Computer, Science and Engineering

Controversially, the published research start increases mostly in a conflicting way as the recipient start became confused, and strongly arguing whether the published researches must be trusted or not. And that debates or arguing has been moved to the researchers and scientists their selves. It has been found that the collected data which presents the input of the research has a critical effect on the finding validity. And these collected data can be affected by the normal factors of the scientific research. Hence, it should be taken into consideration that data must be valid, varied and up to date.

Undoubtedly, the human life tasks rely more and more on computers. Especially after the internet and communication technologies leaded to the E (electronic) to be includes in almost everything from governments to trading and banking system, etc. Hence, the quality of the services can be provided by such systems became a matter of interest. Since the routing protocols are the fundamental procedures controlling the network work. They became the most interest field to be researched. In this paper, we simulate two of the widest used routing protocols, RIP and OSPF performs in different scenarios and network configurations, then we analyze the performance (total data sent and received, total throughput and average end to end delay) of each scenario in different conditions. The result of simulation show that OSPF performs better than RIP especially when it comes to the reliability of connection and the convergence time to cope the network failure. QualNet simulation tool had been used to design the network; analysis of the results was examine using standard tools.

Next Generation Networks (NGN) has brought Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) back to the forefront. Since, that everything is managed to be linked to the internet (IoT), heterogeneous networks has been presented as the key factor in NGN for enabling the most benefits that can be realized through collaboration between a diversity of devices working with different standards but all connected to the internet. All that makes the cogitation focusing on infrastructure less networks. Additionally, with the availability of IP addressing in IPv4 running out, IPv6 has emerged to be considered the fundamental protocol to be used in NGN. Since Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are considered to be a part of Ad-hoc networks, though working on a different standard, an opportunistic integration between MANET and WSN has been achieved as one of the aspects of IoT. Where, via configuring nodes named Multi-Purpose Devices (MPDs) to work on both MANET and WSN standards, connections have been established, i...

The advent of the WWW and distributed information systems have made it possible to share documents between different users and organisations. However, this has created many problems related to the security, accessibility, right and most importantly the consistency of documents. It is important that the people involved in the documents management process have access to the most up-to-date version of documents, retrieve the correct documents and should be able to update the documents repository in such a way that his or her document are known to others. In this paper we propose a method for organising, storing and retrieving documents based on similarity contents. The method uses techniques based on information retrieval, document indexation and term extraction and indexing. This methodology is developed for the E-Cognos project which aims at developing tools for the management and sharing of documents in the construction domain.

Arabic Natural Language processing although it has reached maturity for some other languages such as English and French. In this paper, we describe the development and implementation of a person name named entity recognition system for the Arabic Language. We adopt a rule based approach make used of the output produced by the Buckwalter Arabic Morphological Analyser (BAMA), and we used a set of keywords to guide us to the phrases that probably include person names. We have also compared our system with (PERA) Person Name Entity Recognition for Arabic which is based on a lexicon, in the form of gazetteer name lists, and a grammar, in the form of regular expressions. Our system achieves an F-measure of 89% which is an improvement on the results reported by (PERA).

The mural system was an outcome of a significant effort to develop a support tool for the effective use of a full formal methods development cycle. Experience with it, however, has been limited to a small number of illustrative examples that have been carried out by those closely associated with its development and implementation. This paper aims to remedy this situation by describing the experience of using mural for specifying Dust-Expert, an expert system for the relief venting of dust explosions in chemical processes. The paper begins by summarising the main requirements for Dust-Expert, and then gives a flavour of the VDM specification that was formalised using mural. The experience of using mural is described with respect to users' expectations that a formal methods tool should: (i) spot any inconsistencies; (ii) help manage and organise the specifications and allow one to easily add, access, update and delete specifications; (iii) help manage and carry out the refinement process; (iv) help manage and organise theories; (v) help manage and carry out proofs. The paper concludes by highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of mural that could be of interest to those developing the next generation of formal methods development tools.

The main objective of this paper is to describe the KAARE (Knowledge Availability, Access, Retrieval and Extraction) svstem, a generic buisiness model for knowledge extraction of semi strtucttured and unstructured data fr-om web pages. The svstem is ontology driven and provides a set ofgeneric tools that will enable an qffective access, retrieval and filtering of infbrmation available on the World Wide Web. The interactive model is composed offive managers namely the Queiy Manager, the Ontology Manager, the Search Manager, the Information Manager, and the Presentation Manager. Each manager is r-esponsible Jbr carrying oUt the delegated tasks from which valid inferences can be made.

Privacy has been identified by many studies as the main problem why customers are not completing their online transactions. They fear to provide sensitive information such as personal and financial details. It is not surprising that most websites nowadays include privacy statements in their websites to encourage customers to complete their transactions. However, only few customers can find this information easily on merchants' websites rendering the use of this information obsolete. The aim of this paper is two folds. First it identifies the link or document dealing with private policies on the website for the customer to consult. However, as the current research shows, these documents are long, tedious to read and contain information that may not be relevant to customers. The second aim of this paper is to automatically extract the most relevant information to the customer in the form of short statement. These statements include information on sharing and selling of personal details, the use of secure technologies, customer satisfaction with the goods purchased, the use of cookies and unsolicited communications. We use the Semantic distance similarity model as the basis to develop the information extraction component.

eCommerce is a faceless business arrangement where the process of creating trust towards merchants, hereby referred to as “merchant trust”, is still a big challenge. Merchant trust framework can be created by using factors such as existence, affiliation, performance and policy. In this paper, we present an information model for a merchant trust based on the previously cited factors. We then provide a framework for the implementation of the model using intelligent agents. Gathering the required information on the merchant is the first step in helping consumers to evaluate merchant trust in an eCommerce setting.

Early phases of software development are known to be problematic, difficult to manage and errors occurring during these phases are expensive to correct. Many systems have been developed to aid the transition from informal Natural Language requirements to semi-structured or formal specifications. Furthermore, consistency checking is seen by many software engineers as the solution to reduce the number of errors occurring during the software development life cycle and allow early verification and validation of software systems. However, this is confined to the models developed during analysis and design and fails to include the early Natural Language requirements. This excludes proper user involvement and creates a gap between the original requirements and the updated and modified models and implementations of the system. To improve this process, we propose a system that generates Natural Language specifications from UML class diagrams. We first investigate the variation of the input language used in naming the components of a class diagram based on the study of a large number of examples from the literature and then develop rules for removing ambiguities in the subset of Natural Language used within UML. We use WordNet, a linguistic ontology, to disambiguate the lexical structures of the UML string names and generate semantically sound sentences. Our system is developed in Java and is tested on an independent though academic case study.

Although, there are many successful E-commerce organizations, it is argued that E-commerce has not reached its full potential. Trust was often cited as the main reason as many customers are still skeptical about some online vendors. Many trust models have been developed, but most are subjective and did not take into account the vagueness and ambiguity of the domain and the specificity of customers. We have developed a model that attempts to identify the information customers expect to find on a vendors website to increase their trust and hence the likelihood of a transaction to take place. The system is supported by an information extraction system that facilitates the information gathering process. In this paper, we present a method based on fuzzy logic to evaluate trust in E-commerce based on the extracted information. We argue that fuzzy logic is suitable for trust evaluation as it takes into account the uncertainties within E-commerce data and like human relationships, trust is often expressed by linguistics terms rather then numerical values. The results of the system validation using two case studies are also presented.

During the last decade, one important contribution towards requirements engineering has been the advent of formal specification languages. They offer a well-defined notation that can improve consistency and avoid ambiguity in specifications.

In [KM02]a model has been developed to support trust in eCommerce. The model is composed of four main modules where each module is a set of factors the consumer is looking for to trust a virtual merchant. These four modules represent the merchant existence, affiliation, policy and performance. In this paper, we present a model to implement the existence module by developing an information extraction system which aims at localising the required information on the merchant's website. The system is based on rules that reflect the different ways the information is represented on the websites, their structures and the layout of the websites. The extracted information is then stored in a database to be used for a future evaluation of the trust associated with the merchant website.

xi I am also grateful to British Aerospace Ltd for providing me with the case study. ix DECLARATION No portion of the work referred to in this thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institution of learning.

Recent years have seen much debate about the appropriate content of Software Engineering (SE) programs and how they relate to Computer Science (CS) programs, culminating in the distinguishing knowledge areas identified in the ACM/IEEE CS and SE curricula. Given these publications, a reasonable question to ask is: how do current SE programs differ from CS programs and to what extent do the differences reflect the characterizing features given in the ACM/IEEE curricula? This paper aims to answer these questions for SE programs offered in England. The content of a third of the SE programs in England are analyzed and summarized with respect to the knowledge areas of both the ACM/IEEE CS and SE curricula. The results reveal interesting features, such as intelligent systems is a more distinguishing feature between the CS and SE programs than the expected knowledge areas given in the SE curriculum. The main finding is that there are relatively few differences between existing SE and CS programs offered in England. The paper concludes with a discussion of the reasons for this situation and its likely implications.

The amount of information available on the Internet is currently growing at an incredible rate. However, the lack of efficient indexing is still a major barrier to effective information retrieval on the Web. This paper presents the design of an intelligent agent for content-based indexing and retrieval of relevant documents from a large collection such as the Internet. The agent aims at improving the quality of retrieval by capturing the semantics of the documents. It performs the conventional keyword based indexing and introduces a thematic relationship between parts of text using natural language understanding and a linguistics theory called rhetorical structure theory. The agent described in this paper will be implemented and compared against several indexing systems. It is expected to produce a satisfactory improvement over existing techniques