Faculty of Architecture

Abstract
During the postwar period in Poland, women in professional careers became a standard. The intention of the communist authorities was to secure as many qualified workers as possible to support the growing economy. On the pretence of providing equal chances, the authorities encouraged women to take up the so-called “male” jobs and considerably widened the educational opportunities. Many women perceived the new professions as a synonym of higher status and social emancipation. However, the complicated political situation, the enormous economic difficulties and the promoted family model reduced most women architect’s professional activity to a means of making a living instead of the realisation of their creativity.

In the People’s Republic of Poland, the spirit of creative freedom was confined to an institutionalised framework of huge state-owned design studios, where most of the women architects were employed. Only few women architects worked in architectural and construction administration or in higher education. The latter group included such well-known names as Halina Skibniewska, Hanna Adamczewska-Wejchert, Małgorzata Handzelewicz-Wacławek and Jadwiga Grabowska-Hawrylak, who made a great impact on the development of Polish architectural life. At the same time, many anonymous hardworking women architects (educated mostly after World War II) were members of nearly all the design teams at the state-owned studios. Their daily, extremely laborious efforts contributed to the realisation of the massive and ambitious architectural and urban planning projects in postwar Poland.

Despite being very extensive, literature discussing Polish town planning and architecture, especially that of the post-war years, strongly varies in terms of topics and chronology. During the time in question, over a dozen magazines that focused on matters related to town planning and architecture were published. The first architectural magazines in communist Poland were printed already in 1947. Their contribution to the recording of spatial phenomena in the People’s Republic of Poland as well as to the presentation of theoretical approaches and to architectural education is of undeniable importance.
The Polish periodical press regarding architecture and urban planning was based on several major magazines, for example Architektura, Miasto and Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki. There was also a considerable number of trade and university publications in addition to some less important titles. To date many of these constitute an important archival source and bear testimony to the past. The paper presents an outline of Polish periodicals on this subject and their role and significance in the further research on architecture in the People’s Republic of Poland and the entire Eastern Europe.

The changes which have occurred in the perception and recording of space can be regarded as an important cultural change. The familiar and established approach that has unequivocally identified drawing as the source of spatial communication and recording is becoming obsolete. The last two decades of digital technology have fundamentally changed not only the architect’s work methods, but also the architectural “product” and the way it is perceived, interpreted and discussed. Virtual recording is turning architecture into a new medium whilst its transfer into the world of media is obviously eliminating its traditional recording in the form of drawings from public space and, thus, from culture. The only valid and commonly used system of recording space is, at present, entirely digital. The paper puts forward a thesis according to which the recording of space in common culture is becoming the exclusive domain of electronic media.

The late 1970s were marked by a criticism of how the spatial environment had evolved in Poland and by intensified discussions about the problems of housing construction. The massive recession in the construction industry coincided with the search for a new design philosophy. The greater openness of social life in the early 1980s, related to the establishment of the Solidarity movement, enabled the comparison of achievements, approaches and expectations in an international circle of architects. The representatives of this circle critiqued the projects of the past decade and discussed issues pertaining to communication between people which architects had, until then, overlooked.
In the 1980s the new ideas that had emerged in American and European architecture led to the rejection of the principles of Modernism and urban planning that stemmed from the Athens Charter. These trends were further reinforced at the Paris Biennale in 1982 and the Venice Biennale in 1985. The fashionable, as one may say, attempts made at the time to conduct new studies that referred to historicism flourished among architects who searched for new theories that would justify architectural explorations. Translated into Polish the books of Charles Jencks and the works of Kenneth Frampton provided a basis for the appearance of a ‘difference’ in many projects and designs from the 1980s. This was soon dubbed by some of the critics with the indefinite albeit very useful term: ‘Postmodernism’. The great enthusiasm of the Polish architectural circles (despite their very limited economic and technical resources) produced some excellent individual projects, for instance churches and detached houses, as well as a number of urban complexes, for example the small town of Zielone Wzgórza near Poznań, the Różany Potok district in Poznań and the reconstruction of the city centre in Elbląg.
Most of these projects corresponded to the theses proposed by Rob Krier in Urban Space in Theory and Practice in which he modelled the morphological layout of towns based on squares, streets and boulevards (as an antidote to the CIAM versions of the functionalistic city). They were also consistent with the American concepts of New Urbanism presented in the works of Andres Duany and Elisabeth Plater-Zyberk. The professional circles were familiar with and quoted the theoretical achievements of Derrida, Chomski and Tafuri. However, the lack of understanding for the sociocultural context of Postmodernism was the reason why a large wave of barbarised historic quotes and other pseudo Postmodernist forms materialised in Polish architecture. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that despite its relatively short duration the new trend made an enormous impact on the spatial reality and the quality of architectural discourse in Poland.

The materials used by architectural historians to research the post-war period are very limited, and the available archive resources are incomplete and dispersed. In this context, of special significance are other forms of visual materials that documented the spatial reality of the communist period. Documentary films, and in particular the Polska Kronika Filmowa [Polish Film Chronicle] newsreel, can make an an important contribution to and a resource for historical research on contemporary Polish architecture. This text contains methodological reflections on the role of film studying the history of contemporary architecture. It describes the new research options, including the ability to recreate original spatial phenomena, and also the contemporary techniques and technology as well as the educational dimension of the Polish Film Chronicle. In this context, it is especially interesting to compare the documentary material from the Chronicle with other archival material, e.g. drawings...

Sacred wooden architecture in Poland is a huge and still unrecognised research problem. It covers a number of issues of interdisciplinary character: from the properties of building materials and carpentry techniques, through constructionand architectural-spatial solutions, to cultural and natural conditions. Hence, the best way to study this problem is interdisciplinary research. The necessity of cooperation of representatives of various scientific disciplines became the basis for creating a team to study the wooden church of St Michael the Archangel in Domachowo, so far dated to 1568. As researchers representing various disciplines (including archaeology, history, art history, history of architecture, architecture, architectural conservation), we cite sources and research that allow us to formulate a thesis that the past of the Domachowo church dates back to the 14th century. Moreover, we present the research and methodological problems inscribed in the aforementioned church buildi...

Systematic research regarding architecture during the communist period in Poland was not conducted until the early 21st century. Despite being very extensive, the literature that discusses Polish town planning and architecture, especially that of the post-war years, is fragmentary and incomplete. The whole architectural literature of the 20th century did not produce a single monographic study that would provide a wider perspective on the architecture created during this period. Nonetheless, during the time in question, over a dozen magazines were published that focused on matters pertaining to town planning and architecture. The first architectural magazines in communist Poland were published already in 1947. Their contribution to the recording of spatial phenomena in the People’s Republic of Poland (PRL) as well as to architectural education is of undeniable importance. Polish literature regarding architecture and urban planning was based on several major magazines, for example Arc...

W artykule, na podstawie analizy sytuacji miasta Poznania, wykazano, że status pomnika historii nie musi prowadzić do zahamowania rozwoju miasta w obszarze historycznym, ale pozwala także na jego wielokierunkowy i dynamiczny rozwój. Miasto  w naturalny sposób podlega żywotnym przekształceniom i zabiegi ochronne nie stają w kontrze do tego zjawiska. Poznań, szczególnie w obszarze, które było areną wydarzeń historycznych od najdawniejszych jego dziejów, miał szansę wykształcenia specyficznego ducha miejsca, którego zachowanie stało się celem służb konserwatorskich już od lat 70-tych XX wieku. Rozwijane od tamtego momentu instrumenty planistyczne umożliwiają rzeczywistą ochronę dziedzictwa, jednak nie stają na drodze modernizacji przestrzeni publicznej. W artykule omówione zostały istniejące narzędzia konserwatorskie, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem roli miejscowych planów zagospodarowania przestrzennego, i podkreślona została rola zarządzania i finansowania na poziomie zarówno samorządo...

Національний технічний університет, м. Запоріжжя АНАЛІЗ ЗМІЦНЕННЯ ПОВЕРХНЕВИМ ПЛАСТИЧНИМ ДЕФОРМУВАННЯМ НА ОСНОВІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ НАПРУЖЕНОГО СТАНУ В ОБЛАСТІ КОНТАКТУ Проведено аналіз розподілу інтенсивності напружень по глибині при стисканні двох тіл у залежності від кривизн їхніх поверхонь. Отримано співвідношення зусиль деформування при попередньому та остаточному зміцненні поверхневим пластичним деформуванням робочими тілами різних розмірів.

Marciniak Piotr, Polska Kronika Filmowa as a source for research on contemporary Polish architecture. “Images” vol. XXII, no. . Poznań . Adam Mickiewicz University Press. Pp. –. ISSN -X. DOI ./i.... The materials used by architectural historians to research the post-war period are very limited, and the available archive resources are incomplete and dispersed. In this context, of special significance are other forms of visual materials that documented the spatial reality of the communist period. Documentary films, and in particular the Polska Kronika Filmowa [Polish Film Chronicle] newsreel, can make an an important contribution to and a resource for historical research on contemporary Polish architecture. This text contains methodological reflections on the role of film studying the history of contemporary architecture. It describes the new research options, including the ability to recreate original spatial phenomena, and also the contemporary techni...

Percepcja i ocena przestrzeni publicznych, rekreacji i transportu w mieście na przykładzie Rio de Janeiro i Brasílii Perception and evaluation of public spaces, recreation and public transport in the city based on the example of Rio de Janeiro and Brasília Wprowadzenie Na początku XX w. Brazylia prezentowała niski sto-pień urbanizacji, jednak wraz ze zmianami społecznymi, zniesieniem niewolnictwa i rozwojem gospodarczym państwa miasta stawały się bardziej atrakcyjne i przycią-gały rzesze byłych niewolników i imigrantów. Dra ma­ tycz ny brak mieszkań socjalnych spowodował nagły wzrost wartości gruntów i wzmagał prowizoryczne bu ­ dow nictwo, zwane cortiço, wznoszone w pośpiechu i nie-ładzie. Niechęć między warstwami społecznymi powodo-wała wykluczenie najbiedniejszych z życia miasta i wypędzanie ich poza centra pod pretekstem kontroli sanitarnej i oczyszczania ośrodków miejskich. Brak infra-struktury pogłębiał kryzys w mieście, a kolejne programy proponowane przez państwo nie spełniały oczekiwań nieustannie wzrastającej liczby mieszkańców. Rio de Janeiro i Brasília – dwa znaczące ośrodki miej-skie Ameryki Południowej – zostały wybrane do prezen-towanego artykułu ze względu na specyfikę i charakter ich powstawania. Rio de Janeiro jako przedstawiciel mia­ sta rozwijającego się w sposób niekontrolowany i Brasí ­ lia – miasto projektowane. Celem rozważań zawartych w ni niej szym opracowaniu jest porównanie obu miast na pod stawie dokonanej przez mieszkańców oceny prze­ strze ni publicznych, rekreacji i transportu. Narzędziem, które posłużyło do zebrania danych, stała się ankieta

Percepcja i ocena przestrzeni publicznych, rekreacji i transportu w mieście na przykładzie Rio de Janeiro i Brasílii Perception and evaluation of public spaces, recreation and public transport in the city based on the example of Rio de Janeiro and Brasília Wprowadzenie Na początku XX w. Brazylia prezentowała niski stopień urbanizacji, jednak wraz ze zmianami społecznymi, zniesieniem niewolnictwa i rozwojem gospodarczym państwa miasta stawały się bardziej atrakcyjne i przyciągały rzesze byłych niewolników i imigrantów. Dra ma tycz ny brak mieszkań socjalnych spowodował nagły wzrost wartości gruntów i wzmagał prowizoryczne bu dow nictwo, zwane cortiço, wznoszone w pośpiechu i nieładzie. Niechęć między warstwami społecznymi powodowała wykluczenie najbiedniejszych z życia miasta i wypędzanie ich poza centra pod pretekstem kontroli sanitarnej i oczyszczania ośrodków miejskich. Brak infrastruktury pogłębiał kryzys w mieście, a kolejne programy proponowane przez państwo nie spełniały oczekiwań nieustannie wzrastającej liczby mieszkańców. Rio de Janeiro i Brasília-dwa znaczące ośrodki miejskie Ameryki Południowej-zostały wybrane do prezentowanego artykułu ze względu na specyfikę i charakter ich powstawania. Rio de Janeiro jako przedstawiciel mia sta rozwijającego się w sposób niekontrolowany i Brasí lia-miasto projektowane. Celem rozważań zawartych w ni niej szym opracowaniu jest porównanie obu miast na pod stawie dokonanej przez mieszkańców oceny prze strze ni publicznych, rekreacji i transportu. Narzędziem, które posłużyło do zebrania danych, stała się ankieta

Porto Alegre, a city in south Brazil, was a pioneer in participatory budgeting in the 1990s, and a decade later it hosted the World Social Forum. These days Porto Alegre is the first place in the world with a Sustainable Innovation Zone. The goal of this endeavour is to transform the city into the most innovative and sustainable city in Latin America by 2030. In the article, the author examines the projects completed to date and the entities involved. Then, the author compares the experiences of Porto Alegre and Poznań.

Streszczenie Archetyp architektoniczny, który można zdefiniować jako ponadczasowe odniesienie dla odpowiadającej mu typologii budowli, pozostaje w sferze intelektu. Jego wartości koncepcyjne mogą jednakże zostać przeniesione na określone zasady definiowania przestrzeni. Współczesny amerykański architekt Louis I. Kahn, którego prace słyną z nawiązań do dziedzictwa architektury, zaadoptował pojęcie archetypu do własnej filozofii projektowej. Poprzez analizę jego wybranych dzieł poniższy tekst ma na celu odpowiedzieć na pytanie czym jest archetyp i jak wpływa on na proces projektowania architektury. Ponadto, poniższa praca dążyć będzie do pokazania, że czerpanie inspiracji z archetypu jest ważnym elementem w tworzeniu przestrzeni odbieranych jako unikalne.

The goal of the presented paper is to investigate the potential positive influence that integrating the creative industries within the concept of the creative city can have on the quality of public spaces. The primary supposition is that the concerned idea can formulate an important part of the integrated urban renewal strategy, bringing a response to the declining attractiveness of city centres as well as to the growing outward migration of their inhabitants. Particularly, situating the creative industry plants within an urban context can be considered as an action that can potentially lead to the economic revival of the neglected neighbourhoods and, in consequence, can initiate their effective revitalisation process, leading to the urban landscape's vital improvement. The concept of such a strategy constitutes of the substantive basis of the design task being commissioned to architecture students at the Poznań University of Technology within the framework of the regular training program. The exercise is to design a creative industry plant within an urban context and it has for its preliminary step to identify a district that requires modernisation. Then, by introducing the heterogeneity of both architecture and use, the students' projects aim to diversify the functional profile of the neighbourhood as well as to create new public spaces or to revitalise existing ones. Concentrated mainly on the agglomeration of Poznan, the presented paper resumes the outcome of the concerned academic projects and investigates the prospective influence of the concept of creative industries within the creative city on the quality of the urban space.

Défini comme «la fabrication des lieux», le placemaking repose non pas seulement sur un vocabulaire architectural recherché, mais aussi sur une union harmonieuse de l’architecture et du site. Pour Louis I. Kahn, le rôle que le territoire joue dans ses projets contribue aussi au développement de sa méthode. Les différents endroits dans lesquels il construit lui offrent une source des réflexions générales. Tout au long de sa carrière, Kahn élabore une série de principes que nous pouvons définir comme ses «outils» du placemaking et qui sont inhérents à sa méthode.

Designed by the architect Louis I. Kahn, the Phillips Exeter Academy Library is renowned mostly for the quality of its inner spaces. Particularly, the image of the building’s central void with its large circular openings giving an insight onto the bookshelves has almost become an archetype of the library. Following the building’s design process, however, we will learn how many tangible factors participated in the actual shaping of its architecture. The uniqueness of this project relies not only on embodying the idea of the library as institution, but also on the compromises the architect took as well as on the building’s adjustment to its environmental setting.