Business Administration

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ABSTRACT This paper is a monograph written for International Securities Consultancy in 2001. It traces the history and evolution of the private sector in the early reform era in China. The paper explores the definitional grey areas one encounters in the study of the private sector in China in the reforms era.

Social welfare functions of the Chinese Communist regime are largely relegated to state owned industrial enterprises. In addition to productive assets, the SOE also comprises employee housing, health care, pension plans, schools, hospitals, recreation facilities, and even infrastructure. Depending on the type of industry, a quarter to a half of SOE assets may be tied up in these non-production assets. SOE managers are bureaucrats whose job is to follow procedure and carry out orders. Their orders include production targets, wages, pricing of all inputs and outputs, and social welfare of the employees who are the "workers". Communism in theory is a social organization whose primary objective is to ensure the welfare of workers. Lifetime employment is guaranteed. SOE managers use a Soviet style socialist fund accounting to report their revenues and costs, and compute fund excess to be returned to the State or funding needs to be received from the State. Outmoded technology, overstaffing, and gross inefficiency characterize the productive portion of these enterprises. The managerial line of command does not contain a point of responsibility for efficiency or quality. The additional funding needs of money-losing SOEs emerged as a significant financial burden for the government.

The elegant simplicity of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is its greatest weakness because human nature demands complicated answers to important questions and Chaos Theory readily fills that demand for complexity claiming that it reveals the hidden structure in stock prices. In this paper we take a close look at the Rescaled Range Analysis tool of chaos theorists and show that their findings are undermined by weaknesses in their methods 1 .

An excessive use of algebra and stochastic calculus in undergraduate finance courses is an impediment to learning because it shifts our attention from finance to mathematics; and also because, for most of our students, algebra serves to obfuscate rather than to clarify the basic concepts in finance that we are trying to teach. In this paper we demonstrate with examples, particularly on the subject of risk, that finance lectures may be given without algebra by replacing equations on a blackboard with simple interactive simulation computer screens integrated with the lecture.

:  A two dimensional measure of chess performance is presented and it is shown to have more information and a greater power of discrimination than scalar measures because it does not rely on scoring. The scoring procedure used by scalar measures to reduce chess game outcomes from a trinomial to a binomial variable causes some chess game outcome information to be irretrievably lost.

The conventional method of rating chess players uses a method called "scoring" to reduce a trinomial process to a binomial making it possible to rate chess playing strength with a single scalar measure. This simplicity is achieved at a cost because the scoring process causes some information to be lost. Two dimensional measures of playing strength, though more cumbersome to use, may have greater validity because they contain more information1.

It is demonstrated that a methodology previously described for comparing a number of different test openings with a neutral and perfect opening may also be used to make pairwise comparisons of alternate continuation lines of any chess
opening. Such comparisons show, for example, that  Accelerated Dragon variations initiated by black are not robust because they depend on white's cooperation. Rather than these specific findings, however, the real purpose of this paper is to further refine, validate, and demonstrate an objective methodology for evaluating the relative merit of chess openings, a subject of great interest to chess players at all levels of play.

The Biblical prohibition of pork consumption has motivated archaeologists to look for clues in the pig fraction of the faunal remains of farm animals to identify the time and place of its inception so that corresponding  socio-political events may be used to determine how and why this prohibition came about. Although significant advances have been made in the archeozoology of pigs in recent years (Sapir-Hen, 2013), the statistical analysis of pig fractions in faunal data still follows Caroline Grigson’s set of arbitrary heuristics (Grigson, 1982). These heuristics do not adequately address the uncertainty in the data. This note proposes an alternative analysis of pig fractions in faunal remains that improves statistical confidence in the conclusions.

Controlled experiments with chess engines may be  used to evaluate the effectiveness of alternative continuation lines of chess openings. The proposed methodology is demonstrated by evaluating a selection of continuations by White after the Sicilian Defense Najdorf Variation has been played by Black. The results suggest that the nine continuations tested represent a wide range of effectiveness that are mostly consistent with expert opinion.