Anthropology

's, an Indian film star, painful experience as a Muslim in the US has been taken into cognizance to write this paper yet this endeavor is influenced much by the contemporary intellectual groundings and commentaries from different perspectives in shaping and relde-shaping Muslim and Islam rather than Shah Rukh Khan's story. Islam becomes a Oiscl-ptin. of fear and hatred in the hands of the "West." Islam has been the subject of locus almost iince the formation of the ummah in Arab with the Prophet (pbuh). To the West, Islam is not modern or secular because it does not allow critique. In Foucault's definition, critique is the art of not being governed so much. Islam is generally absent in Foucault's writing; nonetheless, he visited Iran and wrote about its Islamic Revolution wherein he saw an elemental expression of ..political spirituality." Foucault rvrote: the new Muslim style of politics could signal tire beginningof new lorm of political spintuality, not just for the Middle East but also for Europe, which has adopted the practice of secular politics ever since the French Revolution. Iran, for Foucault, was timeleis. with

Enforced disappearances persist in many countries all over the world. It creates severe social and psychological repercussions on families left behind. The Sri Lankan internal ethnic conflict lasted for three decades ended up with the deaths of more than 150,000 people and massive internal and external displacements. Additionally, a new social phenomenon has been evolved as "Women-headed Households of persons with forcibly disappeared" from all ethnic groups. The government of Sri Lanka and rebels have used forced disappearances as a weapon to suppress dissents and combat the armed conflict.This study attempted to examine the impact of enforced disappearances on Women-headed Households of North Province in a post-conflict context. Predominantly, it intended to focus on identity crisis, patriarchal domination, psychological implications, handling with painful experiences and potential challenges in implementing psycho-social programs for their well-being.The potential role of social work professionals also has been discussed. Mentioned the methodology use and highlighted the major findings.

In recent decades, governments around the world have been experimenting with neoliberal approach in forest resource management through environmental standardization and certification in an endeavour to lessen financial and operational constraints and tensions between multi-stakeholders. Neoliberal era invites distributive politics that show a growing transfer of authority from public realm to private agents, civil society, whether non-profit or corporate-a clear sign of diminution of that power. Under these circumstances, a new managerial system develops for forest resource management in global context, which is Forestry Stewardship Council (FSC), the first independent non-profit global standardization and certification network. Though limited by secondary analysis, this paper does not focus on the strengths or the weaknesses of FSC but to argue this new governance under two different theoretical perspectives of Foucauldian governmentality and neo-Gramscian hegemony in identifying whether this new forms of governance bring a better management for agencies by restructuring the existing power-politics nexus or to reproduce and ensure the interest of previous one.

This essay aims to investigate George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four while applying Sedgwick's critical methodology as well as showing how the hellscape of Dante's Inferno 28 gets reshaped in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Through Sedgwick's methodology,this study shows Orwell's misrepresentation of the definition of political terms and their usages. In doing so, this paper focuses on how Orwell defines human freedom in a totalitarian society, and how the "Rhetorical Impaction" (96), in Sedgwick's phrase, of his self-invented political terms, such as Double think, Thought Police, Thought crime, Newspeak, Two minute hate etc., may affect readers. Most often, Orwell coaxes readers in order to support his fictional world-in the name of amusement he makes the text enticing with the display of words. The construction of some binaries in Nineteen Eighty-Four limits readers' production of knowledge. Human freedom is presented in an incorrect way-incorrect to the readers as he redefines the definition of "human freedom"-through Orwellian view, and his political terminologies affect readers' vision about the dystopian society. Dante's production of words and projection of hellish images are regarded as "genrecide." As Karla Mallette remarks in "Muhammad in Hell" that "Dante's Hell is nothing other than horrific" (207), Dante's hellish scenario is presented through horrifying words. Similarly, Orwell builds a dystopian hell by producing intolerable passages, violent adjectives, and sordid verbs. This essay dissects the theme of war, sin, and punishment to relate them toNineteen Eighty-Four's theme of war, crime, and punishment through binaries to show that both Dante and Orwell represent "genrecide" through their production of words.

In 2007 during the thirteenth conference of the parties (COP-13) at Bali, global players are finally adopted 'Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (plus) conservation of forest carbon stocks, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks' (REDD+) as global policy for protecting world forest and as an early device for reducing-global warming after the failure of reaching to a negotiating point on how to tackle forest degradation globally in 1992 at Rio. It is the first attempt at a global level, which put emphasizes on rewarding local people/forest depended on people/Indigenous people for maintaining and enhancing forest carbon stocks and sinks through Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) of forest-dependent people. The government of Bangladesh launches the UN REDD+ Bangladesh National Program officially in August 2016 with a stand that this bottom-up approach induces changes in behavior among Indigenous Peoples (IPs), forest-dependent communities and local governments by building mutual respect and confidence, which help to protect and preserve the forest carbon stocks and sinks of Bangladesh. Since this program deploys recently in Bangladesh, this paper is limited only in examining the REDD+ policy document and other preparatory reports and reviewing selected research reports rather than experiencing with the implementation sites. In this paper, I try to reveal the level of inclusion of indigenous people in the REDD+ formulation process and the engagement in the new nature of forest governance as REDD+ has been understood as a governance process characterized (inclusive efforts) by diverse sources of power and authority and by a multiplicity of actors, interests, and activities which all influence each other and may or may not agree with their vision and strategies of forest governance (Corbera and Schroeder, 2011).

Khasi is one of the major tree-crops-farming ethnic communities of NorthEast Bangladesh. In this paper, their farming and forestry knowledge is revealed in order to realize the importance of environmental preservation and conservation. What way Khasi administers hill farming practice with deeming locally derived knowledge and why they conserve forest and forestry in terms of agricultural extension without destroying the forest. To understand these issues local people's climate resilience farming practice and information has been collected through a qualitative method by applying observation, in-depth interview and collective discussion methods from local participants. Data has been analyzed following thematic and descriptive way and findings are conceptualized as research objectives. This study has explored that Khasis' integrated farming efforts that facilitate to uphold local peoples' subsistence, greenery landscape, and livelihood security, including essential eco-friendly forest conservation. The study findings also have shown how Khasi agroforestry and cultivation are developed by using local knowledge for improving the rural community, including tree crop farming with the conservation of bio-cultural diversity, and sustainable management of agro-ecosystem.

This paper delves into how street children as a marginalized segment of urban populations survive on the extreme margins of human life. To elicit the survival patterns of street children, a cross-sectional study was conducted with a purposeful sample of 120 children aged from 12 to 16 years living at different points of the Sylhet metropolitan city located at the north-east part of Bangladesh. In-depth interview and observation techniques were applied to explore primary data from the street children. Findings reveal that street children did not have fixed places for sleeping at night but slept in places they felt pretty secured. They survive with the money they earned daily, and take food from the street food vendors or sometimes by stealing or begging food from hotels or restaurants. Their lives were full of struggles and oppressions, and they frequently experienced maltreatment, exploitation and violence by caregivers, shopkeepers, pedestrians and hawkers on the streets. The study...

This paper evaluates the significant factors contributing to environmental awareness among individuals living in the urban area of Sylhet, Bangladesh. Ordered Probit(OPM) estimation is applied on the value of ten measures of individual environmental concern. The estimated results of OPM reveal the dominance of higher education, higher income, and full-employment status on environmental concern and environmentally responsible behavior. Younger and more educated respondents tended to be more knowledgeable and concerned than older and less educated respondents. The marginal effect of household size, middle-income level income, and part-time employment status of the survey respondents played a less significant role in the degree of environmental awareness. Findings also validate the "age hypothesis" proposed by Van Liere and Dunlap (1980), and the gender effect reveals an insignificant role in determining the degree of environmental concern. Environmental awareness among urban...

We aim to explore the nature of environmental (streams/canals and hillocks) management in terms of how government authorities and environmental groups attempt to control environmental threats around Sylhet City. Adopting a qualitative approach, we interviewed seventeen key informants of government stakeholders and environmental activists involved in local grassroots movements. We argue that dynamic environmental management allows the government and environmental groups to respond conditionally. Although responsible government institutions manage the environment, local movements demand more active presence, raise flags about their actions if found any reckless attempts, strive for more accountability of authorities, and push toward eliminating growing threats. We propose a rational perspective of environmental movements related to political opportunity structure.

Aims: The aim of this paper is to explore and analyze the scope and nature of the environmental movement that may shape the existing management. Study Design: This paper is a qualitative study and based on empirical research. It focuses on the impact of environmental movements around Ratargul Swamp Forest Place and Duration of Study: This research was done around the Ratargul Swamp Forest located in on Sylhet district of Bangladesh. The study period was from January 2016 to November 2017. Methodology: For the primary data collection, 47 respondents were selected by using purposive sampling on the basis of their level of involvement. Data was collected from local people, environmental groups and the forest department. Data collection methods were key informant interview, in-depth interview, case study, focus group discussion and archival research. Results: People of Ratargul village are now more aware of the harmful activities of uncontrolled tourism while the Forest Department bring...

This study aims to present neoliberal politics of the recognition of a ‘new gender category’ in Bangladesh in response to the social movements rooted in the agenda of civil society and (I)NGOs. This paper examines the initiatives and programs adopted by the government and scrutinizes the evaluation report(s) with fresh reflections from the perspectives of service providers and the recipients. Experiences of the hijra people and those who have been working for them, it is evident that livelihood development programs cannot be treated as means of social inclusion of hijra in mainstream society. In Foucauldian words, this recognition politics performed as controlling mechanisms for hijra people. We believe, recognition politics and development programs for hijra people in Bangladesh seek attention to put an insight into this issue.

Antigenic determinants expressed on the bacterial cell surface are of importance in the serological characterization and microbiological diagnosis. The bacterial strains carrying these identical or similar antigenic epitopes might react with antibodies produced against other strains. In this study, strong immunogenicity and antigenic cross reactivity were demonstrated among V. cholerae O1, S. flexnerii 2a and H. influenzae b surface components. The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results were supported by Western blot analysis, where at least 20 antigenic bands, were obtained in each of the reactions, when the surface components were reacted with the homologous antisera. The indirect ELISA results also demonstrated high degree of antigenic relatedness between the surface components of these species, where each surface component was reacted with the heterologous antisera. Western blot analysis also revealed cross reactions between the surface components suggesting common di...

Patro community is a little known and decaying peripheral ethnic community in North-East region in Bangladesh. They are one of the ethnic communities living exclusively in the Sylhet area. At present Patro people are struggling different kinds of socio-cultural problems in their daily lives. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to understand the Patro community’s social, cultural, economic, agricultural and developmental practices and current context in Khadimpara Union by using ethnographic mapping. Study was conducted among Kushirgul and Malgaon village. Study population was Patro community people living in Kushirgul and Malgaon villages. Purposive sampling was used to select sample. Survey method was used for data collection. Household interview, Key informant interview, PRA tools was used to collect field data. Semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. GPS device, Digital camera etc. instrument was used during data collection. ArcGIS software was used to analyse data. Ethical consent was collect from PASKOP and SUST.
          This study indicates that, Patro peoples living and livelihood has been changed. Patro household income has been increased. Our study indicates that if these poor household had more than one earning member, they had better economic condition. This study also found that patro housing pattern has changed. They have now tin shed brick build house and apartment building. That’s why patro people started to learn Sylheti language and they feel that without this language they do not communicate with mainstream people. If they do not communicate with people they do not get job. Patro people believe that education can improve their quality of life. But one problem is that there is no educational institution in patro villages. Patro children have to go outside from their village. So sometimes they feel identity crisis when they go to school.