The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) propose that ‘non-stat... more The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) propose that ‘non-state-based non-judicial grievance mechanisms’ have an important role to play in remedying human rights violations linked to transnational business, in addition to state-based judicial and non-judicial mechanisms. This report is one of the case studies of an Australian Research Council-funded project investigating the efficacy and potential of these kinds of grievance mechanisms. The report focuses on the Ethical Trading Initiative (‘ETI’), a UK-based multi-stakeholder initiative that promotes respect for the human rights listed in the ETI’s code of conduct (which is known as the ‘ETI Base Code’) within the supply chains of ETI-member companies. The report is primarily based on extensive field research conducted in India and the UK between late 2011 and late 2015, supplemented by more recent information provided by research participants and available in public reports.
the non-Judicial Human rights redress mechanisms Project is an academic research collaboration be... more the non-Judicial Human rights redress mechanisms Project is an academic research collaboration between the university of melbourne, monash university, the university of newcastle, rmit university, Deakin university and the university of essex. the project was funded by the Australian research Council with support provided by a number of non-government organisations, including Core Coalition uK, Homeworkers worldwide, oxfam Australia and ActionAid Australia. Principal researchers on the team include Dr samantha Balaton-Chrimes, Dr tim Connor, Dr Annie Delaney, Prof fiona Haines, Dr Kate macdonald, Dr shelley marshall, may miller-Dawkins and sarah rennie. the project was coordinated by Dr Kate macdonald and Dr shelley marshall. the reports represent independent scholarly contributions to the relevant debates. the views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the organisations that provided support.
Some of the worst human rights conditions globally are found in Rajasthan’s sandstone quarries. T... more Some of the worst human rights conditions globally are found in Rajasthan’s sandstone quarries. This paper asks if state-based regulation in the economic-North advanced under the Business and Human Rights agenda: disclosure-based regimes, due diligence compliance regimes and trade-based regimes, could advance efforts to improve respect for human rights in this sector. It adopts fields of struggle lens and global value chain theoretical approaches to business power and governance to understand the challenging political and economic dynamics that entrench harm within sandstone quarrying in Rajasthan. This analysis suggests that company-based disclosure and due diligence regimes will struggle to ameliorate these dynamics whilst trade-based approaches hold some potential to generate meaningful change.
This article is centrally concerned with the mechanisms and processes through which human rights ... more This article is centrally concerned with the mechanisms and processes through which human rights in transnational business practices can be respected and remedied when breached, with a particular focus on workers’ rights in global garment supply chains. The United Nations (‘UN’) Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (‘UNGPs’) represent a high-level attempt to provide a normative framework for these issues.
Social Responsibility in Production & Supply Chain Management eJournal, 2016
This report examines the contribution of a non-judicial mechanism designed to encourage respect f... more This report examines the contribution of a non-judicial mechanism designed to encourage respect for freedom of association within Indonesia’s export-oriented apparel and footwear sector. The Freedom of Association Protocol (the ‘Protocol’) is a multi-party agreement created by Indonesian unions, factory owners (‘suppliers’) and global brand-owning companies (‘brands’), including Nike, Adidas, Puma and New Balance. In Indonesia freedom of association is protected by legislation and union busting constitutes a criminal offence; however, implementation of these laws is weak and routine violations continue to occur. The Protocol establishes specific standards for freedom of association in participating factories, as well as grievance resolution procedures for violations of those standards. It currently applies to approximately 300,000 factory workers employed in industrial districts throughout Java, most of whom are young women. It was developed in the context of a long-running global c...
Much of the literature on global citizenship education asserts a perceived tension between “neoli... more Much of the literature on global citizenship education asserts a perceived tension between “neoliberal cosmopolitanism” (enhancing students’ employability) and “critical democratic cosmopolitanism” (enhancing students’ critical understanding of cultural diversity and political and economic inequality). Lilley, Barker and Harris recently argued these two approaches need not necessarily be in tension because employers value the skills developed through more critical approaches. This article analyzes the reflective journals of 39 Australian law students who participated in intensive work and study experiences in Indo-Pacific countries. The students’ journals lend further weight to the thesis of Lilley, Barker and Harris, here specifically in regard to law studies. In line with the goals of “critical democratic cosmopolitanism,” the overseas experiences motivated the students to become more open-minded, self-critical and reflective in their thinking, and more confident, respectful and e...
The slow pace of global progress in improving gender balance on corporate boards cannot be attrib... more The slow pace of global progress in improving gender balance on corporate boards cannot be attributed to a lack of policy initiatives: a considerable variety of legal, regulatory and voluntary efforts have been implemented across multiple jurisdictions. However, the lack of an agreed means of categorising such initiatives has made it difficult to effectively compare their relative merits. Inconsistent terminology when reporting and analysing policy interventions is not only confusing, it can hamper identification of which aspect or aspects of a policy intervention are advancing (or failing to advance) the desired goal. This paper addresses this gap by proposing a typology based on four factors: Source, Approach, Enforcement and Legal Basis. Based on an extensive review of initiatives in numerous countries we have identified eight common categories that reflect particular combinations of these four factors, namely Quotas, Equality Policies, Targets, Measurements, Governance, Suggestions, Aspirations and Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives.
This book chapter considers the potential of corporate labour practice codes of conduct and their... more This book chapter considers the potential of corporate labour practice codes of conduct and their associated processes for monitoring and enforcement to advance the protection of trade union rights, taking as a case study the three codes which most strongly intersect with the debate on Nike Inc.'s labour practices: Nike's own code, the Fair Labor Association's code and the code of the Worker Rights Consortium. While only a minority of companies have adopted such codes, and even fewer have monitoring systems in place to ensure adherence, corporations like Nike are finding that a growing global civil society movement is in no mood to allow credibility with regard to labour rights and other social issues to be easily bought. Equally, activists are encountering strong resistance to independent and rigourous monitoring of corporate labour practices.
This paper theorises the position of women footwear homeworkers through the lens of global produc... more This paper theorises the position of women footwear homeworkers through the lens of global production networks. Using data collected in India during 2011 to 2014, it illustrates the asymmetry of power between network actors, and attests to the poverty, invisibility and lack of acknowledgement and representation characterising leather footwear homework. It represents leather footwear homeworkers as working from the margins of these networks, with weak links to most other actors in the networks. Drawing from the concept of social upgrading and bringing in concepts from network regulation, the paper asks questions relating to how marginalised and informal workers might increase the power and capacity of their participation in GPNs.
This article analyses the capacity of global networks of civil society actors to supplement effec... more This article analyses the capacity of global networks of civil society actors to supplement effectively weak state regulation in reducing human rights abuse by multi-national companies (MNCs). The effectiveness of non-government organizations as part of a network of control finds support both in the radical criminological literature as well as those explicitly advocating for a networked regulatory approach. This case study of the Indonesian sport shoe industry demonstrates that networked regulation has had a positive short- to medium-term impact on respect for trade union rights among some manufacturers producing for western MNCs. However, inconsistent approaches by the MNCs and ongoing resistance by manufacturers has made this influence difficult to sustain. Critically, the Indonesian state apparatus emerges as a powerful and primarily—but far from completely—complicit set of actors: applying criminal sanctions for trade union rights violations but failing to enforce them, and infl...
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) eJournal, 2020
The Hayne Royal Commission has reinvigorated debate regarding shareholder primacy in Australia. H... more The Hayne Royal Commission has reinvigorated debate regarding shareholder primacy in Australia. However, this debate has not always been informed by a shared understanding of what this theoretical approach entails. We compare recent Australian papers on this topic with key papers by seven prominent shareholder primacy scholars, dating from the 1930s to the 2010s. Some contributors to the Australian debate appear unaware that prominent shareholder primacy theorists require directors to focus exclusively on shareholders’ interests; emphasise shareholders’ long-term financial interests; and would not object to the ‘enlightened shareholder value’ approach. Further, whereas some assume that ‘shareholder primacy’ is a singular position, we argue it is more accurate to distinguish four categories of shareholder primacy: ‘wealth maximisation (shareholder protection)’; ‘wealth maximisation (shareholder autonomy)’; ‘bounded wealth maximisation (shareholder protection)’ and ‘bounded wealth max...
There is a popular view that globalisation has lead to a 'race for the bottom ' in term... more There is a popular view that globalisation has lead to a 'race for the bottom ' in terms of working conditions- with countries forced to compete on the basis of how brutally they repress workers ’ rights. This is not true in all industries- in many, labour costs are a fraction of overall costs and are not the main factor driving investment decisions (Schoenberger, 1997:75). There are nonetheless some industries for which the popular view is not too far from the mark. Production which is labour intensive and which requires relatively low-skilled workers77 is increasingly being carried out in the 'Free Trade Zones'78 of Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe,79 where it is the norm for workers to be forced to work long hours, to be paid barely enough to meet their needs and to be dismissed and either blacklisted or imprisoned if they try to form unions (AMRC, 1998). Industries where this type of production is common include toys, sport shoes and apparel. Many produ...
Introduction Chapter 1 Philosophical dilemmas and their implications Chapter 2 Just fading away? ... more Introduction Chapter 1 Philosophical dilemmas and their implications Chapter 2 Just fading away? Globalisation and the future of organised labour Chapter 3 Research methodology Chapter 4 Narratives and networks. The international anti-sweatshop movement's campaign targeting Nike Chapter 5 Labour codes of conduct in the sportswear industry: from "I don't know that I need to know" to "a new paradigm of people, planet, profit"? Chapter 6 Anti-sweatshop campaigns, voluntary codes and trade union rights in individual workplaces: "shock therapy" for factories or "the bitter irony of organising"? Chapter 7 Conclusion References
The Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD) has criticised the business judgment rule (“... more The Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD) has criticised the business judgment rule (“the rule”) set out in s 180(2) of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) for excluding directors’ compliance decisions. This note considers this criticism from both a legal and a policy perspective.
... report (written by the author of this report) which called on Nike to alleviate the fears whi... more ... report (written by the author of this report) which called on Nike to alleviate the fears which the attack on Mr Suryadi had generated. ... The Executive Secretary of that organisation, Arist MerdekaSirait, noted that PT Panarub had fired board members of Ngadinah's union in the past ...
This report considers 12 international sports brands — adidas, ASICS, FILA, Kappa, Lotto, Mizuno,... more This report considers 12 international sports brands — adidas, ASICS, FILA, Kappa, Lotto, Mizuno, New Balance, Nike, Puma, Reebok, Speedo and Umbro — and examines the steps they take to ensure their suppliers in Asia allow workers to organise trade unions and bargain collectively for better wages and conditions. It concludes that all sportswear companies need to take a more serious approach to workers’ right to freedom of association. Some companies — notably Reebok, Puma, adidas, Nike, ASICS and Umbro — are involved in positive initiatives which have led to improved conditions in some factories, but their overall approach to trade union rights has been inconsistent and at times contradictory. FILA, owned by Sports Brands International (SBI), has taken the least action to improve respect for trade union rights in its Asian supplier factories. FILA has failed to adequately address serious labour rights abuses when they have been brought to the company’s attention and since February 2...
LSN: Other Law & Society: Private Law - Labor & Employment Law (Topic), 2001
On May 12, 1998, Nike's CEO and founder Mr. Phillip Knight spoke at the National Press Club i... more On May 12, 1998, Nike's CEO and founder Mr. Phillip Knight spoke at the National Press Club in Washington, DC and made what were, in his words, "some fairly significant announcements" regarding Nike's policies on working conditions in its supplier factories. The announcements received favorable treatment from the press, with a New York Times editorial suggesting that Nike's new reforms "set a standard that other companies should match." Nike's critics were more cautious, expressing concern that Knight's promises represented an attempt to sideline their demands for decent wages and rigorous factory monitoring and replace them with a significantly weaker reform agenda. This report represents a comprehensive examination of Nike's labor performance in the three years after that speech was made. That performance is first assessed against the commitments Knight announced and is then compared with the human rights standards and independent monito...
The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) propose that ‘non-stat... more The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) propose that ‘non-state-based non-judicial grievance mechanisms’ have an important role to play in remedying human rights violations linked to transnational business, in addition to state-based judicial and non-judicial mechanisms. This report is one of the case studies of an Australian Research Council-funded project investigating the efficacy and potential of these kinds of grievance mechanisms. The report focuses on the Ethical Trading Initiative (‘ETI’), a UK-based multi-stakeholder initiative that promotes respect for the human rights listed in the ETI’s code of conduct (which is known as the ‘ETI Base Code’) within the supply chains of ETI-member companies. The report is primarily based on extensive field research conducted in India and the UK between late 2011 and late 2015, supplemented by more recent information provided by research participants and available in public reports.
the non-Judicial Human rights redress mechanisms Project is an academic research collaboration be... more the non-Judicial Human rights redress mechanisms Project is an academic research collaboration between the university of melbourne, monash university, the university of newcastle, rmit university, Deakin university and the university of essex. the project was funded by the Australian research Council with support provided by a number of non-government organisations, including Core Coalition uK, Homeworkers worldwide, oxfam Australia and ActionAid Australia. Principal researchers on the team include Dr samantha Balaton-Chrimes, Dr tim Connor, Dr Annie Delaney, Prof fiona Haines, Dr Kate macdonald, Dr shelley marshall, may miller-Dawkins and sarah rennie. the project was coordinated by Dr Kate macdonald and Dr shelley marshall. the reports represent independent scholarly contributions to the relevant debates. the views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the organisations that provided support.
Some of the worst human rights conditions globally are found in Rajasthan’s sandstone quarries. T... more Some of the worst human rights conditions globally are found in Rajasthan’s sandstone quarries. This paper asks if state-based regulation in the economic-North advanced under the Business and Human Rights agenda: disclosure-based regimes, due diligence compliance regimes and trade-based regimes, could advance efforts to improve respect for human rights in this sector. It adopts fields of struggle lens and global value chain theoretical approaches to business power and governance to understand the challenging political and economic dynamics that entrench harm within sandstone quarrying in Rajasthan. This analysis suggests that company-based disclosure and due diligence regimes will struggle to ameliorate these dynamics whilst trade-based approaches hold some potential to generate meaningful change.
This article is centrally concerned with the mechanisms and processes through which human rights ... more This article is centrally concerned with the mechanisms and processes through which human rights in transnational business practices can be respected and remedied when breached, with a particular focus on workers’ rights in global garment supply chains. The United Nations (‘UN’) Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (‘UNGPs’) represent a high-level attempt to provide a normative framework for these issues.
Social Responsibility in Production & Supply Chain Management eJournal, 2016
This report examines the contribution of a non-judicial mechanism designed to encourage respect f... more This report examines the contribution of a non-judicial mechanism designed to encourage respect for freedom of association within Indonesia’s export-oriented apparel and footwear sector. The Freedom of Association Protocol (the ‘Protocol’) is a multi-party agreement created by Indonesian unions, factory owners (‘suppliers’) and global brand-owning companies (‘brands’), including Nike, Adidas, Puma and New Balance. In Indonesia freedom of association is protected by legislation and union busting constitutes a criminal offence; however, implementation of these laws is weak and routine violations continue to occur. The Protocol establishes specific standards for freedom of association in participating factories, as well as grievance resolution procedures for violations of those standards. It currently applies to approximately 300,000 factory workers employed in industrial districts throughout Java, most of whom are young women. It was developed in the context of a long-running global c...
Much of the literature on global citizenship education asserts a perceived tension between “neoli... more Much of the literature on global citizenship education asserts a perceived tension between “neoliberal cosmopolitanism” (enhancing students’ employability) and “critical democratic cosmopolitanism” (enhancing students’ critical understanding of cultural diversity and political and economic inequality). Lilley, Barker and Harris recently argued these two approaches need not necessarily be in tension because employers value the skills developed through more critical approaches. This article analyzes the reflective journals of 39 Australian law students who participated in intensive work and study experiences in Indo-Pacific countries. The students’ journals lend further weight to the thesis of Lilley, Barker and Harris, here specifically in regard to law studies. In line with the goals of “critical democratic cosmopolitanism,” the overseas experiences motivated the students to become more open-minded, self-critical and reflective in their thinking, and more confident, respectful and e...
The slow pace of global progress in improving gender balance on corporate boards cannot be attrib... more The slow pace of global progress in improving gender balance on corporate boards cannot be attributed to a lack of policy initiatives: a considerable variety of legal, regulatory and voluntary efforts have been implemented across multiple jurisdictions. However, the lack of an agreed means of categorising such initiatives has made it difficult to effectively compare their relative merits. Inconsistent terminology when reporting and analysing policy interventions is not only confusing, it can hamper identification of which aspect or aspects of a policy intervention are advancing (or failing to advance) the desired goal. This paper addresses this gap by proposing a typology based on four factors: Source, Approach, Enforcement and Legal Basis. Based on an extensive review of initiatives in numerous countries we have identified eight common categories that reflect particular combinations of these four factors, namely Quotas, Equality Policies, Targets, Measurements, Governance, Suggestions, Aspirations and Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives.
This book chapter considers the potential of corporate labour practice codes of conduct and their... more This book chapter considers the potential of corporate labour practice codes of conduct and their associated processes for monitoring and enforcement to advance the protection of trade union rights, taking as a case study the three codes which most strongly intersect with the debate on Nike Inc.'s labour practices: Nike's own code, the Fair Labor Association's code and the code of the Worker Rights Consortium. While only a minority of companies have adopted such codes, and even fewer have monitoring systems in place to ensure adherence, corporations like Nike are finding that a growing global civil society movement is in no mood to allow credibility with regard to labour rights and other social issues to be easily bought. Equally, activists are encountering strong resistance to independent and rigourous monitoring of corporate labour practices.
This paper theorises the position of women footwear homeworkers through the lens of global produc... more This paper theorises the position of women footwear homeworkers through the lens of global production networks. Using data collected in India during 2011 to 2014, it illustrates the asymmetry of power between network actors, and attests to the poverty, invisibility and lack of acknowledgement and representation characterising leather footwear homework. It represents leather footwear homeworkers as working from the margins of these networks, with weak links to most other actors in the networks. Drawing from the concept of social upgrading and bringing in concepts from network regulation, the paper asks questions relating to how marginalised and informal workers might increase the power and capacity of their participation in GPNs.
This article analyses the capacity of global networks of civil society actors to supplement effec... more This article analyses the capacity of global networks of civil society actors to supplement effectively weak state regulation in reducing human rights abuse by multi-national companies (MNCs). The effectiveness of non-government organizations as part of a network of control finds support both in the radical criminological literature as well as those explicitly advocating for a networked regulatory approach. This case study of the Indonesian sport shoe industry demonstrates that networked regulation has had a positive short- to medium-term impact on respect for trade union rights among some manufacturers producing for western MNCs. However, inconsistent approaches by the MNCs and ongoing resistance by manufacturers has made this influence difficult to sustain. Critically, the Indonesian state apparatus emerges as a powerful and primarily—but far from completely—complicit set of actors: applying criminal sanctions for trade union rights violations but failing to enforce them, and infl...
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) eJournal, 2020
The Hayne Royal Commission has reinvigorated debate regarding shareholder primacy in Australia. H... more The Hayne Royal Commission has reinvigorated debate regarding shareholder primacy in Australia. However, this debate has not always been informed by a shared understanding of what this theoretical approach entails. We compare recent Australian papers on this topic with key papers by seven prominent shareholder primacy scholars, dating from the 1930s to the 2010s. Some contributors to the Australian debate appear unaware that prominent shareholder primacy theorists require directors to focus exclusively on shareholders’ interests; emphasise shareholders’ long-term financial interests; and would not object to the ‘enlightened shareholder value’ approach. Further, whereas some assume that ‘shareholder primacy’ is a singular position, we argue it is more accurate to distinguish four categories of shareholder primacy: ‘wealth maximisation (shareholder protection)’; ‘wealth maximisation (shareholder autonomy)’; ‘bounded wealth maximisation (shareholder protection)’ and ‘bounded wealth max...
There is a popular view that globalisation has lead to a 'race for the bottom ' in term... more There is a popular view that globalisation has lead to a 'race for the bottom ' in terms of working conditions- with countries forced to compete on the basis of how brutally they repress workers ’ rights. This is not true in all industries- in many, labour costs are a fraction of overall costs and are not the main factor driving investment decisions (Schoenberger, 1997:75). There are nonetheless some industries for which the popular view is not too far from the mark. Production which is labour intensive and which requires relatively low-skilled workers77 is increasingly being carried out in the 'Free Trade Zones'78 of Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe,79 where it is the norm for workers to be forced to work long hours, to be paid barely enough to meet their needs and to be dismissed and either blacklisted or imprisoned if they try to form unions (AMRC, 1998). Industries where this type of production is common include toys, sport shoes and apparel. Many produ...
Introduction Chapter 1 Philosophical dilemmas and their implications Chapter 2 Just fading away? ... more Introduction Chapter 1 Philosophical dilemmas and their implications Chapter 2 Just fading away? Globalisation and the future of organised labour Chapter 3 Research methodology Chapter 4 Narratives and networks. The international anti-sweatshop movement's campaign targeting Nike Chapter 5 Labour codes of conduct in the sportswear industry: from "I don't know that I need to know" to "a new paradigm of people, planet, profit"? Chapter 6 Anti-sweatshop campaigns, voluntary codes and trade union rights in individual workplaces: "shock therapy" for factories or "the bitter irony of organising"? Chapter 7 Conclusion References
The Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD) has criticised the business judgment rule (“... more The Australian Institute of Company Directors (AICD) has criticised the business judgment rule (“the rule”) set out in s 180(2) of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) for excluding directors’ compliance decisions. This note considers this criticism from both a legal and a policy perspective.
... report (written by the author of this report) which called on Nike to alleviate the fears whi... more ... report (written by the author of this report) which called on Nike to alleviate the fears which the attack on Mr Suryadi had generated. ... The Executive Secretary of that organisation, Arist MerdekaSirait, noted that PT Panarub had fired board members of Ngadinah's union in the past ...
This report considers 12 international sports brands — adidas, ASICS, FILA, Kappa, Lotto, Mizuno,... more This report considers 12 international sports brands — adidas, ASICS, FILA, Kappa, Lotto, Mizuno, New Balance, Nike, Puma, Reebok, Speedo and Umbro — and examines the steps they take to ensure their suppliers in Asia allow workers to organise trade unions and bargain collectively for better wages and conditions. It concludes that all sportswear companies need to take a more serious approach to workers’ right to freedom of association. Some companies — notably Reebok, Puma, adidas, Nike, ASICS and Umbro — are involved in positive initiatives which have led to improved conditions in some factories, but their overall approach to trade union rights has been inconsistent and at times contradictory. FILA, owned by Sports Brands International (SBI), has taken the least action to improve respect for trade union rights in its Asian supplier factories. FILA has failed to adequately address serious labour rights abuses when they have been brought to the company’s attention and since February 2...
LSN: Other Law & Society: Private Law - Labor & Employment Law (Topic), 2001
On May 12, 1998, Nike's CEO and founder Mr. Phillip Knight spoke at the National Press Club i... more On May 12, 1998, Nike's CEO and founder Mr. Phillip Knight spoke at the National Press Club in Washington, DC and made what were, in his words, "some fairly significant announcements" regarding Nike's policies on working conditions in its supplier factories. The announcements received favorable treatment from the press, with a New York Times editorial suggesting that Nike's new reforms "set a standard that other companies should match." Nike's critics were more cautious, expressing concern that Knight's promises represented an attempt to sideline their demands for decent wages and rigorous factory monitoring and replace them with a significantly weaker reform agenda. This report represents a comprehensive examination of Nike's labor performance in the three years after that speech was made. That performance is first assessed against the commitments Knight announced and is then compared with the human rights standards and independent monito...
Aboutthisreportseries this report is part of a series produced by the non-Judicial Human rights r... more Aboutthisreportseries this report is part of a series produced by the non-Judicial Human rights redress mechanisms Project, which draws on the findings of five years of research. the findings are based on over 587 interviews, with 1,100 individuals, across the countries and case studies covered by the research. nonjudicial redress mechanisms are mandated to receive complaints and mediate grievances, but are not empowered to produce legally binding adjudications. the focus of the project is on analysing the effectiveness of these mechanisms in responding to alleged human rights violations associated with transnational business activity. the series presents lessons and recommendations regarding ways that: non-judicial mechanisms can provide redress and justice to vulnerable communities and • workers non-government organisations and worker representatives can more effectively utilise the • mechanisms to provide support for and represent vulnerable communities and workers redress mechanisms can contribute to long-term and sustainable respect and remedy of • human rights by businesses throughout their operations, supply chains and other business relationships.
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