Petrogeneserochasvulcanicas Silva 2021
Petrogeneserochasvulcanicas Silva 2021
Petrogeneserochasvulcanicas Silva 2021
DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO
Autor:
Genilson Ribeiro da Silva
Orientador:
Prof. Dr. Frederico Castro Jobim Vilalva
Dissertação nº 265/PPGG
Natal, RN
Setembro de 2021
UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE
CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS EXATAS E DA TERRA
PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM GEODINÂMICA E GEOFÍSICA
DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO
Banca examinadora:
Prof. Dr. Frederico Castro Jobim Vilalva (PPGG/UFRN – presidente e orientador)
Prof. Dr. Zorano Sérgio de Souza (PPGG/UFRN - membro interno)
Drª. Liza Angélica Polo (IGc/USP - membra externa)
Natal, RN
Setembro de 2021
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN
Sistema de Bibliotecas - SISBI
Catalogação de Publicação na Fonte. UFRN - Biblioteca Setorial Prof. Ronaldo Xavier de Arruda - CCET
BANCA EXAMINADORA:
4. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS 34
4.1. Revisão de literatura 34
4.2. Mapeamento geológico preditivo com técnicas de Machine Learning 34
4.3. Petrografia 35
4.4. Litoquímica 36
4.5. Datação U-Pb in situ via espectrometria de massa com fonte de plasma
indutivamente acoplado (mono-coletor) por ablação a laser (LA-ICP-MS) 36
4.6. Análise de elementos-traço em zircão via LA-ICP-MS 38
4.7. Isótopos de Hf em zircão via espectrometria de massa com fonte de plasma
indutivamente acoplado (multi-coletor) por ablação a laser (LA-MC-ICP-MS) 38
4.8. Isótopos de O em zircão via fluorinização a laser 39
5. ARTIGO CIENTÍFICO 42
ABSTRACT 42
1. Introduction 43
2. Geological background 45
3. Analytical methods 48
3.1. Petrography 49
3.2. Whole-rock geochemistry 49
3.3. In situ zircon U-Pb geochronology, trace element and Hf isotopic analyses 49
3.4. Oxygen isotopes 51
4. Results 51
4.1. Field Aspects and Petrography 51
4.2. Whole Rock Geochemistry 58
4.3. Zircon U-Pb dating and trace element composition 62
4.4. Hf and O isotopes 67
5. Discussion 69
5.1 Geochronological and tectonic implications 69
5.2. The volcano-plutonic connection in the Morro Redondo Complex 72
6. Conclusions 88
REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 94
Apêndices 116
Introdução
Apresentação e objetivos, estruturação do trabalho
11
1. INTRODUÇÃO
1.1. Apresentação e objetivos
O Complexo Morro Redondo (CMR) é uma das principais ocorrências da
Província Graciosa de granitos e sienitos de tipo-A, de caráter pós-colisional e idade
neoproterozoica (580-578 Ma; Vilalva et al., 2019), nas regiões SE e S do Brasil
(Gualda e Vlach, 2007a, 2007b). O CMR abarca os municípios de Tijucas do Sul e
Guaratuba, no Paraná, e Garuva e Campo Alegre, em Santa Catarina. É composto por
dois plútons graníticos com contatos tectônicos definidos: Papanduva
(álcali-feldspato granitos peralcalinos) e Quiriri (monzo- a sienogranitos meta- a
peraluminosos). A estes plútons, estão adjacentes rochas vulcânicas silícicas e
básicas contemporâneas (Fig. 1).
Embora as rochas graníticas do CMR tenham sido alvo de inúmeros estudos
nos últimos anos (e.g. Vilalva 2007; 2012; Vilalva e Vlach, 2014; Vilalva et al., 2016;
Vilalva et al., 2019), as rochas vulcânicas ainda carecem de estudos mais detalhados.
Neste contexto, ainda não foram discutidas as conexões entre as rochas vulcânicas e
plutônicas do CMR, bem como a relação dessas vulcânicas com aquelas existentes
nas bacias vulcanossedimentares neoproterozoicas contemporâneas no sul do Brasil,
tais como as bacias de Campo Alegre e Guaratubinha (Citroni, 1998; Vasconcellos et
al., 1999; Waichel et al., 2000; Citroni et al., 2001; Sommer et al., 2005b; Lopes et
al., 2014; Toniolo e Souza, 2015; Barão et al., 2017; Barbosa, 2018; Mapa et al., 2019;
Quiroz-Valle et al., 2019; Lino et al., 2021).
Esse trabalho visa preencher essa lacuna de conhecimento a partir da
caracterização das rochas vulcânicas do CMR baseada em (1) petrografia, (2) química
de rocha-total, (3) isótopos de Hf e O em zircão e geocronologia U-Pb em zircão.
Como resultado, espera-se contribuir para a melhor compreensão da conexão entre
as rochas vulcânicas e plutônicas de tipo-A em ambientes pós-colisionais, à luz da
bibliografia atualizada sobre o tema (e.g. Bachmann et al., 2007; Lundstrom e
Glazner, 2016), bem como a relação entre os vulcanismos aflorantes no CMR e nas
bacias vulcanossedimentares de Campo Alegre e Guaratubinha.
12
Fig. 1. Mapa de localização da área de estudo (Complexo Morro Redondo, divisa PR/SC) e pontos de
coleta de amostras de rochas vulcânicas MR para este trabalho e JR (Góis, 1995). Malhas territoriais
IBGE 2020 disponíveis em www.ibge.gov.br. Rodovias federais e estaduais disponíveis em
http://servicos.dnit.gov.br/vgeo.
Contexto Geológico
Regional
Província Mantiqueira e Bacias Vulcanossedimentares do S-SE Brasileiro
15
Para Brito Neves et al. (1999), Faleiros (2008), Basei et al. (2010), Brito Neves
e Fuck (2013), Brito Neves et al. (2014) e Passarelli et al. (2018), a Província
Mantiqueira formou-se como resultado do fechamento do Oceano Adamastor durante
os estágios terminais da orogênese Brasiliano Pan-Africana, a qual se deu mediante
interação entre os crátons São Francisco, Paranapanema, Congo e Kalahari, bem
como diversos outros terrenos. A Província é constituída de três faixas de
dobramento com trend estrutural principal para nordeste: Araçuaí (segmento
16
Fig. 3. Esboço geológico regional destacando algumas das principais bacias vulcanossedimentares e
estruturas tectônicas no sul-sudeste do Brasil (SP-SC), no trecho a norte de Florianópolis, e a relação
com os plútons tipo-A que formam a Província Graciosa. A seta à direita aponta para localização da
Bacia de Camaquã, fora dos limites da figura. Adaptado de Barão et al. (2017).
1992b, 1999; Gresse et al., 1996; Basei et al., 2000, 2010, 2011). Possui um registro
sedimentar preservado com mais de 10.000 metros de espessura (Teixeira et al.,
2004), composto por sucessões aluviais, deltaicas e turbidíticas (e.g. Rostirolla et al.,
1992a; Fonseca et al., 2003; Basilici, 2006) e que foi afetado por uma importante
atividade vulcânica félsica (Basei et al., 1998b) e também pela intrusão do Granito
Subida (529 Ma; Basei et al., 2008). Este último constitui um corpo hololeucocrático
isotrópico de afinidade alcalina e que produziu auréola de metamorfismo de contato
nos sedimentos da bacia. Ademais, xenólitos dos sedimentos são frequentemente
encontrados neste granito (Basei et al., 2010).
A maioria dos estudos (e.g. Maack, 1947; Salamuni et al., 1961; Silva e Dias,
1981; Krebs et al., 1988, 1990; Appi e Cruz, 1990; Rostirolla, 1991) reconhecem duas
unidades principais na bacia: uma dominantemente psamítica, com intercalações de
conglomerados e tufos ácidos; outra mais distal e fina, pelítica-psamítica e com
abundantes ritmitos (Basei et al., 2010). Nas unidades basais ocorrem lentes de tufos
vulcânicos de coloração verde-clara, fortemente recristalizadas e compostas de
quartzo, sericita e fragmentos de quartzo (Basei et al., 2010). As rochas vulcânicas
ácidas nesta bacia ocorrem como domos e diques dentro dos sedimentos (clastos
vulcânicos ácidos em níveis conglomeráticos - Riolito Apiúna) e são localmente
concordantes com as pilhas sedimentares (Basei et al., 2010).
Foi obtida idade U-Pb (SHRIMP em zircão) de 584 ± 27 Ma (Basei et al., 2008)
para um nível de tufo pertencente à sucessão arcoseana inferior e inferida como a
idade deposicional da unidade mais antiga. Guadagnin et al. (2010) obtiveram 563 ±
3 Ma como a idade máxima da bacia em siltitos tufáceos e arenitos vulcanogênicos.
Silva et al. (2005) obtiveram idade de 606 ± 8 Ma para um provável cristal de zircão
retrabalhado em um nível de tufo. Foram obtidas idades de 565 Ma (Basei et al.,
1999; 2008) para rochas vulcânicas que cortam a pilha sedimentar do Grupo Itajaí ao
final do neoproterozóico. As idades U-Pb em zircão disponíveis para o riolito Apiúna
são de 549 ± 4 Ma (Guadagnin et al., 2010) e 567 ± 14 Ma (Basei et al., 1999).
22
Castro foi originada por um evento extensional, fazendo parte do grande sistema de
riftes no sudeste da América do Sul e sendo, neste cenário, de regime puramente
distensivo-extensional (Mapa et al., 2019).
A estratigrafia desta bacia não é bem estabelecida devido aos intensos
falhamentos e a compartimentação das sequências aflorantes e há autores que
divergem nesse sentido, como Moro (1993) e Moro et al. (1993, 1994). Almeida et al.
(2010) propuseram a seguinte coluna estratigráfica para a bacia, da base para o
topo: rochas básicas a intermediárias extrusivas e piroclásticas, rochas sedimentares
turbidíticas e vulcanoclásticas subaquosas associadas, conglomerados de deltas
aluviais com proveniência vulcânica, arenitos micáceos de planícies aluviais distais e
rochas vulcânicas e piroclásticas ácidas (tufos riolíticos e lapilli-tufos). Para esses
tufos riolíticos foram obtidas idades U-Pb em zircão de 543 ± 12 Ma (Cordani et al.,
1999) e 549.6 ± 4.4 Ma (Almeida et al., 2010).
A formação e evolução desta bacia está relacionada a outras bacias
ediacaranas-cambrianas, como a Bacia de Camaquã e outras bacias de menor
dimensão, como Itajaí e Campo Alegre (Mapa et al., 2019). Granitos tipo-A
possivelmente relacionados ao magmatismo Graciosa (granitos Joaquim Murtinho,
Serra do Carambeí, entre outros) e as rochas vulcânicas ocorrentes nessas bacias são
comumente correlacionadas devido às semelhanças em composição, posicionamento
e idade (Almeida et al., 2010), o que torna a discussão sobre a geração das bacias
ediacaranas-cambrianas análoga à discussão da colocação dos granitos tipo-A (Mapa
et al., 2019).
Contexto Geológico
Local
Província Graciosa e Rochas Vulcânicas do Complexo Morro Redondo
28
Fig. 4. Configuração geológica simplificada da região sul-sudeste do Brasil, entre os estados de São
Paulo (a norte) e Santa Catarina (a sul), mostrando a distribuição dos plútons que compõem a
Província Graciosa de tipo-A: 1 – Serra do Paratiú-Cordeiro; 2 – Maciço Guaraú; 3 – Mandira; 4 – Ilha
do Cardoso; 5 – Alto Turvo; 6 – Capivari; 7 – Órgãos; 8 – Farinha Seca; 9 – Anhangava; 10 – Marumbi;
11 – Serra da Igreja; 12 – Complexo Morro Redondo (destacado em vermelho); 13 – Palermo; 14 –
Agudos do Sul; 15 – Rio Negro; 16 – Dona Francisca; 17 – Piraí; 18 – Serra Alta; 19 – Corupá. Estrela em
destaque no Complexo Morro Redondo mostra localização de amostra de riolito (MR-254) datada por
U-Pb em zircão neste trabalho. Zonas de cisalhamento: Itapirapuã (ISZ); Morro Agudo (MASZ); Ribeira
(RZC); Lancinha-Cubatão (LCSZ); Mandirituba-Piraquara (MPSZ); Piên-Tijucas (PTSZ); Rio
Palmital-Serrinha (RPSSZ). Modificado de Vilalva et al. (2019).
Fig. 5. Mapa geológico do Complexo Morro Redondo e vulcânicas bimodais associadas, com
identificação das amostras estudadas nesta dissertação. Adaptado e modificado de Góis (1995), Vilalva
(2007) e Vilalva e Vlach (2014), com base em técnicas de mapeamento preditivo com Machine
Learning a partir de dados aerogeofísicos.
33
Materiais e Métodos
Revisão de literatura, Petrografia, Litoquímica, Geocronologia U-Pb,
Mapeamento Geológico Preditivo, Isótopos de Hf e O
34
4. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS
4.1. Revisão de literatura
Foram realizadas revisões de literatura acerca da geologia regional
(principalmente estado da arte das bacias vulcanossedimentares do sul-sudeste
brasileiro) e local (Província Graciosa e vulcânicas do Complexo Morro Redondo -
CMR), contidas nesta dissertação e também sobre as conexões entre rochas
vulcânicas e plutônicas e vulcanismo bimodal (essa última consta apenas no artigo
científico em inglês). Como auxílio, foram utilizadas ferramentas como Periódicos
CAPES, Google Acadêmico, aplicativo Researcher e gerenciador de referências
Mendeley Desktop (Elsevier).
4.3. Petrografia
Para a caracterização petrográfica macroscópica, foram descritas 31 amostras
de mão coletadas previamente pelo orientador deste trabalho durante etapas de
campo realizadas entre 2003 e 2009. Para a caracterização microscópica, foram
confeccionadas 36 seções delgadas, parte delas no Laboratório de Laminação do
Instituto de Geociências da USP (anterior ao início do curso de mestrado) e outra no
Laboratório de Laminação do Departamento de Geologia da UFRN. As mesmas foram
descritas em microscópio petrográfico de luz transmitida Olympus modelo BX-51 do
Laboratório de Microscopia do Departamento de Geologia da UFRN, seguindo
técnicas clássicas de microscopia petrográfica (e.g., Williams et al., 1982; Hibbard,
1995; McKenzie et al., 1995). As análises visaram o reconhecimento e caracterização
das principais fases minerais e acessórias e suas relações texturais, tendo em vista
estabelecer possíveis paragêneses e sequências de cristalização, bem como a
distinção de eventos magmáticos e pós-magmáticos/hidrotermais. A classificação
modal foi realizada por contagem de pontos com charriot manual (10 amostras, 500
pontos por amostra) e por estimativa visual (26 amostras). Além disso, 9 amostras
foram selecionadas para estudos em microscópio de luz refletida para identificação
36
4.4. Litoquímica
Os dados litoquímicos disponíveis para as rochas vulcânicas do CMR foram
compilados da Dissertação de Mestrado de Góis (1995). Estes incluem análises de
elementos maiores e traços para 12 amostras de rochas vulcânicas félsicas,
intermediárias e máficas. Neste trabalho foram analisadas duas amostras de
vulcânicas félsicas (riolitos) adicionais (MR-144 e MR-254). Todos os dados foram
obtidos por meio de Fluorescência de Raios-X (FRX) e ICP-AES (elementos maiores) e
ICP-MS (elementos traços) nos laboratórios SGS-GEOSOL, em Belo Horizonte – MG.
Para todos os casos, as precisões analíticas são superiores a 5% para a maioria dos
elementos. As rotinas analíticas estão disponíveis em www.sgsgeosol.com.br.
4.5. Datação U-Pb in situ via espectrometria de massa com fonte de plasma
indutivamente acoplado (mono-coletor) por ablação a laser (LA-ICP-MS)
magnetita, separação das frações de minerais pesados (incluindo zircão) por meio de
líquidos pesados (bromofórmio e iodeto de metileno), limpeza com HNO3, separação
de frações magnéticas em Frantz (correntes de 0,5, 0,7, 0,8 e 1,0 A), seleção manual
sob estereoscópio dos cristais para análise e montagem dos mesmos em resina epóxi.
Artigo Científico
The volcanic-plutonic connection in the Neoproterozoic Morro Redondo
Complex (South Brazil): insights from geochemical modeling, zircon U-Pb
ages and Hf-O isotopes
42
5. ARTIGO CIENTÍFICO
ABSTRACT
The Morro Redondo Complex (583-580 Ma) is one of the main occurrences within the
Graciosa Province of A-type granites and syenites, formed at the post-collisional
stages of the Brasiliano Orogeny, in the central portion of the Mantiqueira Province
(S-SE Brazil). The complex intrudes into the Archean and Paleoproterozoic rocks of
the Luiz Alves Microplate and it is composed of the Quiriri (metaluminous to
peraluminous granites) and Papanduva (peralkaline alkali-feldspar granites) plutons,
granophyres and a bimodal effusive volcanism encompassing high-silica rhyolites and
basalts, with rare occurrences of intermediate compositions (the Bunsen-Daly Gap).
These volcanic rocks occur as alternating lava flows covering the NW portion of the
complex, or as sin-plutonic dikes cutting the Quiriri granites. They share many
similarities with volcanics filling contemporaneous volcano-sedimentary basins in
Southern Brazil, as well as with their plutonic Quiriri and Papanduva counterparts,
suggesting that both magmatic activities are related in a volcanic-plutonic
geochemical and petrogenetic connection. The Morro Redondo basic volcanics classify
as alkali basalts with calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline affinity, whereas the silicic
rocks are predominantly A-type high-silica (>70 wt.% SiO2) alkali-feldspar rhyolites
43
high-K calc-alkaline affinity. Two subgroups were identified: (1) aluminous rhyolites,
with biotite ± hornblende as the mafic minerals and metaluminous and peraluminous
character. Their compositions overlap with those for the Quiriri pluton; (2) alkaline
rhyolites, with sodic amphibole and/or clinopyroxenes as the chief mafic minerals and
metaluminous to slightly peralkaline (comendites) character. They are chemically
similar to the Papanduva granites. Zircon crystals from an aluminous rhyolite sample
yielded U-Pb ages (LA-ICP-MS) of 585±5 Ma, crustal like εHf(585) between -23.6 and
-16.7 (TDM model ages between 2.72 to 2.34 Ga) and δ18O = 5.0±0.1‰. All these
values overlap within errors with the ages and isotopic composition for the Morro
Redondo granites and for the volcanism in coeval volcano-sedimentary basins in
southern Brazil. Through data integration and geochemical modeling, a model was
proposed for the generation of the Morro Redondo A-type granites and volcanics,
beginning with partial melting (13%) of an enriched (EM-1) lithospheric mantle source
due to mantle upwelling in a extensional, post-collisional regime to give rise to the
basalts. The formation of these basic magmas would promote the partial melting of
the overlaying Luiz Alves Microplate basement (granulitic gneisses) yielding A-type
magmas that ascended by diking to shallow crustal levels, evolving through fractional
crystallization (45-52%) to compositions akin to the aluminous Quiriri granites.
Further alkali-feldspar driven fractional crystallization (~30-50%) would give rise to
the alkaline granites of the Papanduva Pluton, coupled with interstitial melt
extraction (mush model) to form the Morro Redondo high silica rhyolites.
1. Introduction
Although a connection between volcanic and plutonic rocks has been implicit
since James Hutton’s time, the volcanic-plutonic connection idea still remains an
object of intense dispute (e.g., Read, 1957; Buddington, 1959; Smith, 1960; Lipman,
1984; Metcalf, 2004; Lipman, 2007; Bachmann et al., 2007). Glazner et al. (2015)
synthesize this debate centered on two opposite viewpoints. The first one argues that
plutons are magmas that, instead of erupting, froze in place during the passage
44
through the crust and there are no one significant differences in the bulk chemical
evolution among volcanic and plutonic realms. The second vision defends that many
plutons are chemical left-overs (i.e. cumulates) after extraction and eruption of
liquid-rich fractions, implying distinct chemical evolution between volcanic and
plutonic rocks.
Regarding the connection among volcanic and plutonic rocks, Bachmann et al.
(2007) highlights spatial relationships, in the sense that volcanic and plutonic rocks
can occur in the same tectonic setting, with geochemical and petrological
connections, implying that plutonic and volcanic rocks comprise the same range of
SiO2 whole-rock compositions (Bachmann et al., 2007; Lundstrom and Glazner, 2016),
and geophysical kinships (Bachmann et al., 2007) that suggests an integration
between shallow and deep magmatic systems.
A point of great interest relates to the high-SiO2 rhyolites (SiO2 > 70 wt.%)
origin as well as associated granites in different tectonic settings. A new
comprehension of petrogenetic conditions and the relationship between these
magmas are important because they can shed light to discussion of connections
among volcanic and plutonic environments (e.g., Bachmann et al., 2007; Bachmann
and Bergantz, 2008, Glazner et al., 2015; Lundstrom and Glazner, 2016).
Furthermore, Schaen et al. (2017) points out that the processes that generate
high-SiO2 rhyolites and granites have significant implications for the geochemical
evolution of the magmas within the continental crust and also for the comprehension
of how volcanic and plutonic rocks relate (e.g., Bachmann and Huber, 2016;
Lundstrom and Glazner, 2016). The most recurrent hypotheses about high-silica
compositions are related to interstitial liquid fractionation from crystal-rich mush
systems occurring in the upper crust (Hildreth, 2004; Bachmann and Bergantz, 2004;
Gualda and Ghiorso, 2014).
tectonic blocks during the closure of the Adamastor Ocean, in the waning stages of
the Brasiliano Pan-African orogeny, with interaction among São Francisco,
Paranapanema, Congo and Kalahari cratons (Passarelli et al., 2018). Of special
interest, the central Mantiqueira region was also affected during the late Brasiliano
cycle (~583-580 Ma) by an intense and voluminous post-collisional magmatism of
A-type affinity, including contemporaneous volcanic and plutonic rocks; the volcanics
fills the volcano-sedimentary basins in south-southeast Brazil (e.g., Teixeira et al.,
2004; Sommer et al., 2006; Almeida et al., 2010), and the plutonics constitutes a
number of granitic and syenitic plutons grouped into the Graciosa A-type province
(Gualda and Vlach, 2007). In this context, the Morro Redondo Complex, one of the
largest occurrences within the Graciosa Province, figures as an ideal place to study
the volcano-plutonic relationship, since the complex encompasses granitic and
volcanic rocks (mainly high-silica rhyolites) sharing mineralogical, compositional,
isotopic and geochronological features. Furthermore, the Morro Redondo volcanics
are also related to those from the coeval volcano-sedimentary basins.
2. Geological background
Alves and Paranaguá (Heilbron et al., 2004; Basei et al., 2010; Passarelli et al., 2018).
The Morro Redondo Complex and its volcanics occurs in the Luiz Alves Microplate,
that is the most ancient crustal segment in southern Brazil (Basei et al., 2000, 2008;
Lino et al., 2021) and was affected by an intense deformation during the Brasiliano
orogeny, with formation of new structures and reactivation of older weakness zones
(Basei et al., 1992; Harara, 2001; Lino et al., 2021), which are presumably responsible
for origin and development of some ediacaran-cambrian volcano-sedimentary basins,
such as Campo Alegre and Guaratubinha (Fig. 1; Citroni et al., 2001; Basei et al.,
2010; Quiroz-Valle et al., 2019; Lino et al., 2021). Moreover, these structures
controlled the A-type magma ascension and emplacement that gave rise to several
granitic and syenitic plutons (Kaul and Cordani, 2000; Gualda and Vlach, 2007; Basei
et al., 2010; Vlach et al., 2011).
The basement of the Luiz Alves Microplate comprises the Santa Catarina
Granulitic Complex (Hartmann et al., 1979; Basei et al., 1998a), which remained
mostly unaffected by the Neoproterozoic deformational events (Hartmann et al.,
1979; Siga Jr., 1995; Basei et al., 1998a; Passarelli et al., 2018). The complex
encompasses Archean to Paeloproterozoic granulitic orthogneisses with TTG
(tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite) affinity, minor amphibole/pyroxene-rich mafic
layers and metasedimentary (felsic granulitic gneisses) units (Hartmann et al., 1979;
Basei et al., 1998a, Basei et al., 2010; Heller et al., 2021; Lino et al., 2021). A
high-grade metamorphic event (5 - 7 kbar, thermal peak ~800°C) is suggested by the
presence of orthopyroxene (Girardi and Ulbrich, 1978; Hartmann et al., 1979).
Available U-Pb ages span over a wide range between 3.2 and 1.8 Ga and record
several magmatic and metamorphic events, especially between 2.3 - 2.1 Ga (Basei et
al. 1998a; Basei et al., 2010; Passarelli et al., 2018; Heller et al., 2021 and references
therein).
Microplates (Fig. 1; Teixeira et al., 2004; Gualda and Vlach, 2007a; Almeida et al.,
2010; Basei et al., 2010). Bimodal volcanics (rhyolites, trachytes, andesites and
basalts) and volcaniclastic flows (ignimbrites, tuffs) filled syn- to post-collisional
basins (Waichel et al., 2000; Sommer et al. 2005a; 2005b; 2006; Barão et al., 2017)
whose tectonic setting are associated with extensional or strike-slip deformation
models (transitional-stage basins sensu Teixeira et al., 2004, or Ediacaran-Cambrian
rift system basins sensu Almeida et al., 2010; 2012). The plutonic rocks include
granitic and syenitic plutons and batholiths (as well as minor occurrences of K-rich
diorites, gabbros and hybrid rocks) that are grouped into the Graciosa A-type
Province (Gualda and Vlach, 2007a). In common, both volcanic and plutonic rocks
share mineralogical, compositional and geochronological similarities, which makes the
discussion on the formation of volcano-sedimentary basins linked to the A-type
plutonism generation and emplacement (Almeida et al., 2010; Mapa et al., 2019).
The Graciosa granites and syenites are intrusive at shallow levels (< 2 kbar;
Gualda and Vlach, 2007a; Vilalva and Vlach, 2014) and are grouped into two
contrasted chemical and lithological associations, namely alkaline and aluminous (cf.
Gualda and Vlach, 2007a): the first one consists of metaluminous alkali-feldspar
syenites to peralkaline hypersolvus granites formed at relatively reducing conditions.
The aluminous association consists of metaluminous to slightly peraluminous
subsolvus syeno- and monzogranites formed at more oxidizing conditions (Gualda
and Vlach, 2007a; Vilalva et al., 2019).
The Morro Redondo Complex is one of the largest bodies within the Graciosa
Province (Vilalva and Vlach, 2014), being entirely intrusive into the Luiz Alves
Microplate (Fig. 1). The complex consists of the Papanduva and Quiriri granitic plutons
that belong, respectively, to the alkaline and aluminous association. The Papanduva
pluton (580 ± 5 Ma, zircon U-Pb; Vilalva et al., 2019) comprises alkali feldspar
granites of variable textures and structures, with arfvedsonite or riebeckite ± aegirine
or aegirine-augite as the main mafic minerals, whereas the Quiriri pluton (578 ± 3
Ma, zircon U-Pb; Vilalva et al., 2019) is made of massive biotite ± hornblende monzo-
to syenogranites. The complex also includes granophyres and a bimodal volcanism
48
with silicic lithotypes prevailing over the basic ones (Góis, 1995). Intermediate
compositions are virtually absent (Bunsen-Daly Gap). They are contemporaneous and
also share mineralogical and geochemical characteristics with their plutonic
counterparts, as well as with the volcanics within the volcano-sedimentary basins
nearby (e.g. Campo Alegre and Guaratubinha basins).
Fig. 1. Geological map of the Morro Redondo Complex and its positioning relative to the Graciosa
A-type Province and contemporaneous post-collisional volcano-sedimentary basins in S-SE Brazil.
Modified from Vilalva and Vlach (2014) and Barão et al. (2017).
3. Analytical methods
3.1. Petrography
Available lithochemical data for the MRV were compiled from Góis (1995). This
database includes major and trace element analysis for 12 samples of felsic,
intermediate and mafic volcanics, obtained by by XRF and ICP-AES (major elements)
and ICP-MS (trace elements) at SGS-GEOSOL laboratories (Belo Horizonte, Brazil;
analytical routines available at www.sgsgeosol.com.br). Two additional felsic volcanics
(samples MR-144 and MR-254) were also analyzed for this work in the same
laboratory. In all cases, analytical uncertainties are better than 5% for most elements.
In addition, we also compiled available lithochemical data from the literature for
felsic, intermediate and mafic effusive and pyroclastic volcanic rocks from the coeval
Guaratubinha and Campo Alegre volcano-sedimentary basins, as well as for the Luiz
Alves basement rocks for comparison purposes and geochemical modeling.
3.3. In situ zircon U-Pb geochronology, trace element and Hf isotopic analyses
Isotope and Trace Element Research Analytical Center (MITERAC), University of Notre
Dame, USA (U-Pb and Lu-Hf analyses), and at the GeoAnalítica-USP core facility,
Instituto de Geociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil (trace element
compositions).
Stable oxygen isotope analyses for ~1.0 mg zircon separate from sample
MR-254 were conducted at the Center for Environmental Science and Technology
(CEST), University of Notre Dame, USA. The oxygen isotope ratios were obtained with
a ESI-New Wave Research MIR-10 laser fluorination system, coupled to a silicate
extraction line (Sharp, 1990), and measured using a Thermo Fisher Scientific Delta V
Plus mass spectrometer. The synthetic Lausanne Quartz standard (18O/16O
value = 18.15‰; Jourdan et al., 2009) was employed to monitor the instrumental
fractionation of the 18O/16O isotope ratios.
4. Results
The Morro Redondo volcanics (MRV) are found mainly in the center-west
portion of the Morro Redondo Complex and surrounding areas, covering and/or
intruding (as dikes) the Luiz Alves basement rocks, as well as the peralkaline and
peraluminous granites of the Morro Redondo Complex, especially in its central region,
close to the tectonic boundary between the Papanduva and Quiriri plutons (Fig. 1).
Outcrops are heavily weathered and eroded, as well as covered by intense vegetation,
which makes mapping and sampling difficult.
The MRV is a bimodal effusive volcanism and includes mainly felsic and mafic
lithotypes (rhyolites and basalts), with subordinate intermediate (andesites)
compositions. They appear as alternating lava flows, centimetric to metric syn- and
post-plutonic dikes (mainly basalts) and as xenoliths (only rhyolites) within the Quiriri
Pluton (Fig. 2). Of note, when occurring within the pluton areas, the MRV are
associated with hypabyssal dikes and small apophysis of granophyres. The MRV are
dominantly massive rocks (Figs. 2 and 3), although rhyolites can eventually present
fluidal structures (Góis, 1995). Furthermore, Góis (1995) describes rhyolites with mafic
and mafic-intermediate enclaves. There are few and non-conclusive occurrences of
ignimbrites and pyroclastic rocks among the MRV (Góis, 1995), as commonly observed
52
Fig. 2. Field aspects of the acid and basic volcanic rocks of the Morro Redondo Complex. (A) Rhyolite
xenolith in biotite syenogranite of the Quiriri Pluton (sample MR-70). (B) Basalt dike crosscutting
syenogranite of the Quiriri Pluton. (C) Heavily weathered rhyolite blocks over a basaltic suggesting
alternating layers of lava flows close to the NW portion of the complex. (D) Rhyolite dike of NE-SW
direction intrusive into Quiriri Pluton (sample MR-90, see Fig. 1). (E) Syn-plutonic basaltic dike
53
truncating Quiriri syenogranites. Note (by the pencil) basaltic material filling fractures within the
granite. (F) Syn-plutonic basaltic dike with irregular contacts crosscutting syenogranite of the Quiriri
Pluton. Abbreviations: rhy = rhyolite; bas = basalt.
Fig. 3. Macroscopic aspects of volcanic rocks from the Morro Redondo Complex. (A) Subvolcanic
rhyolitic granophyre with porphyritic texture defined by globular quartz and alkali feldspar phenocrysts
54
(sample MR-53A). (B) Rhyolite with aphanitic texture (sample MR-247D). (C) Weathered rhyolite
showing microporphyritic texture with phenocrysts of globular quartz (dark dots) and alkali feldspar
(white dots) (sample MR-270). (D) Subvolcanic rhyolite with microporphyritic texture with alkali
feldspar phenocrysts (orange) (sample MR-247D). (E) Subvolcanic fine-grained diabase intrusive into
the Quiriri Pluton (sample MR-23D). (F) Subvolcanic rhyolitic granophyre cut by a mafic microgranular
enclave (sample MR-148C).
The MRV can be divided into two main groups, based on textural and
mineralogical criteria: felsic volcanics and subvolcanics, and mafic volcanics and
subvolcanics (Figs. 3 and 4). These groups are described in detail below and their
main petrographic aspects are summarized in Table 1. Subordinate
mafic-intermediate rocks occur in a few outcrops associated with mafic lithotypes
(Góis, 1995; Vilalva, 2007). They are porphyritic andesites and basaltic andesites with
plagioclase phenocrysts in a fine- to medium-grained groundmass of clinopyroxene,
biotite, plagioclase, opaque minerals and quartz.
Table 1. Summary of the textural and mineralogical aspects of the volcanic and subvolcanic rocks of
the Morro Redondo Complex. CI = colour index.
Group Macroscopic Classification Mineralogy Microtextures
characteristics
The felsic lithotypes comprise mainly alkali feldspar rhyolites, as well as minor
occurrences of rhyolites and quartz-alkali feldspar trachytes (Figs. 3A to 3D, 4 and 5A
to 5G; Table 1). These are holo- to leucocratic (colour index CI < 14%), fine-grained,
aphanitic to porphyritic rocks; the latter with microphenocrysts (0.7 to 2.6 mm) of
alkali-feldspar and embayed, bipyramidal/globular quartz microphenocrysts (0.3 to 1.1
mm) (pseudomorphs after β-quartz). These phenocrysts are immersed within a
devitrified, cripto- to microcrystalline quartzo-feldspathic matrix, locally showing
microgranophyric and spherulitic textures. Based on the mafic mineralogy, two
subgroups are identified: (1) alkaline rhyolites, with sodic or sodic-calcic amphiboles
(potassic arfvedsonite and richterite; our unpublished mineral chemical data) ±
clinopyroxenes (aegirine-augite and aegirine; our unpublished data) as the main mafic
minerals, and zircon, astrophyllite, ilmenite and aenigmatite as accessories; and (2)
aluminous rhyolites, with Fe-edenite ± annitic biotite (our unpublished data) as the
chief mafic phases. They are partially to completely replaced by chlorite, epidote and
opaque minerals. Zircon, fluorite, magnetite and allanite are the main accessory
phases. It is worth mentioning that the mafic minerals in the alkaline rhyolites are
late-crystallizing phases, interstitial to quartz and alkali feldspars, defining an
‘agpaitic-like texture’ (cf. Nédélec and Bouchez, 2015), as described for the
peralkaline Papanduva pluton (Vilalva et al., 2016).
The rhyolite sample dated for this work (MR-254) corresponds to a massive,
hololeucocratic (CI=4) alkali feldspar rhyolite with a porphyritic texture defined by
tabular mesoperthitic alkali feldspar and globular quartz megacrysts set within a
microcrystalline quartzo-feldspathic matrix with microgranophyric textures. Biotite is
the main mafic mineral, and the accessories are zircon and magnetite. Evidence of
hydrothermal alteration include the replacement of biotite by chlorite, magnetite and
titanite.
insular, vermicular, radial fringe and plumous; cf. Smith, 1974). Other common
microtextures include perthites and mesoperthites and myrmekites.
Fig. 4. Quartz (Q) - alkali feldspar (A) - plagioclase (P) modal classification diagram (Streckeisen, 1976)
for the volcanic and subvolcanic rocks of the Morro Redondo Complex.
57
Fig. 5. Microscopic textural aspects of the selected volcanic and subvolcanic acid and basic samples
from the Morro Redondo Complex. (A) β-quartz embayed polymorph in an aluminous rhyolite (sample
MR-52A); (B) flow alignment of aenigmatite, arfvedsonite and alkali-feldspar in an alkaline rhyolite
(sample MR-52B); (C) alkali-feldspar spherulites in an alkaline rhyolite (sample MR-145); (D) interstitial
late aegirine crystals in the same alkaline rhyolite of (C) (sample MR-145), alkali-feldspar in white
portion (not shown); (E) alkali-feldspar and bipyramidal pseudomorphs after β-quartz set in a
microcrystalline quartzo-feldspathic matrix in an aluminous rhyolite (sample MR-71C); (F) detail of a
granophyric texture in an alkaline silicic subvolcanic rhyolite (MR-12A2 sample); (G) alkali-feldspar and
quartz phenocrysts in a microcrystalline quartzo-feldspathic matrix in an aluminous rhyolite (MR-247D
sample); (H) intergranular texture in a thin diabase sample showing plagioclase laths, clinopyroxene
(augite) and opaques (MR-07 sample); (I) Basalt with intergranular texture showing plagioclase laths
and augite crystals (MR-252B sample). Abbreviations are: Qz = quartz, Aeg = aegirine; Aen =
aenigmatite; Aug = augite; Arf = arfvedsonite; Afs = alkali feldspar; Opq = opaques.
Whole rock major and trace element compositions for the MRV are presented
and compared with contemporaneous volcanic rocks filling the Campo Alegre and
Guaratubinha volcano-sedimentary basins in southern Brazil in the lithochemical
binary diagrams of Fig. 6. Whole-rock data are available on Supplementary Table 1. In
common all these occurrences are bimodal volcanic suites, with predominance of
basic and silicic members over the intermediate counterparts (the Bunsen-Daly Gap),
except for the Guaratubinha Basin. The MRV have more homogeneous compositions:
mafic/basic rocks are alkali basalts, whereas felsic/silicic volcanics are high-silica (SiO2
> 75 wt.%) rhyolites (Fig. 6A to 6C) whose compositions overlap with those from the
Morro Redondo plutonic units (Papanduva and Quiriri plutons). They all plot mainly in
the subalkaline field (except for some basalt samples) in the TAS diagram (Fig. 6A).
Following Peccerillo and Taylor (1976; diagram not shown), basalts show calc-alkaline
to high-K calc-alkaline affinity, whereas rhyolites belong entirely to the high-K
calc-alkaline series and show a typical A-type signature (Fig. 6D). Furthermore, the
alkaline rhyolites have peralkaline (comendites) to metaluminous character, as for the
Papanduva granites, whereas the aluminous rhyolites are slightly peraluminous,
similar to the Quiriri granites. Subordinate intermediate compositions classify as
basaltic andesites and trachyandesites. Conversely, volcanics filling the Campo Alegre
and Guaratubinha basins show a wider compositional range: from alkaline and
subalkaline basalts, trachybasalts, andesites, andesi-basalts and trachyandesites to
dacites, trachytes, rhyodacites and rhyolites with high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonitic
affinities (Waichel et al., 2000) and A-type signatures (Fig. 6). Intermediate andesitic
59
compositions are found mainly in the Guaratubinha Basin (Figs. 6A, 6B). Furthermore,
the Campo Alegre rhyolitic rocks define two distinct groups based on Zr contents
(Waichel et al., 2000), the one with higher Zr (and metaluminous and peralkaline
character) being more akin to the Morro Redondo A-type rhyolites (Fig. 6B).
Fig. 6. Lithochemical classification diagrams for volcanic rocks of the Morro Redondo complex
compared with those filling contemporaneous volcanossedimentary post-collisional basins in
south-southeast Brazil. (A) Total Alkalis vs. Silica diagram (Le Bas et al., 1986) with the
alkaline-subalkaline divide from Irvine and Baragar (1971). (B) Zr/TiO2 (ppm) vs SiO2 (wt.%) diagram of
Winchester and Floyd (1977). (C) A/NK vs A/CNK diagram after Shand (1943) for the volcanic and
plutonic rocks of the Morro Redondo Complex and the volcano-sedimentary basins in S-SE Brazil. (D)
Granite typological diagram of Whalen et al. (1987). Data source: Morro Redondo volcanics (Góis, 1995
and this work); Morro Redondo granites (Vilalva and Vlach, 2014); volcanics filling basins of Campo
Alegre (Waichel, 1998; Waichel et al., 2000; Vasconcellos et al., 1999 and Sommer et al., 2005b) and
Guaratubinha (Citroni, 1998 and Barbosa, 2018).
In Harker-type diagrams (Fig. 7), the Morro Redondo rhyolites plot among the
most evolved rocks, within a narrow SiO2 interval (74.7 - 77.8 wt.%). The whole
60
dataset (Morro Redondo, Campo Alegre and Guaratubinha volcanics) defines negative
correlations for Fe2O3, TiO2, CaO and Sr. Positive trends are verified for Rb, Zr, Ce and
Th (not shown), whereas Al2O3, MgO and Ba (not shown) register curved trends.
Fig. 7. Harker-type variation diagrams of selected major and trace elements for the Morro Redondo
bimodal volcanism compared with volcanic rocks from the Campo Alegre and Guaratubinha basins and
with the comagmatic Papanduva and Quiriri granites. Data source as in fig. 6. Legend: dark gray
diamond (Campo Alegre acid), gray diamond (Campo Alegre basic and intermediate), dark gray
hexagon (Guaratubinha intermediate), red semi-filled circle (MR andesite), red circle (MR Basalt); dark
blue triangle (Quiriri Pluton), green square (Papanduva Pluton), red X (MR rhyolite).
The similarities with the patterns for the Morro Redondo granites (Figs. 8B and 8E;
Vilalva and Vlach, 2014) are also remarkable. In this sense, there is an overlap
between the alkaline rhyolites and Papanduva granites, both being characterized by
higher HFSE contents, whereas the aluminous rhyolites and the Quiriri granites have
higher Sr and Ba contents (Fig. 8E). Values for the Zr/Nb ratio are highly variable (4.1
- 31.9; the lower values registered mainly for the aluminous rhyolites), suggesting the
involvement of both an enriched mantle (EM1) and crustal sources (Rudnick and Gao,
2003; Willbold and Stracke, 2010). The Morro Redondo rhyolites are slightly enriched
in light REE when compared to their counterparts within the volcano-sedimentary
basins. Their patterns show a typical “seagull wing” shape of A-type rocks with
relative enrichment of light REE (LREE) over heavy REE (HREE) (Fig. 8E) and
pronounced Eu anomaly. Overall, they are similar to those registered for the
Papanduva and Quiriri plutons. Of note, the dated rhyolite (MR-254) registers the
lowest REE contents and its patterns reveal a discrete enrichment from Gd to Lu, as
opposed to the patterns for other Morro Redondo rhyolites and granites (Fig. 8B).
Basalts and andesite from the Morro Redondo Complex have trace element
patterns that are more akin to the basic and intermediate volcanics from the
Guaratubinha Basin. However, they have relatively lower LILE and HFSE (especially
Th, Nb and Ta) contents and do not show Sr and Zr pronounced negative anomalies.
Basalts show almost linear REE patterns, whereas the analyzed andesite shows
relative enrichment of LREE over HREE.
62
Fig. 8. Multi-element (A to C) and rare-earth element (D to F) patterns for Morro Redondo volcanics
compared to the fields for the Papanduva and Quiriri granites, as well as for the Campo Alegre and
Guaratubinha volcano-sedimentary basins. Data source: Morro Redondo Volcanics (this paper and Góis,
1995); Papanduva and Quiriri Plutons (Vilalva and Vlach, 2014); Campo Alegre Basin (Waichel, 1998;
Waichel et al., 2000 and Sommer et al., 2005b); Guaratubinha basin (Citroni, 1998 and Barbosa,
2018). Normalizing factors after Thompson (1982) (multi-element plot) and Boynton (1984) (REE plot).
Zircon crystals in this sample (Fig. 9A) occurs as euhedral to subhedral grains
(130 to 250 μm long) with well-developed {211}-form, associated by Corfu et al.
(2003) to calc-alkaline and aluminous rocks. They have weak to very weak
cathodoluminescence contrast and show subtle concentric zoning.
U-Pb age determinations were made for seventeen analytical spots (from
those thirty-two analyses) with associated degrees of discordance <10% yielded a
concordia age of 585 ± 5 Ma (MSWD = 0.002; Fig. 9B) that is interpreted as the
crystallization age of Morro Redondo rhyolites. Although slightly older, this age
determination overlaps within the associated errors with the available crystallization
ages for the Morro Redondo granites (580-578 Ma; Vilalva et al., 2019), attesting the
contemporaneity among volcanic and plutonic rocks in this complex.
64
Fig. 9. (A) Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of zircon with analytical spots for U-Pb (blue circles) and
Lu-Hf LA-ICP-MS (red circles) analyses of the MR-254 sample (aluminous rhyolite). (B) Concordia age
diagram for an aluminous rhyolite sample (MR-254) of Morro Redondo Complex.
65
Trace element compositions for zircon crystals from sample MR-254 are shown
as chondrite-normalized spidergrams and REE patterns in Figs. 10A and 10B. They are
characterized by high U and Th abundances (565 - 1327 ppm), yielding relatively high
Th/U ratios (1.5 - 2.6). Hf abundances correlates negatively with Th/U and are in the
range 13433 - 17582 ppm, as typical of aluminous A-type rocks (Vilalva et al., 2019).
Furthermore, Breiter et al. (2014) pointed out that high amounts of Th, Hf, Y and U,
among other traces, are a typical signature of evolved A-type rocks.
Bell et al. (2016) proposed the LREE-I index = Dy/Nd + Dy/Sm (in
concentration, rather than chondrite-normalized values), to distinguish between
unaltered zircon (high LREE-I) and hydrothermally altered zircon (low LREE-I). The
analyzed zircon crystals are characterized by high LREE-I indexes (66 - 123),
confirming that they are not affected by post-magmatic hydrothermal alteration (Fig.
10C).
Zircon REE contents vary between 2032 and 4358 ppm (LREE = 48-84 ppm;
HREE = 1984-4275 ppm). The chondrite-normalized patterns are typical of igneous
zircon (e.g. Hoskin and Schaltegger, 2003) and indicate a steeply-rising slope due to
HREE enrichment in comparison to LREE (65 < YbN/CeN < 129), and pronounced
positive Ce and negative Eu anomalies, with Ce/Ce* and Eu/Eu* up to 41 and 0.03,
respectively [where: Ce/Ce* = CeN/(LaN*PrN)½; Eu/Eu* = EuN/(SmN*GdN)½].
66
Fig. 10. Chondrite-normalized multi-element spidergrams (A) and rare-earth element patterns (B) for
zircon crystals of the MR-254 sample. Normalizing factors after Taylor and McLennan (1985). (C)
LREE-I index after Bell et al. (2016) (Dy/Nd + Dy/Sm, in ppm) vs. (Sm/La)N plot for zircon crystals of
sample MR-254 sample. Fields of unaltered and altered zircon after Bell et al. (2016). Normalizing
factors after Taylor and McLennan (1985).
67
Fig. 11. (A) εHf(t) vs δ18O binary plot (where t = U-Pb crystallization age) for zircon crystals of the
MR-254 rhyolite compared with available data for the Morro Redondo and other Graciosa granites. (B)
Zircon oxygen isotope composition for the rhyolite of sample MR-254 (this work) compared with the
values measured for the Morro Redondo granites, for other coeval acid volcanics in
69
volcano-sedimentary basins in Southern Brazil and with the Luiz Alves basement rocks. Data source in
subscripts: 1 - This Paper; 2 - Vilalva et al. (2019); 3 - Valley et al. (2005).
5. Discussion
Fig. 12. Discriminating tectonic diagrams of Pearce et al. (1984) for the Morro Redondo rhyolites
compared to their plutonic counterparts (Papanduva and Quiriri granites) and with intermediate and
acid volcanics from the coeval Campo Alegre and Guaratubinha basins. Central circle in (A) is the field
of post-collisional granites according to Pearce (1996). Symbols and colors as in Fig. 6. Data source:
Campo Alegre basin (Waichel, 1998; Vasconcellos et al. 1999; Waichel et al. 2000; Sommer et al.
2005b), Guaratubinha basin (Citroni, 1998 and Barbosa, 2018), Papanduva and Quiriri Plutons (Vilalva
and Vlach, 2014).
Fig. 13 presents a comparison of the U-Pb age determination for the rhyolite
MR-254 with the Papanduva granites, other Graciosa plutons, as well as with
rhyolites and silicic pyroclastic rocks filling the Castro, Campo Alegre, Guaratubinha,
71
Itajaí and Camaquã volcano-sedimentary basins and other coeval rhyolites from the
Florianópolis Batholith (Ana Dias rhyolite - Oliveira et al., 2015) and
Sul-Rio-Grandense shield (Cerro Partido Rhyolite - Noll Filho et al., 2019). The
analysis of Fig. 13 confirms the contemporaneity between the volcanic and plutonic
rocks from the Morro Redondo Complex and these with the volcanism filling many
volcano-sedimentary basins in Southern Brazil. This also reinforces that the formation
of these volcanics are linked with the generation of the Graciosa granites in a
volcano-plutonic connection.
Fig. 13. Boxplots comparing the U-Pb age determination for the MR-254 rhyolite with those available
for many occurences of volcanic rocks in volcano-sedimentary basins in Southern Brazil and with the
Morro Redondo granites. Data source: MR-254 (this paper); Morro Redondo granites (Vilalva et al.
2019); Graciosa Province granites (Vlach et al., 2011 and references therein) Camaquã basin (Chemale
Jr. 2000; Janikian, 2004; Sommer et al., 2005a; 2005b; 2006; 2017; Borba et al., 2008; Janikian et
al., 2008; 2012); Castro basin (Cordani et al., 1999; Almeida et al., 2010, 2012); Campo Alegre basin
(Siga Jr. 1995; Basei et al. 1998b; Citroni, 1998; Cordani et al., 1999; Lino et al., 2021); Guaratubinha
basin (Basei et al., 1998b; Siga Jr., 1995; Siga Jr. et al., 2000); Itajaí basin (Basei et al., 1999; 2008;
Silva et al., 2002; Guadagnin et al., 2010); rhyolite dikes intrusive into the Florianópolis Batholith
(Oliveira et al., 2015); Cerro Partido rhyolite (Noll Filho et al., 2019).
72
The Morro Redondo volcanics and subvolcanics (MRV) represent a bimodal suite
characterized by the lack of intermediate compositions (Bunsen-Daly Gap). Rhyolites
are the most common lithotypes and can be divided into two subgroups based on
petrographic, mineralogical and chemical criteria: aluminous and alkaline rhyolites.
They share many geochronological, geochemical and isotopic similarities with their
plutonic counterparts within the Morro Redondo Complex, namely Quiriri and
Papanduva plutons (Fig. 6). Aluminous rhyolites and Quiriri granites can be
distinguished by their low Sr contents, whereas alkaline rhyolites and Papanduva
granites have higher HFSE abundances (especially Zr, Nb and Y), as shown in Fig. 14.
Furthermore, the zircon Hf-O isotopic composition for the analyzed aluminous rhyolite
overlaps with those registered for the Quiriri granites (Fig. 11; see also Vilalva et al.,
2019). These lines of evidence suggest that these rocks share a volcanic-plutonic
connection and may constitute a single shallow plumbing system, as will be discussed
below. In fact, geophysical evidence coupled with pressure estimates for the Morro
Redondo Complex and for the Graciosa Province as a whole (0.8-2.0 kbar) point to
shallow emplacement levels (~3.0 - 8.0 km) (Hallinan et al., 1993; Gualda and Vlach,
2007; Vilalva and Vlach, 2014). Recently, Lino et al. (2021) suggested a model in two
stages for origin and development of volcano-sedimentary sequences of Campo
Alegre basin: basin stage and caldera stage. The basin stage is characterized by
nearly E-W rifting, which may cause strike-slip movements with NE-SW extension in
the Guaratubinha basin. The caldera stage is characterized by the post-collisional
setting and is represented by the Graciosa A-type granites and syenites, the volcanic
rocks of Campo Alegre and Guaratubinha basins and the Morro Redondo volcanics
here studied.
73
Fig. 14. Rb/Sr vs. Zr + Nb +Y plot for Morro Redondo rhyolites, Papanduva and Quiriri plutons. Data
source as in fig. 6.
Since the 1700’s years, when the plutonic origin for granites had been
established by James Hutton and other researchers, a connection between plutonic
and volcanic rocks had become implicit due a classic view of “balloon-soda straw”
connecting the deep and shallow levels in the crust (Glazner et al., 2015). This
viewpoint leads to a duality among plutonic and volcanic realms, with plutons serving
as “staging areas” from the volcanic members being extruded (Lundstrom and
Glazner, 2016). Despite the simplicity of this concept and a lot of criticism on this, it
still persists (Paterson and Vernon, 1995; Tarbuck and Lutgens, 2008). Glazner et al.
(2004) points out that there are many reasons to question the wide existence of
magmatic chambers as has been emphasized in textbooks.
Although compositional similarities between volcanic and plutonic rocks has
been used as long as a derivation evidence from a common magmatic source (e.g.
Buddington, 1959; Branch, 1967), some researchers keep treating volcanic and
plutonic rocks as separate (e.g. Read, 1957). Some of the possible hypotheses for the
74
volcano-plutonic connection are failed eruptions (crystallized melts, e.g., Tappa et al.,
2011; Barboni et al., 2015; Glazner et al., 2015; Keller et al., 2015) up to plutons called
“crystal graveyards” (e.g., Bachl et al. 2001; Deering and Bachmann 2010; Gelman et
al. 2014; Putirka et al. 2014; Lee and Morton 2015; Bachmann and Huber, 2016).
In this context, the origin of high-silica rhyolites is of particular interest and
remains unclear. Is not established yet if they come from extraction of a deep mush,
if they crystallized within the crust or if the processes that generate the granites and
rhyolites are different (Lundstrom and Glazner, 2016). According to Bachmann and
Bergantz (2008), there are two main hypotheses regarding the rhyolites' origin. In the
first one, the rhyolites would originate from partial melting zones within the crust.
The second one is of long-lived mush zones feeded by intermediate to mafic
magmas. Christiansen (2005) and Christiansen and McCurry (2008) argue that the
combination of field, thermal, geochemical and geophysical observations favor the
residual melt extraction from crystalline mushes as the most likely scenario in all
tectonic settings. Still according to these authors, two differentiation end-members
can occur. The first is a dry-lineage of hot and reduced silicic melts in magmatic
provinces supplied by mantle-melting by decompression (e.g. hotspots and
continental rifts). The second lineage is wet and produces cold oxidized silicic melts in
subduction zones dominated by mantle melting flow. These two rhyolitic magmas
have strong similarities on trace-element concentrations but show different contents
of Rare Earth Elements (REE) (Bachmann and Bergantz, 2008).
Bachmann and Bergantz (2008) discuss a mush model based on specific and
explicit links among plutonic and volcanic systems. Much of the evidence supporting
this comes from field, composition and geophysical relationships (Bachmann and
Bergantz, 2004; Hildreth, 2004; Marsh, 2004; Bachmann et al., 2007; Lees, 2007).
The crystalline mushes control the magmatic differentiation and can produce
characteristics peculiar to rhyolites, either in hot and anhydrous conditions such as
continental rifts and hotspots, or in cooler and more wetter conditions typical of
subduction zones (Bachmann and Bergantz, 2008).
The silica rich magmas can be formed by fusion of both metaigneous and
metasedimentary material. However, the mush model does not favor either process,
75
upwelling would provide the heat for the melting of the above lithospheric mantle
previously metasomatized by subduction-related fluids. Arguably, the partial melting
of such mantle source would give rise to the Morro Redondo basalts. We have tested
this hypothesis with the spreadsheet Petromodeler (Ersoy, 2013) by modeling the
dynamic partial melting of an enriched (metasomatized) mantle-1 (EM-1) composition
represented by sample 49DS-1 from the Pitcairn hotspot (Eisele et al., 2002). Fig. 15A
shows partial melting curves for spinel-lherzolite (3% spinel; Kinzler, 1997) and
garnet-lherzolite (10%; Walter, 1998). Results reveal that after ~13% of modal
dynamic partial melting of a garnet-bearing EM-1 source, it is possible to obtain
compositions close to the least evolved alkali basalt JR-09.
77
78
Fig. 15. Sr vs. Rb/Sr plots showing geochemical modeling for the Morro Redondo volcanics (A) garnet
lherzolite and spinel lherzolite dynamic partial melting curves assuming critical mass porosity = 0.5%.
(B) Fractional crystallization paths starting from the Luiz Alves basement (sample LB27E of Betiollo et
al., 2018) to give rise to compositions akin to the Quiriri granites (sample MR-174), from where rhyolitic
melts (represented by sample MR-144) can be extracted. (C) Fractional crystallization path starting
from the Quiriri aluminous granites (sample MR-174) yielding peralkaline melts (sample MR-21 from the
Papanduva Pluton). Inset shows the effect of plagioclase and K-feldspar fractionation based on Ba
contents and Eu anomaly intensities. The fields of Campo Alegre and Guaratubinha Basin volcanics are
plotted for comparison. Data source as in Fig. 6.
The continental crust in the studied area comprises the Luiz Alves Microplate
(LAM), whose basement is formed by Archean to Paleoproterozoic migmatitic
orthogneisses with TTG affinity (Santa Catarina Granulitic Complex; Hartmann et al.,
1979; Basei et al., 1998a) and minor mafic layers and metasedimentary (felsic
granulitic gneisses) units. Gravimetric data provided by Mantovani et al. (1989)
suggest that the thickness of the LAM reached ~45 km. Moreover, the common
presence of orthopyroxene, specially in the central LAM domains suggests high-grade
metamorphism under 5 - 7 kbar, with a thermal peak at ~800 oC (Girardi and Ulbrich,
1978; Hartmann et al., 1979). Recently, Heller et al. (2021) provided new in situ zircon
U-Pb and Hf isotopic data for the LAM. The data show that several magmatic and
metamorphic events have contributed to the construction of the LAM between 3.2
and 1.8 Ga, with most zircon crystallized between ~2.5-2.0 Ga during high-grade
metamorphic events. Hf isotopes show predominantly crustal signatures, with εHf(t)
between 1.3 to - 16.8 and correspondent TDM model ages clustering at 4.3–3.5 and
3.4–2.3 Ga. Heller et al. (2021) interpreted such signatures as indicative of two pulses
of magma differentiation from the mantle with subsequent mixing of the material
during the Paleoproterozoic.
The εHf vs. crystallization age diagram of Fig. 16 compares the Hf isotopic
compositions of the LAM with the Morro Redondo rhyolites (this work) and granites
(Vilalva et al., 2019). The Morro Redondo rocks have strongly negative εHf(t) values
that are significantly lower than those of mantle-derived rocks. Although the alkaline
granites (Papanduva Pluton) have less radiogenic εHf(580), between -9.6 and -20.3
(TDM model ages: 2.5 to 1.9 Ga), the aluminous Quiriri granites and the MR-254
rhyolite have more radiogenic, crustal-like, Hf signatures, with εHf(580), between
-16.7 and -23.6 (TDM model ages: 2.7 to 2.3 Ga) for the rhyolite and between -15.3
and -35.7 (TDM model ages: 3.4 to 2.3 Ga) for the Quiriri granites, respectively; the
latter plotting along the evolution trend of the LAM basement rocks in Fig. 16,
confirming that they were likely generated by partial melting of the LAM rocks.
Arguably, partial melting has occurred at confining pressures of ~4.0 kbar (~15 km
deep), as suggested by the variation of the agpaitic index [(Na2O+K2O)/Al2O3, molar)
80
with SiO2 (Fig. 17). The resulting A-type magmas may have ascended by diking to
shallow crustal levels (~1.0 kbar; Vilalva and Vlach, 2014) to form a magma chamber.
Fig. 16. εHf as a function of time for the aluminous rhyolite of sample MR-254 compared with the
available data for the Morro Redondo granites (Vilalva et al., 2019) and the evolution trend of the Luiz
Alves basement rocks (Heller et al., 2021).
81
Fig. 17. SiO2 vs. (Na2O+K2O)/Al2O3 (molar) plot for the Morro Redondo rhyolites and granites
(Papanduva and Quiriri plutons). Square and circles indicate experimental melts of tonalite (yellow) and
granodiorite (blue) compositions at 4 and 8 kbar, respectively, and 950oC from Patiño-Douce (1997).
Fields for calc-alkaline and A-type granites are also from Patiño-Douce (1997). Data source as in Fig. 6.
that closely matches the whole-rock composition for the felsic granulite LB27E from
Betiollo et al. (2018), taken here as a candidate for the parental melt of the Morro
Redondo granites and rhyolites.
In order to test this hypothesis, we conducted major element least-square,
mass balance modeling with the spreadsheet Petromode (Christiansen, 2009). The
best modeling result given in Table 2 (∑r2 = 0.34) reveals that a composition akin to
the sample MR-174, representing the average composition of the Quiriri granites, can
be obtained after 51% fractional crystallization of plagioclase (19%), alkali feldspar
(16%), orthopyroxene (4%), magnetite (3%) and ilmenite (1%) (i.e. a quartz-mangeritic
cumulate). Mineral compositions used for modeling are from Deer et al. (2013)
(ilmenite and magnetite) and from Seo et al. (2010) (plagioclase, alkali feldspar and
orthopyroxene).
83
Table 2. Major element least-square mass balance modeling results for Morro Redondo rhyolites and granites. Continue on the next
page.
LB-27E to MR-174 (∑r2 = 0.34)
68.8
SiO2 9 75.66 75.69 61.98 52.36 63.75 100
total 100 100 100 99.00 102.40 100.00 100.00 98.66 100.00
75.6
SiO2 6 75.32 75.36 61.95 100.00 63.97
75.6
SiO2 6 77.75 77.85 61.95 35.11 100.00 63.97
The major element mass balance modeling was refined with trace
elements with the spreadsheet Petromodeler (Ersoy, 2013). Partition coefficients
used in the calculations are those provided by for silicic rocks from the GERM
database — “Geochemical Earth Reference Model”, available at
https://kdd.earthref.org/KdD. The trace element CF modeling (Fig. 15B) agrees
with the mass balance results and indicates the generation of compositions close
to MR-174 after 45% fractional crystallization of the same phases and modal
proportions.
As can be seen from Fig. 15B, the Quiriri granites have almost invariable
compositions, clustering around Sr contents of 58 ppm. Considering the mush
model (Bachmann et al., 2007), we interpret the Quiriri Pluton as an underlying
magma chamber (crystal-rich, mushy reservoir) from where the rhyolites were
expelled and reached the surface, arguably in a caldera-like scenario (Lino et al.,
2021). Among the aluminous rhyolites, sample JR-19 has the lowest Sr contents
(37 ppm), plotting away from the “Quiriri reservoir”. Major element
mass-balance (∑r2 = 0.24) and trace element modeling confirms the derivation
of this rhyolite from sample MR-174 after ~40-47% fractional crystallization of
plagioclase, alkali feldspar and quartz (Table 2; mineral compositions from
Vilalva and Vlach, 2014 and our unpublished data). Such modeled values of
crystal cargo within the magma chamber approach those required for the
extraction of rhyolitic melt in a mush model (~50-60%; Bachmann and Bergantz,
2008). According to Hildreth (2004) and Bachmann and Bergantz (2004), great
eruptions can remove most of the eruptible material (Bachmann et al., 2007)
from the “chamber” (ca. 50% vol. crystals - Marsh, 1981; Petford, 2003) and this
eruption are unavoidable when a greater melt-rich volume accumulates
considering that there will be enough pressure to generate rhyolitic dikes that
can propagate until the surface and cause an eruption (Glazner et al., 2004;
Charlier et al., 2005; Jellinek and DePaolo, 2003). In such a scenario, the
formation of the comagmatic Morro Redondo subvolcanic granophyres can be
related to the extraction and eruption of rhyolites from the shallow ‘Quiriri
reservoir’ causing degassing, which forced undercooling and consequent
87
6. Conclusions
plúton, maior em área e volume que o Plúton Papanduva, pode ser interpretado
como a câmara magmática principal da qual líquidos peralcalinos (i.e. Plúton
Papanduva) podem ser derivados por cristalização fracionada principalmente de
feldspato alcalino e os riolitos de alta sílica, tanto alcalinos quanto aluminosos,
extraídos de mushs cristalinos (com até 50% de cristais), em uma possível
configuração de câmara magmática rasa e caldeira vulcânica sobreposta.
93
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Apêndices
117
Apêndice I
Dados litoquímicos de rochas do Complexo Morro Redondo
e das bacias vulcanossedimentares do sul-sudeste brasileiro
118
Apêndice Ia. Dados litoquímicos de elementos maiores de rochas do Complexo Morro Redondo e das bacias vulcanossedimentares do
sul-sudeste brasileiro. Abreviaturas: b.d.l = below detection limit (abaixo do limite de detecção); P.F. = perda ao fogo.
Amostra Ref. Unidade Método Class. SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3* MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 P.F.
XRF/ICP
este trabalho
MR-254 Riolito MR -MS riolito 74.7 0.12 12.6 2.2 b.d.l b.d.l 0.06 2.91 4.9 b.d.l 1.03
XRF/ICP
MR-144 este trabalho Riolito MR -MS riolito 76.4 0.2 10.9 4.01 0.12 b.d.l 0.21 4.67 4.14 b.d.l 0.26
Andesito
JR-61 Góis (1995) MR XRF andesito 54.2 1.8 14.9 10.49 0.16 4.2 6.7 3.2 1.7 0.65 1.81
JR-03C Góis (1995) Basalto MR XRF basalto 48.1 1.5 17 10.93 0.15 7.6 9.7 3.6 0.91 0.25 1.21
JR-09 Góis (1995) Basalto MR XRF basalto 47.5 1.9 16.9 11.3 0.16 7.1 9.5 2.8 0.34 0.29 2.07
JR-16A Góis (1995) Basalto MR XRF basalto 47.5 1.7 17.1 10.93 0.2 6.7 8.9 2.7 1.4 0.28 2.58
JR-85 Góis (1995) Basalto MR XRF basalto 47.6 1.9 16.6 11.29 0.16 7 9.3 2.5 1.1 0.3 2.1
JR-03B Góis (1995) Riolito MR XRF riolito 77.8 0.1 12.1 1.3 b.d.l b.d.l 0.32 3.3 4.6 b.d.l 0.46
JR-05C Góis (1995) Riolito MR XRF riolito 77.1 0.19 11.4 2.64 0.07 b.d.l 0.15 3.3 4.6 b.d.l 0.55
JR-08A Góis (1995) Riolito MR XRF riolito 75 0.18 9.7 5.79 0.11 b.d.l 0.05 4 3.5 b.d.l 1.03
JR-19 Góis (1995) Riolito MR XRF riolito 75.2 0.23 12.4 2.76 0.04 b.d.l 0.54 3.9 4.7 b.d.l 0.22
JR-21A Góis (1995) Riolito MR XRF riolito 77.3 0.08 12.6 0.73 b.d.l b.d.l 0.35 3.3 5 b.d.l 0.46
JR-88 Góis (1995) Riolito MR XRF riolito 76.4 0.23 11.1 3.32 0.04 b.d.l 0.17 3.7 4.7 b.d.l 0.29
JR-96F Góis (1995) Riolito MR XRF riolito 76.6 0.18 11.1 3.19 0.04 b.d.l 0.26 3.6 4.6 b.d.l 0.24
ICP-AES
/
Vilalva e Plúton ICP-MS
MR-215 Vlach (2014) Papanduva / XRF granito 74.53 0.18 11.3 3.09 0.05 0.05 0.28 4.58 4.69 0.01 0.2
ICP-AES
/
Vilalva e Plúton ICP-MS
MR-62 Vlach (2014) Papanduva / XRF granito 75.4 0.22 11.33 2.85 0.05 0.1 0.35 4.21 4.71 0.02 0.2
ICP-AES
/
Vilalva e Plúton ICP-MS
MR-32 Vlach (2014) Papanduva / XRF granito 76.04 0.14 10.79 3.65 0.05 0.03 0.21 4.97 4.08 0.01 0.48
119
Amostra Ref. Unidade Método Class. SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3* MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 P.F.
ICP-AES
/
Vilalva e Plúton ICP-MS
MR-39 Vlach (2014) Papanduva / XRF granito 75.91 0.22 11.52 2.91 0.04 0.07 0.2 4.14 4.74 0.02 0.5
ICP-AES
/
Vilalva e Plúton ICP-MS
MR-03 Vlach (2014) Papanduva / XRF granito 74.55 0.16 9.89 5.62 0.08 0.03 0.15 5.24 3.77 0.01 0.34
ICP-AES
/
Vilalva e Plúton ICP-MS
MR-02 Vlach (2014) Papanduva / XRF granito 75.38 0.16 10.58 3.85 0.06 0.03 0.23 4.68 4.33 0.01 0.32
ICP-AES
/
Vilalva e Plúton ICP-MS
MR-21 Vlach (2014) Papanduva / XRF granito 77.78 0.09 11.25 1.77 0.03 0.02 0.13 4.22 4.75 0.01 0.22
ICP-AES
/
Vilalva e Plúton ICP-MS
MR-01A Vlach (2014) Papanduva / XRF granito 75.98 0.21 10.83 2.91 0.06 0.01 0.26 4.34 4.66 0.01 0.44
ICP-AES
/
Vilalva e Plúton ICP-MS
MR-01D Vlach (2014) Papanduva / XRF granito 73.99 0.11 11.34 3.75 0.05 0.03 0.26 4.65 4.69 0 0.3
ICP-AES
/
Vilalva e Plúton ICP-MS
MR-161 Vlach (2014) Quiriri / XRF granito 75.74 0.18 12.59 1.47 0.03 0.14 0.53 3.52 5.1 0.02 0.44
ICP-AES
/
Vilalva e Plúton ICP-MS
MR-164 Vlach (2014) Quiriri / XRF granito 75.06 0.2 12.67 1.47 0.03 0.16 0.69 3.43 5.13 0.03 0.46
ICP-AES
/
Vilalva e Plúton ICP-MS
MR-202 Vlach (2014) Quiriri / XRF granito 75.37 0.18 12.54 1.37 0.02 0.15 0.66 3.46 5.15 0.02 0.42
120
Amostra Ref. Unidade Método Class. SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3* MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 P.F.
ICP-AES
/
Vilalva e Plúton ICP-MS
MR-178 Vlach (2014) Quiriri / XRF granito 75.37 0.18 12.53 1.37 0.02 0.14 0.64 3.42 5.15 0.02 0.46
ICP-AES
/
Vilalva e Plúton ICP-MS
MR-174 Vlach (2014) Quiriri / XRF granito 74.9 0.19 12.91 1.4 0.03 0.16 0.68 3.44 5.27 0.02 0.52
ICP-AES
/
Vilalva e Plúton ICP-MS
MR-17 Vlach (2014) Quiriri / XRF granito 74.4 0.18 12.63 1.39 0.03 0.16 0.62 3.54 5.2 0.02 0.52
ICP-AES
/
Vilalva e Plúton ICP-MS
MR-201A Vlach (2014) Quiriri / XRF granito 75.06 0.2 12.66 1.5 0.02 0.2 0.7 3.53 5.16 0.03 0.46
ICP-AES
/
Vilalva e Plúton ICP-MS
MR-193 Vlach (2014) Quiriri / XRF granito 75.21 0.19 12.6 1.43 0.03 0.19 0.69 3.46 5.15 0.02 0.34
ICP-AES
/
Vilalva e Plúton ICP-MS
MR-185 Vlach (2014) Quiriri / XRF granito 75.38 0.2 12.44 1.51 0.03 0.16 0.63 3.46 5.11 0.02 0.46
ICP-AES
/
Vilalva e Plúton ICP-MS
MR-186A Vlach (2014) Quiriri / XRF granito 75.41 0.19 12.92 1.03 0.02 0.12 0.59 3.47 5.27 0.02 0.58
ICP-AES
/
Vilalva e Plúton ICP-MS
MR-201B Vlach (2014) Quiriri / XRF granito 72.12 0.35 13.77 2.59 0.06 0.49 1.08 3.85 4.91 0.08 0.3
Campo
Sommer et Alegre
Be05 al. (2005b) ácidas 69.66 0.41 14.21 4.67 0.05 0.08 0.32 4.35 5.36 0.13 0.73
121
Amostra Ref. Unidade Método Class. SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3* MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 P.F.
Campo
Sommer et Alegre
Be-40A al. (2005b) ácidas 76.57 0.13 11.23 1.37 0.01 0.16 0.08 0.51 8.2 0.02 1.41
Campo diques
Vasconcellos Alegre traquític
CA-20 et al. (1999) ácidas XRF os 65.3 0.79 15.95 7.01 0.32 0.2 1.39 8.81 0.1
Campo diques
Vasconcellos Alegre traquític
CA-17 et al. (1999) ácidas XRF os 65.68 0.71 16.67 7.93 0.15 0.2 1.41 6.79 0.07
Campo fluxo
Vasconcellos Alegre traquític
CA-16 et al. (1999) ácidas XRF o basal 74.5 0.27 13.21 3.63 0.15 0.18 2.83 5.01 0.03
Campo fluxo
Vasconcellos Alegre traquític
CA-15 et al. (1999) ácidas XRF o basal 72.99 0.28 14.93 3.06 0.31 0.18 2.65 3.95 0.04
Campo riolitos
Mine Vasconcellos Alegre não-argi
15/A3/2 et al. (1999) ácidas XRF lizados 71.96 0.31 16.41 1.8 0.1 0.17 0.59 6.9 0.04
Campo riolitos
Mine Vasconcellos Alegre não-argi
15/A3/1 et al. (1999) ácidas XRF lizados 71.4 0.29 15.32 2.6 0.1 0.17 0.89 7.22 0.04
Campo riolitos
Vasconcellos Alegre não-argi
CA-30 et al. (1999) ácidas XRF lizados 66.69 0.28 15.39 6.32 0.55 0.22 1.67 8.38 0.05
Campo riolitos
Vasconcellos Alegre não-argi
CA-26 et al. (1999) ácidas XRF lizados 74.61 0.17 14.62 1.72 0.18 0.27 2.15 6 0.01
Campo riolitos
Vasconcellos Alegre não-argi
CA-23 et al. (1999) ácidas XRF lizados 76.8 0.08 13.81 1.2 0.11 0.21 2.81 5.01 0.01
Campo riolitos
Vasconcellos Alegre não-argi
CA-24 et al. (1999) ácidas XRF lizados 76.39 0.07 13.9 1.61 0.1 0.22 2.72 4.85 0
122
Amostra Ref. Unidade Método Class. SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3* MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 P.F.
Campo riolitos
Vasconcellos Alegre não-argi
CA-25 et al. (1999) ácidas XRF lizados 80.93 0.14 9.67 1.53 0.14 0.16 0.21 6.86 0.01
Campo riolitos
Vasconcellos Alegre não-argi
CA-9 et al. (1999) ácidas XRF lizados 73.37 0.09 14.96 2.14 0.37 0.23 1.6 5.36 0.01
Campo riolitos
Vasconcellos Alegre não-argi
CA-3 et al. (1999) ácidas XRF lizados 75.35 0.16 13.95 1.46 0.24 0.24 2.17 5.52 0.02
Campo riolitos
Vasconcellos Alegre não-argi
CA-2 et al. (1999) ácidas XRF lizados 75.86 0.15 13.88 1.21 0.18 0.2 2.33 5.98 0.01
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-62 (1998) ácidas 76.08 0.25 9.84 6.28 0.09 0.15 0.61 3.03 4.24 0.03 1.48
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-90 (1998) ácidas 70.43 0.43 13.31 6.65 0.01 0.01 0.77 4.96 4.04 0.02 0.58
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-92 (1998) ácidas 69.42 0.31 15.44 3.23 0.09 0.21 0.17 2.66 8.66 0.06 1.37
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-118 (1998) ácidas 76.17 0.23 12.44 2.7 0.27 0.25 0.11 4.54 3.49 0.04 0.94
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-24 (1998) ácidas 76.77 0.16 13.7 1.5 0.02 0.17 0.06 1.82 5.9 0.02 2.86
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-40A (1998) ácidas 77.91 0.13 11.42 1.54 0.01 0.16 0.08 0.51 8.34 0.02 1.41
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-84 (1998) ácidas 77.19 0.17 12.85 0.87 0.01 0.2 0.14 3.12 5.49 0.03 0.88
123
Amostra Ref. Unidade Método Class. SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3* MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 P.F.
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-93 (1998) ácidas 73.93 0.15 14.41 3.06 0.02 0.06 0.06 1.87 6.69 0.02 2.7
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-97 (1998) ácidas 78.39 0.14 12.15 1 0.02 0.13 0.05 2.74 5.43 0.02 1.22
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-117 (1998) ácidas 75.69 0.16 14.24 1.49 0.01 0.17 0.19 2.02 6.07 0.07 2.85
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-05 (1998) ácidas 70.18 0.41 14.31 5.22 0.05 0.08 0.32 4.38 5.4 0.13 0.73
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-115A (1998) ácidas 70.89 0.53 14.82 6.19 0.02 0.09 0.05 2.49 5.47 0.05 2.49
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-02 (1998) ácidas 68.14 0.83 14.77 6 0.03 0.28 0.92 4.57 4.63 0.41 1.49
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-11 (1998) ácidas 67.45 0.8 16.25 6.17 0.05 0.31 0.29 4.3 4.74 0.2 1.65
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-12 (1998) ácidas 68.9 0.76 14.68 5.68 0.08 0.23 0.78 4.87 4.18 0.37 1.12
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-43 (1998) ácidas 68.65 0.65 14.5 5.59 0.09 0.31 1.38 3.82 5.25 0.29 2.01
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-22 (1998) ácidas 65.47 0.78 15.03 9.33 0.04 0.29 0.1 4.01 5.75 0.11 1.61
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-30 (1998) ácidas 67.35 0.64 14.91 8.7 0.11 0.15 0.08 2.79 6.08 0.04 2.33
124
Amostra Ref. Unidade Método Class. SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3* MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 P.F.
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-35 (1998) ácidas 67.43 0.7 14.92 7.46 0.15 1.25 0.23 3.44 5.02 0.1 2.21
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-109 (1998) ácidas 65.01 0.85 15.14 8.88 0.05 0.26 0.19 4.42 5.94 0.14 0.99
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-110 (1998) ácidas 65.36 0.82 15.14 8.93 0.12 0.19 0.2 4.43 5.91 0.14 0.96
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-119 (1998) ácidas 68.9 0.55 14.81 4.19 0.06 0.88 2.17 3.91 4.83 0.13 2.1
Campo
Waichel et al. Alegre ICP /
LES (2000) ácidas ICP-MS traquito 67.6 0.7 14.7 5.1 0.2 0.7 4.3 4.7 0.3
Campo
Waichel et al. Alegre ICP /
UES (2000) ácidas ICP-MS traquito 66.3 0.7 14.7 6.8 0.4 0.4 3.6 5.5 0.1
Campo
Waichel et al. Alegre ICP /
L-ZrR (2000) ácidas ICP-MS riolito 75 0.1 12.8 1.4 0.1 0.1 2 6.2 0.03
Campo
Waichel et al. Alegre ICP /
H-ZrR (2000) ácidas ICP-MS riolito 73.3 0.3 12.8 4.2 0.1 0.4 3.8 5.1 0.04
Campo
Sommer et Alegre
BE71 al. (2005b) básicas 49.89 3.97 12.96 15.01 0.2 4.62 8.36 2.58 1.67 0.54 0.88
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-14 (1998) básicas 50.34 1.78 17.88 11.08 0.15 3.58 11.13 3.33 0.97 0.82 6.84
Campo
Waichel Alegre
BE-70 (1998) básicas 48.54 1.51 17.17 12.26 0.17 8.41 9.16 3.26 0.54 0.22 4.43
Campo
Waichel et al. Alegre ICP /
EBas (2000) básicas ICP-MS basalto 46.9 1.5 16.5 10.8 8.3 7.2 3.8 0.4 0.2
125
Amostra Ref. Unidade Método Class. SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3* MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 P.F.
Barbosa Guaratubin XRF /
GUA-89 (2018) ha ácidas ICP-MS riolito 70.81 0.41 14.09 5.18 0.09 0.07 0.22 4.31 4.77 0.05 1.94
Barbosa Guaratubin XRF /
GUA-136 (2018) ha ácidas ICP-MS riolito 73.89 0.16 13.51 1.91 0.03 0.94 0.95 1.42 7.16 0.02 3.96
Barbosa Guaratubin XRF /
GUA-14 (2018) ha ácidas ICP-MS riolito 75.67 0.1 12.88 1.96 0.05 0.05 0.52 4.11 4.65 0.01 0.84
Barbosa Guaratubin XRF /
GUA-21 (2018) ha ácidas ICP-MS riolito 75.83 0.09 12.83 1.73 0.06 0.03 0.57 4.22 4.62 0.01 1.85
Barbosa Guaratubin XRF /
GUA-73-1 (2018) ha ácidas ICP-MS tufo 76.01 0.27 12.32 3.37 0.1 0.51 0.75 3.6 2.98 0.09 0.9
Barbosa Guaratubin XRF /
GUA-132 (2018) ha ácidas ICP-MS riolito 76.56 0.09 12.91 1.34 0.01 0.03 0.37 3.38 5.31 0.01 0.98
Barbosa Guaratubin XRF /
GUA-10 (2018) ha ácidas ICP-MS riolito 77.52 0.08 13.49 1.03 0.01 0.04 0.06 1.4 6.35 0.01 2.54
Barbosa Guaratubin XRF /
GUA-56-1 (2018) ha ácidas ICP-MS riolito 77.56 0.2 11.95 2.64 0.04 0.31 1.17 3.54 2.57 0.02 2.51
Barbosa Guaratubin XRF /
GUA-137 (2018) ha ácidas ICP-MS riolito 77.64 0.08 12.1 1.55 0.05 0.07 0.37 3.76 4.37 0.01 3.56
Barbosa Guaratubin XRF /
GUA-135 (2018) ha ácidas ICP-MS riolito 77.85 0.09 13.84 1.26 0.01 0.04 0.04 1.23 5.64 0.01 1.33
Barbosa Guaratubin XRF /
GUA-76 (2018) ha ácidas ICP-MS riolito 78.15 0.21 12.93 2.98 0.02 1.11 0.03 0.07 4.48 0.02 1.1
Barbosa Guaratubin XRF /
RIO-1 (2018) ha ácidas ICP-MS tufo 78.69 0.23 10.81 3.19 0.08 0.47 3.72 1.3 1.48 0.03 5.32
Barbosa Guaratubin XRF /
GUA-07R (2018) ha ácidas ICP-MS riolito 80.34 0.12 13.26 1.8 0.01 0.1 0.03 0.44 3.89 0.01 1.46
Guaratubin
Gua 1b Citroni (1998) ha ácidas ICP riolito 74.3 0.11 12.4 2.19 0.4 0.17 0.69 3.2 6 0.72
Guaratubin
ha
Barbosa intermediár XRF /
GUA-78 (2018) ias ICP-MS andesito 48.01 2.29 26.7 12.12 0.01 1.9 0.03 0.05 8.72 0.17 5.19
Guaratubin
ha
Barbosa intermediár XRF /
GUA-59 (2018) ias ICP-MS andesito 49.46 3.01 18.79 14.36 0.11 3.31 2.45 1.18 4.83 2.51 6.98
126
Amostra Ref. Unidade Método Class. SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3* MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 P.F.
Guaratubin
ha
Barbosa intermediár XRF /
GUA-138 (2018) ias ICP-MS andesito 50.95 2.5 27.78 12.51 0.01 0.54 0.03 0.24 5.27 0.16 6.62
Guaratubin
ha
Barbosa intermediár XRF /
GUA-77-2 (2018) ias ICP-MS andesito 53.93 1.97 23.02 12.62 0.74 1.49 0.13 0.07 5.08 0.95 8.62
Guaratubin
ha
Barbosa intermediár XRF /
GUA-07A (2018) ias ICP-MS andesito 53.96 2.22 20.44 12.24 0.07 2.1 0.64 5.37 2.26 0.69 5.57
Guaratubin
ha
Barbosa intermediár XRF /
GUA-134 (2018) ias ICP-MS andesito 54 1.82 22.22 12.33 0.01 1.63 1.05 0.71 4.14 2.09 7.57
Guaratubin
ha
Barbosa intermediár XRF /
GUA-140 (2018) ias ICP-MS andesito 55.84 2.01 22.05 10.5 0.1 1.08 0.16 3.04 4.44 0.77 6.23
Guaratubin
ha
Barbosa intermediár XRF /
GUA-12 (2018) ias ICP-MS andesito 58.36 1.67 19.12 11.31 0.1 1.17 2.08 4.31 1.46 0.43 4.96
Guaratubin
ha
Barbosa intermediár XRF /
GUA-83 (2018) ias ICP-MS andesito 59.2 1.65 18.54 9.9 0.09 1.15 1.19 4.52 3.15 0.6 3.08
Guaratubin
ha
Barbosa intermediár XRF /
GUA-62-1 (2018) ias ICP-MS andesito 59.34 2.23 21.28 11.06 0.08 1.31 0.05 0.01 3.6 1.06 10.81
Guaratubin
ha
Barbosa intermediár XRF /
GUA-139 (2018) ias ICP-MS andesito 60.21 1.57 15.38 12.07 0.33 1.38 1.32 3.9 3.03 0.8 3.92
Barbosa Guaratubin XRF /
GUA-16 (2018) ha ICP-MS andesito 60.32 1.94 18.66 10.11 0.1 1.15 0.39 2.74 3.74 0.85 6.52
127
intermediár
ias
Amostra Ref. Unidade Método Class. SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3* MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 P.F.
Guaratubin
ha
Barbosa intermediár XRF /
GUA-104 (2018) ias ICP-MS andesito 63.65 1.47 15.03 10.53 0.17 1.84 1.68 3.5 1.71 0.43 4.12
Guaratubin
ha
Barbosa intermediár XRF /
GUA-93 (2018) ias ICP-MS andesito 66.01 1.59 17.1 7.32 0.02 1.29 0.55 0.42 5.13 0.57 4.22
Guaratubin
ha
intermediár
Gua 13b Citroni (1998) ias ICP andesito 54.9 1.2 15.8 10.82 0.15 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.4 0.43 3.99
Guaratubin
ha
intermediár
Gua 14a Citroni (1998) ias ICP andesito 56 1.5 15.9 11.19 0.1 2 5.1 3.4 1.7 0.52 2.4
Guaratubin
ha
intermediár
Gua 22a Citroni (1998) ias ICP andesito 56.2 1.3 15.8 9.99 0.12 1.9 4.8 4.2 1.9 0.47 3.17
128
Apêndice Ib. Dados litoquímicos de elementos terras-raras de rochas do Complexo Morro Redondo e das bacias vulcanossedimentares do
sul-sudeste brasileiro.
Apêndice Ic. Dados litoquímicos de elementos traços de rochas do Complexo Morro Redondo e das bacias vulcanossedimentares do
sul-sudeste brasileiro.
(201
4)
al.
(1999
)
(1999
)
(1998
)
Amostra Ref. Un. Método Class. F Cl Ba Cs Ga Hf Rb Sr Sc Ta Th U Zr Nb Y Zn
Waic
hel Campo
(1998 Alegre 182.5
BE-84 ) ácidas 611 1.9 17 5.2 5 2.21 5.2 24.8 4.29 13.9 30.64 8.21 26
Waic
hel Campo
(1998 Alegre
BE-93 ) ácidas 609 0.9 16 5.6 177.9 0.86 1.35 25.4 1.65 16.54 25 8.64 18
Waic
hel Campo
(1998 Alegre 152.3
BE-97 ) ácidas 775 0.5 16 3.1 2 2.56 1.36 24.2 2.15 9.72 14.35 6.57 14
Waic
hel Campo
(1998 Alegre 211.6
BE-117 ) ácidas 689 2.6 22 14 2 2.78 5.4 26.4 3.55 15 30.64 6.77 36
Waic
hel Campo
(1998 Alegre 176.7 12.9
BE-05 ) ácidas 924 21 16 4 9.73 1.94 17.1 1.86 57.63 59.67 3 75
Waic
hel Campo
(1998 Alegre 125.5 13.3
BE-115A ) ácidas 147 26 21 8 1 1.19 12.6 0.97 95 41.93 4 90
Waic
hel Campo
(1998 Alegre 170.9 15.8
BE-02 ) ácidas 1817 23 12 3 11.82 2.04 15.6 3.39 40 54.83 1 71
Waic
hel Campo
(1998 Alegre 223 195.3 20.1
BE-11 ) ácidas 0 24 11 4 14.52 1.53 13.9 2.48 39.36 50 2 56
Waic
hel Campo
(1998 Alegre 156.9 11.4
BE-12 ) ácidas 1725 20 12 7 12.04 1.85 15.5 2.23 36.45 48.38 9 69
144
(201 ediária
8) s
Apêndice II
Dados U-Pb, elementos traços de zircão
e compilação regional de idades U-Pb
151
Apêndice IIa. Dados U-Pb para riolito (amostra MR-254) do Complexo Morro Redondo. Tamanho do spot: 30 μm.
Apêndice IIb. Análises de elementos traços de zircão da amostra MR-254. b.d.l. (below detection limit) = abaixo do limite de detecção.
Apêndice IIc. Compilação de idades U-Pb de amostras riolíticas de diversas unidades do S-SE brasileiro.
581.9 ± 1.9 Ma Batólito Florianópolis U/Pb LA-MC-ICP-MS em zircão Oliveira et al. (2015)
604.6 ± 8.6 Ma Bacia de Guaratubinha U/Pb SHRIMP em zircão Basei et al. (1998b); Siga Jr et al. (2000)
605 ± 9 Ma Bacia de Guaratubinha U/Pb em zircão Siga Jr. (1995)
643 ± 12 Ma Bacia de Itajaí U/Pb SHRIMP em zircão Silva et al. (2002)
606 ± 8 Ma Bacia de Itajaí U/Pb SHRIMP em zircão Silva et al. (2002)
Apêndice III
Dados isotópicos de Hf para riolito (MR-254)
do Complexo Morro Redondo
156
Apêndice III. Dados isotópicos de Hf para riolito (MR-254) do Complexo Morro Redondo