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Using Aggregating Devices to Sample Fish Recruits Around Deep Shipwrecks:

Experiments and Suggestions

Article in Arquivos de Ciências do Mar · August 2020

DOI: 10.32360/acmar.v53i1.42376

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http://dx.doi.org/10.32360/acmar.v53i1.42376
ISSN 0374-5686
José Renato Mendes de Barros Correia et al.
e-ISSN 2526-7639

Arquivos de Ciências do Mar

USING AGGREGATING DEVICES TO SAMPLE FISH

RECRUITS AROUND DEEP SHIPWRECKS:
EXPERIMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS
Usando estruturas de agregação para amostrar recrutas de peixes
ao redor de naufrágios profundos: experimentos e sugestões

José Renato Mendes de Barros Correia1, Erandy Gomes da Silva2, Carlos Augusto França Schettini3,
José Carlos Pacheco dos Santos4, Tiago Hilário Pedrosa Campello5, Maria Elisabeth de Araújo6
1
Bolsista de doutorado Capes, Laboratório de Nécton (IMAT), Departamento de Oceanografia,
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. E-mail: [email protected]
2
Laboratório de Nécton (IMAT), Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.
E-mail: [email protected]
3
Professor titular, Laboratório de Oceanografia Costeira e Estuarina (LOCostE), Instituto de Oceanografia,
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande. E-mail: [email protected]
4
Professor adjunto, Laboratório de Operações Aquáticas e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco,
Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada. E-mail: [email protected]
5
Professor, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada.
E-mail: [email protected]
6
Professora, Laboratório de Nécton (IMAT), Departamento de Oceanografia,
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Fish aggregating devices (FAD) are an ancient fishery technique that benefits from
the gregarious behavior of many species. They represent alternatives to usual census
approach to study fish recruits. Based on this, we test two FAD models built for fish
recruitment research, Standard monitoring unit for the recruitment of reef fishes (SMURF)
and Artificial Reef Mooring (ARM) moored for the first time close to deep shipwrecks in
Brazil Northeastern coast. We compared fish recruits’ abundance sampled by both models
at two depths, bottom and mid-water (6 meters from the bottom). SMURFs sampled seven
times more fish recruits than ARM with no difference between depth. We discovered that
SMURFs mooring tilted 24º in mean with local marine currents. A long-term study with
SMURFs tested immersion time influence in recruit’s sampling, and explored recruit’s
abundance and standard length at two depth from the bottom. Increasing immersion time
from 14-28 days did not influence recruit’s abundance. Bottom and Mid-water SMURFs
sampled equal recruit’s number and fish sizes were significantly larger at the bottom.
FADs, specially SMURFs, showed good tool to sample fish recruits in deeper shipwrecks,

Recebido em: 10/10/2019

Aprovado em: 08/06/2020
Publicado em: 30/08/2020

Arq. Ciên. Mar, Fortaleza, 2020, 53(1): 63 - 81 63

 USING AGGREGATING DEVICES TO SAMPLE FISH RECRUITS AROUND DEEP SHIPWRECKS: EXPERIMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS

however standardization of FAD deployment is indicated to maximize work time and

security in unstable sea conditions.

Keywords: SMURF, ARM, artificial reefs, reef fish, fish recruitment.

RESUMO
Estruturas de agregação de peixes (FAD) são uma técnica antiga da pesca que se beneficia do
comportamento gregário de muitas espécies. Representam alternativas à técnica comuns de senso
visual para estudar recrutas dos peixes. Com base nisso, testamos dois modelos FADs construídos
para pesquisa de recrutamento de peixes, unidade de padrão de monitoramento de recrutamento de
peixes recifais (SMURF) e recifes artificiais ancorados (ARM) posicionados pela primeira vez perto
de naufrágios profundos na costa nordeste do Brasil. Nós comparamos a abundância de recrutas de
peixe amostrados por ambos os modelos em duas profundidades, fundo e meia-água (6 metros do
fundo). SMURFs amostraram sete vezes mais recrutas de peixe do que ARMs sem diferença entre
as profundidades. Descobrimos que os SMURFs inclinam 24º em média com correntes marinhas
locais. Um estudo a longo prazo com SMURFs testou a influência do tempo de imersão na amostragem
de recrutas e explorou a abundância do recruta e o comprimento padrão em duas profundidades a
partir do fundo. O aumento do tempo de imersão de 14-28 dias não influenciou a abundância de
recrutas. SMURFs de fundo e meia-água amostraram números iguais de recrutas e tamanhos de
peixes foram significativamente maiores nos localizados no fundo. FADs, especialmente SMURFs,
mostraram boa ferramenta para amostrar recrutas de peixes em naufrágios mais profundos, no
entanto a padronização da implementação do FAD é indicada para maximizar o tempo de trabalho e
segurança em condições instáveis de mar.

Palavras-chave: SMURF, ARM, recifes artificiais, peixes recifais, recrutamento.

INTRODUCTION

Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) are instruments used for centuries by artisanal
fishermen to attract fish and facilitate your capture (National Research Council, 1988).
A historical review of these devices found that the earliest known use of FADs dates
back to 200 AD in the Mediterranean, and that it has also been used for hundreds of years
by traditional fishermen in Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines (Dempster &
Taquet, 2004) This fishery is known for names such as “kannizzati”, “capcer” and “’cannizzi”
in Mediterranean (Galea, 1961; Morales-Nin et al., 2000), and the FADs known as “tsuke” in
Japan (Francois, 1991), “rumpon” in Indonesia and “unjang” in Malaysia (Bergstrom, 1983)
and “payao” in Philippines (Murdy, 1980). Their constructions were (and still are) basically
made by vegetal material such as trunks and trees, bamboo, palm leaves, cork, grass
(Gooding & Magnuson, 1967; National Research Council, 1988; Dempster & Taquet, 2004).
This technique makes use of the behavior of many species that remain aggregated
and seek shelter, protection, and places for reproduction or feeding (Soemarto, 1960;
Gooding & Magnuson, 1967; Hunter & Mitchell, 1967), although the food is not necessarily
obtained from fouling organisms in the FAD (Ibrahim et al., 1996). This characteristic of fish
attraction to floating objects was called “thigmotropism” in fish (Ibrahim et al., 1996).

64 Arq. Ciên. Mar, Fortaleza, 2020, 53(1): 63 - 81

 José Renato Mendes de Barros Correia et al.

The use of FADs on the mature fish ecology became common (Alevizon & Gorham,
1989; Deudero et al., 1999), but to study fish early stages, FADs provided a much larger
advance given the difficulty of capturing small individuals (Walsh, 1985). Schroeder (1987)
used moored FADs for the first time in research focusing exclusively for young fish. Your
system allowed select individuals’ sizes, as well as facilitate your collection.
The “Schroeder’s basket”, as it was called, was used to characterize the different
young fish communities at different depths (Leis et al., 2002). Ammann (2004) developed the
Standard Monitoring Units for Reef Fishes (SMURFs) that resembled the Schroeder’s basket,
but with your interior composed of randomly folded nets, enabling greater complexity than
the previous FAD model. The SMURF model followed being used from temperate to tropical
environments (for example Caselle & Warner, 1996; Ben-David & Kritzer, 2005; Caselle et
al., 2010). Also, with the purpose of studying the recruitment of coral reef fish, were
developed versions of the SMURFs fixed to the bottom and composed by fragments of
corals and/or rocks, known as “benthic collectors” (Steele et al., 2002; Valles et al., 2006).
Differences in post recruitment success of fish may be due to own species
characteristics, and also due to geographic location, water mass displacement carrying
eggs and larvae and inherent characteristics of the species (Shulman et al., 1983; Shulman,
1985; Shulman & Ogden, 1987). Those factors determine the size of adult populations
(Jones, 1990; Lewis, 1997).
On the exposed, our goals were to optimize FAD deployment at deeper depths on
open waters and to compile published data around fish recruitment using FADs. We have
done, also, an experimental (in loco) designs to identify 1) the efficiency of different FADs
models to sample fish recruits, 2) the abundance of fish recruits and recruit sizes sampled
by the most efficient FAD model between two depths, 3) the influence of FAD immersion
time in recruits sampling and 4) the influence of ocean currents hydrodynamics on the
FADs moorings.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area
The study took place in shipwrecks in the coastal area from Pernambuco State
(Northeastern Brazil), located between 9-13 km away from the port of Recife city (Figure
1). The shipwreck Pirapama (8°3’23.00” S and 34°46’58.00” W), sunk in 1889, incidentally,
measures 60 m total length, is located 21 m depth and is oriented with the bow facing
Southwest (Santos et al., 2010) (Figure 1, inset). The shipwrecks Taurus and Virgo (8°4’11.58”
S and 34°45’11.76” W) with approximately 25 m total length were sunk deliberately to 25
m depth, in 2006 (Santos et al., 2008) and 2017 (Correia et al., 2018), respectively. They form
a complex of artificial reefs, with the wrecks separated each other by 9 m. This distance was
measured in situ using measuring tape in December 2017. In December 2018, a bathymetric
model using single-beam echo sounder data was built and confirmed this measurement
(Correia et al., in preparation). The bow of the Taurus faces East-Southeast (E-SE), and the
bow of the Virgo faces South-Southeast (S-SE) (Figure 1, inset).
Regional tides are semi-diurnal, ranging from 1.5 to 3 m at neap and spring periods,
respectively. Shelf currents are mainly driven by winds. Wind is predominantly easterly,
being strongest between August to October, when the currents are strongest and
northwards. Between January and March, the wind relaxes, and the shelf currents are

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 USING AGGREGATING DEVICES TO SAMPLE FISH RECRUITS AROUND DEEP SHIPWRECKS: EXPERIMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS

sluggish southwards. Shelf waters are dominated by Tropical Water, with salinity > 36.5
psu and temperature > 26 °C (Schettini et al., 2017).

Figure 1 – Location of studied shipwrecks regions and 10 to 20 m isobaths and positioning of

the three FADs supporting structures (triangles) related to bow (B) and stern (S) of shipwrecks
Pirapama (P), Virgo (V) and Taurus (T)

Compilation of fish recruitment researches using FAD

To access published information on the use of FADs in the study of fish recruitment
we conducted surveys in online databases. These surveys were gathered in spreadsheets to
visualize the following information: FADs models, dimensions of FADs, volume of FADs
(informed or calculated by dimensions), depth of study area, maximum and minimum
sampling depths with the FAD and the diving method used in the samplings.

FAD structures and mooring set-ups

This research was conducted using two FAD models: ARM (Artificial Reef Mooring)
and SMURF. ARM model was modified from Schroeder (1987). It was successfully used by
Leis et al. (2002) and its name created by Paiva et al. (2015). The structure of the ARMs was
composed of a spiral cylindrical frame (0.6 m length x 0.20 m diameter) of black fencing
plastic net with mesh size of 2 x 2 cm and stainless-steel snap-clips tied to frame (Figure 2B
and 2C). SMURFs model was modified from Ammann (2004). It was composed of a closed
cylindrical frame (0.8 m length x 0.35 m diameter) of black plastic fencing net with mesh
size of 2 x 2 cm and filled with a, randomly folded, piece of 9.0 x 1.2 m of a malleable and
orange plastic net with mesh size 5 x 7 cm (Figure 2A and 2D) with a neutral buoyancy.
Our SMURFs model were constructed with a spinal cord made of a 20 mm PVC pipe
where stainless-steel snap-clips were tied, to maintain format and volume of the frame
against local marine currents.
In the field, the ARMs and SMURFs were moored with a structure composed of
anchor, rope and mid-water buoy to ensure that they remained mid-water suspended at a

66 Arq. Ciên. Mar, Fortaleza, 2020, 53(1): 63 - 81

 José Renato Mendes de Barros Correia et al.

maximum of 6 meters above the sandy bottoms (Figure 2C and 2D, respectively). Two
SMURFs were fastened per mooring, being one on the bottom and one 6 meters above.
Three moorings were positioned near the shipwrecks: the bow of the wreck Pirapama, port
side and starboard of the wreck Virgo. Depending on winds, Pernambuco coastal waters
can change from calm and clear to turbulent and turbid. To prevent drag and loss of FAD’s
structures, the moorings were connected by 10m coated steel cables attached to the anchors,
separated 10 meters from each other and 10 meters from shipwreck.

Figure 2 – FADs models’ schematic drawing. (A) SMURF showing the spinal cord (circled C) made
of 20 mm PVC pipe and the two stainless steel snap-clips (circled S) used to clip in mooring rope. (B)
ARM showing two stainless steel snap-clips (circled S) also used to clip in mooring rope. (C) ARMs and
(D) SMURFs mooring (anchor, rope and mid-water buoys) used in experiments of Phase 1, comparison
between the ARMs and SMURFs from Mid-water and Bottom, and Phase 2 immersion time experiment

To deploy the FADs on the moorings close to the shipwrecks, FADs were packed into
six-FADs-group that was clipped to an auxiliary cable, positioned at the side of support
boat (Figure 3). With an attached diving ballast aid, the group sunk until the connection of
the auxiliary cable to the main cable (where which support boat was tied to shipwreck) 5
m below surface, and a diving security stop zone as well. There, the set of FADs waited
until three divers where in the water. Then divers conducted the arrange by the main cable
to shipwreck deck. Arriving at wreck deck, six-FADs-group was unclipped from main
cable, divided two FADs per diver and all divers swam to the same mooring position to
proceed FADs collection and changing (Figure 4A). After FADs collection divers returned
with a collected six-FADs-group trough the main cable (Figure 4B), executed a security
stop at 5 m, switched to auxiliary cable and proceed to support boat.
This methodology was used to increase security of divers and to prevent drifting
from the boat due sudden wind driven superficial currents formed by climatic instability
in the region.
Each diving operation took about 25 to 35 min (25 min in calm days with no drift
currents and 30-35 min in rough days with more winds, drift currents and higher waves)
from the begging of divers descend until return to surface. Each six-FADs-group took
about 15 min to be collect and the remaining time spent on descend, swimming to moorings,
returning to main cable and to surface. All divings were done with regular air in the tanks

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 USING AGGREGATING DEVICES TO SAMPLE FISH RECRUITS AROUND DEEP SHIPWRECKS: EXPERIMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS

and with aid of dive computers in a multilevel diving (bottom FADs were collected first
and then Mid-water ones were collected).

Figure 3 – FADs deployment

in water. (1) A six-FADs-group
clipped to an auxiliary cable,
positioned at the side of support
boat, and then (2) sunk until
5 m. (3) six-FADs-group being
conduct by the main cable,
which connected support boat
to shipwreck deck. FADs lifting
occurred in reverse order (3)
to (2) to (1). *SMURF used for
example. ARMs deployment
occurred similarly. Figure
inset (A): A six-FADs-group
(arranged 2 by 2) and tied in
a (C) 1-ton carabiner and a (B)
3 kg diving ballast

Figure 4 – Divers involving and col-

lecting SMURFs with cylindrical net
with 5 mm of mesh size (A). Divers
returning to surface by the main cable
with collected six-FADs-group (B)

68 Arq. Ciên. Mar, Fortaleza, 2020, 53(1): 63 - 81

 José Renato Mendes de Barros Correia et al.

Pilot experiment: To test the handling feasibility, durability of structures and ability to
sample specimens at deeper regions, a pilot test was run with the FAD model SMURF. This
run also served to deploy all the moorings used in subsequent experiments. Three moorings
were positioned in three regions near the shipwrecks: bow of the wreck Pirapama, port
side and starboard of the shipwreck complex Taurus-Virgo (Figure 1, inset triangles), 10
meters separated each other. Immersion intervals ranged 14 to 109 days, from September
2016 to March 2017. SMURFs were collected individually with a cylindrical net with 5 mm
of mesh size and specimens were counted, measured and preserved in alcohol 70%.

FADs model comparison – Phase 1

In this first phase, the objective was to compare the efficiency to sample the recruits
between SMURFs and ARMs. At sea, the support structures mounted for pilot experiments
were used to position two SMURFs (Figure 2B) and two ARMs (Figure 2C). Each model of
FAD was positioned: one in bottom and other in 6 m from the bottom in the same areas of
pilot study. The immersion time until the collection ranged between 13 and 32 days and
occurred between the months of March and June 2017. SMURFs and ARMs were collected
individually with a cylindrical net with 5 mm of mesh size and specimens were counted,
measured and preserved in alcohol 70%.

Long-term experiments – Phase 2

In Phase 2, the objective was to perform long-term study in the Taurus-Virgo
shipwreck complex to identify the relation between SMURF immersion time and recruit
abundance per SMURF. We also identify the influences of depth (bottom and mid-water,
see Figure 2) over fish recruit abundance and sizes. The immersion time until the collection
ranged between 14 and 28 days and occurred from October 2017 to February 2019. The
SMURFs collections and specimen’s processing were exactly the same as Phase 1.

Hydrodynamic measurements and flow effects on the SMURFs

The FADs structures, especially SMURFs, produced drag and the mooring tilted
with currents. To investigate the effects of the flow on the mooring and its efficiency
regarding the level of each trap, we perform an experiment to measure how the mooring
tilt with currents (Figure 5). A SMURF mooring was set up in a diving pool with ~5.5 m
at the deepest part, and ~12 m wide (we tested only SMURFs because they produce more
drag than ARMs). The mooring was on a sled, where there was also an electromagnetic
current meter (EMCM) recording at 1 s interval, at ~0.5 m above the bed, a protractor
aligned with the mooring rope, and an underwater video recording camera. The sled was
trawled across the pool at nearly constant speed each time, in a total of 8 trawls. The mean
angle and mean velocity were averaged for each trawl. The data was plotted on a
polynomial regression.
To assess the temporal efficiency, we use a data set of currents recorded at 25 m deep
nearly 18 km south from the wrecks. These data were recorded with an acoustic Doppler
current profiler (by Nortek A/S model Aquadopp Current Profiler of 1,000 kHz) at hourly
intervals between 2 June and 19 October 2011, and with 1 m of vertical resolution (Schettini
et al., 2018). The lowest 5 beans were depth-averaged to give the frequency of current
velocities at the bottom layer where the SMURFs were positioned. Bottom currents

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 USING AGGREGATING DEVICES TO SAMPLE FISH RECRUITS AROUND DEEP SHIPWRECKS: EXPERIMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS

frequency were related with tilt angle Figure 5 – SMURF buoyancy system tilt angle (α) experiments
on diving pool. SMURF’s set up mounted on non-magnetic
polynomial equation to find mooring tilt frame constructed with a wooden tray (T), protractor (P) and
angle frequency with local currents. sticks (S) holding electromagnetic current meter (EMCM) fixed
by non-magnetic metal clamps (MC) and a video camera (C).
Diving ballast (DB) maintained frame on pool bottom and a rope
(R) was used to push the frame and create a flow
DATA ANALYSIS

We analyzed the data from Phase 1

experiments (FADs model comparison)
considering the abundance of recruits
per FAD. Although data from Phase 1
passed in Levene’s test (p = 0.117) they
were not normal in Kolmogorov
Smirnov’s test (p < 0.05) so we compared
data through Multifactorial GLM
analysis to test FAD models, Depth and
interactions (α = 0.05). Phase 2 data,
recruits sampling and recruits’ sizes per
depth, were not normal in Kolmogorov
Smirnov’s test (p < 0.05), so we tested
then through Mann-Whitney Rank Sum
Test (α = 0.05). We performed a linear
regression of the log10 transformed
recruit samples per FAD and immersion
time to investigate if increasing FAD
time in water would affect recruit
sampling. All statistical analysis and
graphs were created in Sigmaplot 11
(Systat Sofware).

RESULTS

Compilation of fish recruitment researches using FAD

Comparing the 31 studies that collected fish recruits with FAD’s methods (Table I),
approximately 71% used SMURF, 19% Benthic collector, 10% ARM, and 39% did not give
the information about the FADs used. Only 10% installed FADs at depths below the basic
dive limits of 18 m. Concerning the dive method used in the FAD collections, only 10 of
them reported it, and 60% of these studies using Scuba.

FADs model comparison – Phase 1
The FAD model SMURF sampled significantly more recruits (119) compared to ARM
which sampled in total only 9 individuals. There were no differences in abundances of
recruits sampled at the depths tested for both FADs and no interaction between model and
depth (Table II, Figure 6).

70 Arq. Ciên. Mar, Fortaleza, 2020, 53(1): 63 - 81

 José Renato Mendes de Barros Correia et al.

Table I – Characteristics of devices and studied areas, and device collection methods used in fish recruitment research with
FAD. FADs models (ARM, Benthic collector and SMURF) were used to devices with construction similar to Schroeder (1987),
Valles et al. (2006) and Ammann (2004), respectively. Symbols legends: (?) unclear information; (-) nonexistent information.
The complete reference is in literature cited

Informed or
Area
FAD Radius Height calculated Sampling Diving
Study depth
modela (m) (m) FAD volume depth (m) method
(m)
(m³)
Min Max
Schroeder, 1987 ARM 0.10 0.30 0.01 10 3 6 -
Leis et al., 2002 ARM 0.10 0.30 0.01 15 7 13 -
Paiva et al., 2015 ARM 0.10 0.30 0.01 6 to 9 2 7 -
Benthic
Steele et al., 2002 - - 0.49 7 to 15 7 15 -
collector
Benthic
Valles et al., 2006 0.30 0.13 0.04 7 to 12 7 12 Scuba diving
collector
Benthic
Valles et al., 2008 0.30 0.13 0.04 ~8.7 ~8.7 ~8.7 ?
collector
Benthic
Valles et al., 2009 0.30 0.13 0.04 - - - ?
collector
Benthic
Arney et al., 2017 - - 0.03 20 0 20 Scuba diving
collector
Benthic
Miller et al., 2014 0.30 0.13 0.04 3 to 20 3 20 Scuba diving
collector
Steele et al., 2002 SMURF 0.15 0.90 0.06 7 to 30 5 5 -
Snorkelling
Ammann, 2004 SMURF 0.18 1.00 0.10 18 to 19 1 19 and Scuba
diving
Luzier & Wilson Jr, 2004 SMURF - - - - - - -
Ben-David & Kritzer, 2005 SMURF - - - 2 to 5 ? ? -
Selkoe et al., 2006 SMURF - - - - - - -
Stephens et al., 2006 SMURF 0.18 1.00 0.10 - - - -
Siddon et al., 2008 SMURF - - - 6 to 8 1 7 Scuba diving
White & Caselle, 2008 SMURF - - - 15 3 3 -
Shima & Swearer, 2009 SMURF 0.18 1.00 0.10 ~6 ? 4 -
Caselle et al., 2010 SMURF 0.18 1.00 0.10 4.5 1.5 1.5 -
Tavertti et al., 2009 SMURF 0.18 1.00 0.10 4.5 1.5 1.5 -
Crean et al., 2010 SMURF - - - - - - ?
Kohn & Clements, 2011 SMURF - - - - - - -
Lotterhos & Markel, 2012 SMURF 0.18 b
1.00 b
0.10 b
6 to 18 b
1 2 -
Shima et al., 2012 SMURF - - - 3 to 6 1 4 -
Jones et al., 2013 SMURF - - - - - - ?
Morton & Shima, 2013 SMURF - - - 4 to 6 2 4 Scuba diving
Jones & Mulligan, 2014 SMURF - - - 12 1 1 Snorkelling
Haggarty et al., 2017 SMURF 0.18 1.00 0.10 6 to 18 1c 2c -
Ottman et al., 2016; 2018; 2019 SMURF 0.15 1.00 0.07 15 1 1 Snorkelling
Klein et al., 2018 SMURF 0.18 1.00 0.10 12 to 14 1 14 Scuba diving
Baetscher et al., 2019 SMURF - - - - - - Scuba diving
a
models names given after analysis of device construction inside study methodology
b
obtained in Haggarty et al. (2017)
c
obtained in Lotterhos & Markel (2012)

Arq. Ciên. Mar, Fortaleza, 2020, 53(1): 63 - 81 71

 USING AGGREGATING DEVICES TO SAMPLE FISH RECRUITS AROUND DEEP SHIPWRECKS: EXPERIMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS

7
Mid-water
6 Botton

Recruits/FAD
4

3
Figure 6 – Mean abundance (+standard
deviation) of recruits caught with FADs
2
models SMURF and ARM at Mid-water and
Bottom depths. No recruits were sampled
by mid-water ARMs 1

0
SMURF ARM

Table II – Multifactorial GLM test of FAD models and depths of deployment and interactions

Source of Variation DF SS MS F P
FAD MODEL 1 76.494 76.494 17.155 <0.001
Depth 1 5.941 5.941 1.332 0.256
FAD model x Depth 1 0.161 0.161 0.036 0.850
Residual 36 160.527 4.459
Total 39 242.775 6.225

Long-term experiments – Phase 2

Immersion time influence and abundance and sizes of recruits sampled by SMURFs
There was no relation between immersion time of SMURFs and the number of
recruits sampled per SMURFs, despite the slight positive angle in linear regression of both
depths data (Figure 7).
Within Phase 2, using only SMURFs, 699 specimens were sampled, 464 on mid-water
and 233 on Bottom ones. The Bottom and Mid-water sampled statistically equal numbers
of fish recruits per FAD (Mann-Whitney’s Test, U = 2652.5, p = 0.299) with medians of 2.0
and 3.0, respectively (Figure 8A). Recruits sizes were bigger at the Bottom compared to
Mid-water ones (Mann-Whitney’s Test, U = 29583,5, p < 0.001). Recruits sampled had total
lengths median of 2.5 cm on the bottom and 1.9 cm on Mid-water (Figure 8B), with variation
between 0.8 and 6.1 cm. All individuals were newly settlers and young juveniles, except for
a couple of individuals that were adults from a small species.

Hydrodynamic measurements and flow effects on the SMURFs

The relationship of the tilt angle to the velocity can be described by tilt angle = a*velocity2
+ b*velocity + c (a = -282.7, b = 265.1 and c = -8.76 x 10-6, with r2 = 0.93) (Figure 9A). The Figure
9B shows the accumulative frequency of current velocity, from ~3,800 temporal samples. The
mean current during this period was 0.11 m/s, and the 50% and 90% percentiles were 0.08
and 0.19 m/s, respectively. With these flow conditions, the mean tilt angle was 24°, and at
90% of the time the tilt angle was < 40° (Figure 9C). Considering the planned height above
the bed of 6 m, the mean height predicted for local currents was 5.5 m, and higher than
minimum height of 4,5 m on 90% of the time obtained with the predictions.

72 Arq. Ciên. Mar, Fortaleza, 2020, 53(1): 63 - 81

 José Renato Mendes de Barros Correia et al.

Figure 7 – Log10 transformed of

recruits catches per SMURF as
a function of immersion time of
Bottom and Mid-water SMURFs

Figure 8 – Boxplot of Recruits abundance per SMURF and Standard lengths at two depth in water column. Boxplot elements:
percentiles, median and mean are described in the plot

A B

Bottom Mid-water Bottom Mid-water

SMURF depth in water column SMURF depth in water column

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 USING AGGREGATING DEVICES TO SAMPLE FISH RECRUITS AROUND DEEP SHIPWRECKS: EXPERIMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS

Figure 9 – Relationship of the tilt angle (α) of SMURF mooring structure

to the current velocities. Regression obtained with SMURFs trawls
experiments in a diving pool (A). Accumulative frequency of current
velocities (measured by ADCP) for Recife city coast between 2 June and
19 October 2011* (B). SMURF tilt angle predictions for the local current
velocities (C). * Schettini (unpublished data)

74 Arq. Ciên. Mar, Fortaleza, 2020, 53(1): 63 - 81

 José Renato Mendes de Barros Correia et al.

DISCUSSION

Experiment deployment at sea more specifically in open sea, require some level of
skills both out of water and especially when there is need to enter the water. In this way,
information about the method used for activities within the water is of essential value to
clarify about the challenges that future researchers may face. Therefore, it is reckless when
70% of the studies surveyed do not make it clear about the method used to perform the
experiments in the field. This represents an evident technical scientific gap. The information
about dive method used is important, especially when sites sampled have great depths
where a free dive does not reach. In the present study, for the first time, experiments with
aggregation of recruits were implemented at depths below 20 m, with implied extra caution
for the researchers and the experiments (harder to access).
Among all FADs studies, ARM model were the least used despite its simple and
inexpensive construction and rapid implementation in water, compared to benthic
collectors that were composed of more complex constructions, take more time to implement
in water (Klein, 2016) and require the use of anesthetics before involvement with the
collection net (Vallès et al., 2006). SMURFs models were the most used among the 31 studies
compiled. Its construction despite being simple and compared to the ARMs, aggregates the
structural complexity found in the benthic collectors. Compared to SMURFs, Benthic
collectors apparently were more effective sampling fish young stages, but the SMURF
model sampled more the recruits (Klein, 2016).
The low efficiency of ARM model, compared to the SMURF, was unexpected, since
several studies with ARM achieved relatively high recruits’ catches (Schroeder, 1987; Leis
et al., 2002; Paiva et al., 2015). These studies used sampling intervals smaller than the present
study: 4 to 10 days (Schroeder, 1987), 2 days (Leis et al., 2002) and 7 days (Paiva et al., 2015),
in addition to different positioning arrays and abundance calculations. Leis et al. (2002)
computes the sample mean just for the FADs in which individuals of were found, while
Schroeder (1987) calculates the abundance in recruits/FAD/day. On the other hand,
authors like Paiva et al. (2015) do not report catches by FADs, just the total number of
individuals per species per treatments. Our study registered a sample mean of 0.02 recruits/
ARM/day (n = 19, [data not shown]), well below the minimum number found by Schroeder
(1987), which was 0.21 recruits/ARM/day (n = 160) in a coral reefs environment, which
was similar to the sample mean of SMURFs model in our study, 0.2 recruits/SMURF/day
(n = 21). Despite the varied sampling times in this study, between 13 and 32 days, both
(SMURFs and ARMs) were always collected at the same the same intervals. This showed
that SMURF model was more effective in deep artificial reefs environment.
Overall results demonstrate that there is a difference in the recruit communities in
Mid-water and Bottom SMURFs, with the latter having high number of species than the
former. In your study developing the model SMURF, Ammann (2004) showed that SMURFS
positioned at the bottom had similar abundances from those deployed in Mid-water.
Depth apparently did not have any influence in number of fish recruits per FAD,
excluding the ARMs, where the few sampled fishes were found in devices placed on the
bottom. FADs positioned closer to the bottom tend to aggregate similar total numbers of
recruits, while significant differences between the samples usually occur between FADs
positioned close the bottom to those from subsurface (Leis et al., 2002; Ammann, 2004), the
latter tend to be preferred in studies focusing on only one species or in groups of similar

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 USING AGGREGATING DEVICES TO SAMPLE FISH RECRUITS AROUND DEEP SHIPWRECKS: EXPERIMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS

species in view its high aggregation rates for these species (e.g. Ben-David & Kritzer, 2005;
Caselle et al., 2010). Our long-term experiments (Phase 2) were able to validate those of
Phase 1 showing similar sampling rates around 3 recruits per SMURF.
The differences between positioning of FADs are more evident when analyzing
species by species data due to their behavioral and biological characteristics that may or
might not have preference for certain depths (Leis et al., 2002; Ammann, 2004). Analyses
already performed showed that there is a difference between the recruits ‘ assemblages
between the depths evaluated in this study (Correia et al., in preparation). These intrinsic
characteristics of the species may also have influenced the similarity of samplings by
immersion time.
Although most studies use two weeks as standard immersion time to sample fish
recruits (for example Luzier & Wilson Jr., 2004; Caselle et al., 2010; Klein et al., 2018; Ottman
et al., 2017, 2018, 2019), some studies performed daily sampling (Valles et al., 2006) to more
than two months of immersion time (Shima et al., 2012). This variation of sampling intervals
often obeys the ecological and biological characteristics inherent to the species something
already noted in literature (Ammann, 2004; Vallès et al., 2006). Here, two weeks were not
responsible for higher samples numbers although were the immersion time most tested.
Probably, the uninfluenced fish recruits’ samplings by SMURF’s Immersion time showed
here reflect a pool of different species recruitment times that could only be tested species
by species
The size of individuals sampled were according to the lengths found in several
studies that used FADs for recruitment and smaller than the maximum recruitment size of
6 cm in reef fishes (Victor, 1991), indicating that the fishes sampled in our study were
mostly newly settlers and young juveniles although we collected a couple of adults
individuals from a small species (Correia et al., in preparation). The differences found by
depths in the size ranges also show intrinsic characteristics of the species since some settle
on FADs with higher sizes than the averages found in reef fish (Ben-David & Kritzer, 2005).
When developing study with FADs it should be considered wave, currents and
forces related to the structure (Özgül et al., 2011). Our pool experiments with local marine
currents relation could prove that mid-water FADs remained less than 0.5 m from the
planned depths. Thus, the abundance data obtained for this position did not have influence
by bottom FADs. This concern should be taken into consideration in experiments that use
FADs held suspended by mid-water buoys (e.g. Leis et al., 2002; Ammann, 2004; Paiva
et al., 2015).

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

The study of fish at great depths is challenging in itself, coupled with this, practices
involving the positioning of specific structures on the seabed make research even more
difficult for scientific divers. Therefore, we strongly recommend for further studies with
FADs at those depths to always consider use of cables and weights to deploy and collect
such structures avoiding unnecessary efforts from divers on the field work.
Finally, the present research shows that the FADs, more specifically the SMURFs,
can serve as useful tools to study fish recruits and small species in artificial environments
such as shipwrecks, both difficult to be perceived at visual censuses. It represents an
efficient alternative strategy for ecological research of fish early stages.

76 Arq. Ciên. Mar, Fortaleza, 2020, 53(1): 63 - 81

 José Renato Mendes de Barros Correia et al.

Acknowledgements – We thank to Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível

Superior (Capes) for primary author’s scholarship and to Conselho Nacional de
Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for Araújo, M.E. researcher grant nº
309984/2016-5. We also thank to Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação of UFPE
(Propesq-UFPE) for undergrad scholarship, and to Idea Wild for donation of scientific
underwater equipment. Authors want to thank to undergrads students Demétrio Câmara
for FADs construction improvement and Guilherme França for field and laboratory
helping, to the laboratory fellows and also great divers Walter Dennis, Cláudio Macêdo,
Felipe Bastos, Vinicius Santos, Daniel Lippi for underwater sampling help. We thank Bruno
da Silva for aquatic and boat operations helping. This project was done with help of Jedivers
Diving Center, and the diving instructors Rafael Cunha and Marcelo Marenga. All samples
were collected under environmental licenses SISBIO nº 55133-1, issued on 29/9/2016 and
nº 55133-2, issued on 2/10/2017.

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