of hippocampal-cortical interactions. Post-learning reinforcement of the tagging process via time-limited epigenetic modifications resulted in improved remote memory retrieval. Thus, early tagging of cortical networks is a crucial neurobiological process for remote memory formation whose functional properties fit the requirements imposed by the extended time scale of systems-level memory consolidation.

The aim of this study is to evaluate Neuro Sky's Mindset headset as a minimally invasive method of measuring the attention and meditation levels of a subject. Two psychologically-based tests were conducted to assess the suitability of the headset to measure and categorise a user's level of attention and meditation.

Citizens have many different reasons to support or oppose government responsibility in the domain of social welfare. They may want to restrict social rights for undeserving or deviant beneficiaries, they may want to safeguard their own financial interests, they may want to exclude immigrants and other outgroups from welfare coverage, or they may express solidarity with fellow citizens in precarious life situations. Such reasons are likely to determine the extent to which citizens consider government institutions to be responsible for handling social issues such as inequality, unemployment and public health. The match between citizens' expectations and actual government intervention in social issues then shapes the legitimacy of welfare arrangements, thus providing the social foundation of collective responsibility. We use the generic term of normative beliefs to subsume individually held, but socially shared values, perceptions and expectations which provide normative support for welfare attitudes, understood as policy preferences in the domain of government responsibility and redistribution of economic resources. Four issues related to normative beliefs are addressed in this chapter. The first issue concerns the structure of the beliefs which are associated with welfare attitudes. We suggest that four basic categories of beliefs account for the normative foundation of welfare intervention, organised as a function of different conceptions of social order. Second, we investigate the social contexts which give rise to these normative beliefs by studying how level of education and perceived vulnerability impacts normative beliefs and welfare attitudes. A third

Train Driver workload is an under-researched area. Operator workload has been extensively studied in the automotive, aeronautical and other domains using performance, subjective and physiological measures. In this exploratory study, we combine subjective self-report measures with a task-based measure of workload and physiological measures. Heart Rate and Galvanic Skin Response are collected from train drivers over the course of their journey. These signals are analysed with respect to subjective and task-based measures of workload, but no reliable correlations were found between the physiological and other workload measures. However, the results show that peaks in both the Heart Rate and GSR data are associated with particular locations or events and changes in GSR data reflect anticipatory events and are inline with subjective driver commentary. This suggests that further research on physiological measures for train drivers is warranted Workload measurement, rail human factors, heart rate, galvanic skin response, psychophysiology, ambulatory monitoring, wearable sensors.

This study uses minimally invasive technology to monitor the emotional response of a subject during stress inducing psychological tasks. The goal of these tasks is to investigate the possibility of measuring and subsequently categorising the subject's level of stress using biosignal devices. If a consistent metric of stress can be determined it may be used for many forms of human-machine interaction in areas such as assessment and training. Two separate psychological tests were conducted, The Stroop Colour Word Interference Test (20 subjects), and The Towers of Hanoi (17 subjects). These tests examine directed attention, and sustained, consistent attention respectively. NeuroSky's Mindset device was used to record the stress and attention level of each subject. We examined the subject's attention while undertaking these tasks, and assessed any correlation between this and their level of stress during the task. This study shows that for most subjects, the less attent the subject is, the lower their stress level, and the higher the level of attention, the greater the level of stress (increased concentration etc.) As the difficulty of the task increased, some subjects appeared to 'lose interest' or reduce their level of attention, and consequently the level of stress measured decreased.

This paper presents a method to extract train driver taskload from downloads of on-train-data-recorders (OTDR). OTDR are in widespread use for the purposes of condition monitoring of trains, but they may also have applications in operations monitoring and management. Evaluation of train driver workload is one such application. The paper describes the type of data held in OTDR recordings and how they can be transformed into driver actions throughout a journey. Example data from 16 commuter journeys are presented, which highlights the increased taskload during arrival at stations. Finally, the possibilities and limitations of the data are discussed.

Here we present guidelines that highlight the impact of haptic feedback upon the experiences of computer musicians using Digital Musical Instruments (DMIs). In this context, haptic feedback offers a tangible, bi-directional exchange between a musician and a DMI. We propose that by adhering to and exploring these guidelines the application of haptic feedback can enhance and augment the physical and affective experiences of a musician in interactions with these devices. It has been previously indicated that in the design of haptic DMIs, the experiences and expectations of a musician must be considered for the creation of tangible DMIs and that haptic feedback can be used to address the physical-digital divide that currently exists between users of such instruments.

Automated driving solutions represent a potential solution to promoting driver persistence and the management of fitness to drive issues in older adults. This paper reports on the application of a 'Human Factors & Ethics Canvas' and associated methodologies, to support the preliminary specification of an ethically responsible solution for a new driver assistance system. The proposed driving assistance solution has emerged from an analysis of certain ethical principles in relation to the goals and needs of specific older adult drivers (i.e. personae) in different situations (i.e. scenarios). The driving solution is designed to optimize the abilities and participation of older adults.

A method for generating music via a mapping from brain signals is proposed. The brain signals are recorded using consumer-level brain-computer interface equipment. Each time-step in the signal is passed through a directed acyclic graph whose nodes execute simple numerical manipulations. Certain nodes also output MIDI commands, leading to patterned MIDI output. Some interesting music is obtained, and desirable system properties are demonstrated: the music is responsive to changes in input, and a single input signal passed through different graphs leads to similarly-structured outputs. 1. INTRODUCTION Mappings between sensory modalities are fascinating. Synaesthesia is an example: some people report experiencing certain colours when they hear certain pitches, for example; others report an association between colours and letters [1]. One of the authors recently heard a two-year-old child refer to some intense crayon work as "doing loud on the paper". Feeling the kick drum in your chest is indispensable to some forms of music. Jean-Michel Jarre and many others have made mappings between light and music. Douglas Hofstadter poses questions like, what would a poem be like if it were in the medium of painting instead [2]-and recreational drug users sometimes report answers. In our favourite songs, we often feel that there is an essential link between the words and the music-not just that they are well-suited, but that they are synchronised, with a clear mapping between them at each point in time. Something similar happens with film scores. The voltages that are produced by the human brain as a by-product of its normal activity are not a sensory modality similar to, say, sight or hearing. Nor are they a modality we have obvious control over, like speech. However, a mapping between the brain's activity and the resulting voltage signals can be established [3]. It is therefore of interest to think about mappings from these signals to other modalities. Because these signals are time series, it is particularly natural to consider mappings to a time-based medium like music. The fact that a feedback loop is possible-brain to signal to music to ear to brain-greatly increases the possibilities and the interest.

Blockchain (BC) has recently paved the way for developing Decentralized Identity Management (IdM) systems for different information systems. Researchers widely use it to develop decentralized IdM systems for the Health Internet of Things (HIoT). HIoT is considered a vulnerable system that produces and processes sensitive data. BC-based IdM systems have the potential to be more secure and privacy-aware than centralized IdM systems. However, many studies have shown potential security risks to using BC. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) conducted by the authors on BC-based IdM systems in HIoT systems showed a lack of comprehensive security and risk management frameworks for BC-based IdM systems in HIoT. Conducting a further SLR focusing on risk management and supplemented by Grey Literature (GL), in this paper, a security taxonomy, security framework, and cybersecurity risk management framework for the HIoT BC-IdM systems are identified and proposed. The cybersecurity risk managemen...

This chapter discusses the use of commercial Brain Computer Interfaces to monitor the emotions and interactions of a subject as they use a system. Tracking how a user interacts with a system, and the emotion-based responses that are invoked as they interact with the system, yield very valuable datasets for the development of intelligent, adaptive systems. The proliferation of mobile devices as an emerging platform offers scope for the development of the relationship between Brain Computer Interfaces and mobile technology, towards ubiquitous, minimally invasive, mobile systems.