ARCHEOLOGICKÉ PROSPEKCE A NEDESTRUKTIVNÍ ARCHEOLOGIE v Jihočeském kraji, kraji Vysočina, Jihomoravském kraji a v Dolním Rakousku Sborník z konference, Jindřichův Hradec 6. 3. – 7. 3. 2013, 159-165., 2013
The dominant feature of the South Moravian village Březník (district Třebíč) is the Roman Catholi... more The dominant feature of the South Moravian village Březník (district Třebíč) is the Roman Catholic parish church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. Its Romanesque tower and nave are dated to the 2nd half of the 12th century but the Gothic cross wing, sacristy
and choir to 2nd half of the 15th century (Dufka – Richter 1934; summary of the opinions in Kovář et al. in press). The galleried church was built in a dominant top hill position of the municipal urban area, which (together with some early modern written sources) suggests the existence of a medieval manor house in its vicinity. The keep of the local nobility is historically documented
since the 13th to 16th century, however it disappeared without any trace and it lacks in recent summary casteollogical works from Moravia (Plaček 2001).
Anthropogenic activities on the church hill reach according to current knowledge into time before the foundation of the Muzeum brozura.indd 164 19.12.13 13:10 165 medieval church. The isolated fragments of prehistoric pottery mixed up with modern material were found during the reconstruction works (e. g. Vokáč 2007, 7–10). Due to low information value of these fragments, we may just consider only the preliminarily dating of local activities into the Neolithic and Eneolithic period.
The beginning of a new field research was initiated due to destruction of embankment at the western wall of the cemetery. The combined study of written sources, interview with local respondents and detailed surface survey was able to identify the part of the land west of the parish church, which was intact even with the original ground level. The evaluation of current researches and
views on the development of the church and localization fortress in Březník was provided (Kovář et al. in press, 205–210). The archaeological collections (the Museum of the Vysočina in Třebíč) were examined. Collections contained wheel-pressed graphite pottery fragments dated to the 1st half of 13th century. The study of available archive materials provides the discovery of still
unpublished analysis of church building material written by J. Dvořák. Geographic information systems have been used during the
first phase of the research for evaluation of data set gained by measuring of the total station and GPS, and the creation of digital plans examined in the parish plot georeferenced grid S-JTSK (Fig. 1). Via ArcGIS and Surfer the digital elevation model was created (Fig. 2–3), that identified a partly disappeared field anomaly, which spread under a recent embankment and early modern
period cemetery wall. The observed irregularity in the western part of the parish land could indicate the presence of residues of defunct buildings (Kovář et al. in press), but this hypothesis had to be tested by the other independent data sets. In the second phase of the research of church hill, research team investigated the parish area by application of the
geoarchaeological and geophysical research. The manual soil probe, accuratelly hollow-core drill, was used, (3 cm diameter;
Fig. 4). The transect of the geomorphologic anomaly observed by geodetic measurements was made (Fig. 6) and the probes were
georeferenced using the precise GPS Trimble GeoExplorer 6000 GeoXH (TerraSync software).
For the purposes of geophysical prospecting (Fig. 5) an area of 20 x 7 m was delineated. Because of predicted stone structures the resistive geoelectrical method, namely the method of symmetrical resistance profiling (SRP), was applied. For the field application of this method there have been used the resistive equipment SAS 1000 (ABEM Instrument, Sweden). Due to the nature
of the investigated area, Wenner electrode arrays with spacing of 50 cm and a similar depth range were chosen, measurement step
was implemented in the network 50 x 50 cm (Fig. 5).
The second stage of applications geoarchaeological and geophysical research tentatively confirmed the earlier hypothesis. Using the series of pedological boreholes (Table 1; Fig. 6) it was reconstructed the complex stratigraphic situation of the parish land outside the southwest corner of the cemetery wall, where earlier contexts under relatively young anthropogenic soil horizons
were identified (Fig. 7). The precise dating have to be subject of further research. It can be assumed that these soil horizons could
be connected to the relicts of medieval and early modern anthropogenic activities. In the stratigraphically oldest context it cannot be resigned on its prehistoric origin which probably belongs into the Neolithic and Eneolithic period. The most important result of this research is the finding of geophysical anomalies which indicates the presence of accumulation
of stones (Fig. 6), which could be attributed to the extinct medieval fortresses.
During the next stage of the research, it seems to be necessary to refine the stratigraphic position location, its genesis and dating of each of identified contexts as well as geophysical survey anomalies which were discovered by the prospection. These problems can be solved by the form of more detailed nondestructive or less destructive geoarchaeological and geophysical methods, which
could be supplemented by methods of absolute dating.
Data set obtained by the first two phases of the research is of that importance, that it should be considered the effective application of site excavation method in the following research phase.
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marks on their bottoms. By means of an analysis of a sample group from two assumed pottery workshops
from the ‘U Víta’ site in Staré Město (Uherské Hradiště district), the benefits of the method of photogrammetric
documentation are illustrated and records from the virtual environment are subsequently compared.
The possibilities for the virtual comparison of archaeological material are tested not only on traditionally
evaluated marks with relief symbols, but also on heretofore neglected axis imprints (technical marks) as well
as some other additional unintentional imprints. Based in the obtained results, the work then considers
the possible level of production organisation at both of the studied workshops.
známých zlomků tenkostěnné červené středověké
keramiky, která se svým výskytem v rámci Plzeňského
kraje zřejmě stále omezuje na okr. Klatovy.
Hlavním přínosem příspěvku je však zveřejnění
zajímavých výsledků petroarcheologické analýzy,
která odhalila přítomnost anatasu v červené
engobě.
stavebně historický výzkum v rámci rekonstrukce jižního křídla Špilberku v letech 2011–2012 přinesl celou řadu nových poznatků o minulosti hradu. V předkládaném příspěvku využíváme získaná data týkající se zejména stavebně technické keramiky v kombinaci s makroskopickým a mikroskopickým vzorkováním přírodního stavebního materiálu. Po konfrontaci se staršími poznatky nám výsledky umožní sestavit hypotetickou posloupnost vývoje hradu od rané gotiky do barokní přestavby.
treatment. A somewhat different trend was identified in the case of bowl-shaped vessels, which are characterised by specific technological and material standardisation as well as by a higher representation of imports and the use of a specific raw material (fine-grain material). This can hypothetically be explained by the higher degree of the individual specialisation of their producers and/or a special
role served by these forms of vessels.
material within the recognized artefacts (82.69 %). We have supposed the limestone chips originate from an alluvial fan because, according to the geomorphological map, its southern margin is roughly 10 km to the north of the archaeological site. The limestone raw material can therefore be classified as local.
Four potential sources for the basalt artefacts are possible: the Hemma plateau and Kawkab volcano to the south and west, a projection from the Karacadağ in the north west and another basalt plateau near the Tigrid in the east. According to chemical
analyses of the basalt sources, the rocks are classified as alkali basalts, trachy basalts and foidites. Our analysed basalt artefacts most correspond to alkaline basalt from the Hemma plateau.
This investigation aims to illustrate potential options, limitations and perspectives of systematic pedogeochemical sampling of prehistoric graves with circular ditches from selected sites. It is possible to distinguish three categories of grave finds on the basis of macroscopic attributes: a grave pit without skeleton, a complete skeleton, and a disarticulated skeleton or incomplete skeleton. Specific interpretations may be correctly assigned to burial categories only after a synthesis of archaeological, anthropological, taphonomic and geochemical observations. That is why it is necessary to precisely document the archaeological situation: distinguish individual contexts, accurately note positions and degrees of preservation of skeleton remains, and conduct systematic soil sampling (Duday and Guillon 2006; Dupras et al., 2006; Hunter and Cox 2005; Holliday 2004, White and Folkens 2005). Samples from three graves from the Hodonice site represent
one possible application of the method, even during rescue excavation
and choir to 2nd half of the 15th century (Dufka – Richter 1934; summary of the opinions in Kovář et al. in press). The galleried church was built in a dominant top hill position of the municipal urban area, which (together with some early modern written sources) suggests the existence of a medieval manor house in its vicinity. The keep of the local nobility is historically documented
since the 13th to 16th century, however it disappeared without any trace and it lacks in recent summary casteollogical works from Moravia (Plaček 2001).
Anthropogenic activities on the church hill reach according to current knowledge into time before the foundation of the Muzeum brozura.indd 164 19.12.13 13:10 165 medieval church. The isolated fragments of prehistoric pottery mixed up with modern material were found during the reconstruction works (e. g. Vokáč 2007, 7–10). Due to low information value of these fragments, we may just consider only the preliminarily dating of local activities into the Neolithic and Eneolithic period.
The beginning of a new field research was initiated due to destruction of embankment at the western wall of the cemetery. The combined study of written sources, interview with local respondents and detailed surface survey was able to identify the part of the land west of the parish church, which was intact even with the original ground level. The evaluation of current researches and
views on the development of the church and localization fortress in Březník was provided (Kovář et al. in press, 205–210). The archaeological collections (the Museum of the Vysočina in Třebíč) were examined. Collections contained wheel-pressed graphite pottery fragments dated to the 1st half of 13th century. The study of available archive materials provides the discovery of still
unpublished analysis of church building material written by J. Dvořák. Geographic information systems have been used during the
first phase of the research for evaluation of data set gained by measuring of the total station and GPS, and the creation of digital plans examined in the parish plot georeferenced grid S-JTSK (Fig. 1). Via ArcGIS and Surfer the digital elevation model was created (Fig. 2–3), that identified a partly disappeared field anomaly, which spread under a recent embankment and early modern
period cemetery wall. The observed irregularity in the western part of the parish land could indicate the presence of residues of defunct buildings (Kovář et al. in press), but this hypothesis had to be tested by the other independent data sets. In the second phase of the research of church hill, research team investigated the parish area by application of the
geoarchaeological and geophysical research. The manual soil probe, accuratelly hollow-core drill, was used, (3 cm diameter;
Fig. 4). The transect of the geomorphologic anomaly observed by geodetic measurements was made (Fig. 6) and the probes were
georeferenced using the precise GPS Trimble GeoExplorer 6000 GeoXH (TerraSync software).
For the purposes of geophysical prospecting (Fig. 5) an area of 20 x 7 m was delineated. Because of predicted stone structures the resistive geoelectrical method, namely the method of symmetrical resistance profiling (SRP), was applied. For the field application of this method there have been used the resistive equipment SAS 1000 (ABEM Instrument, Sweden). Due to the nature
of the investigated area, Wenner electrode arrays with spacing of 50 cm and a similar depth range were chosen, measurement step
was implemented in the network 50 x 50 cm (Fig. 5).
The second stage of applications geoarchaeological and geophysical research tentatively confirmed the earlier hypothesis. Using the series of pedological boreholes (Table 1; Fig. 6) it was reconstructed the complex stratigraphic situation of the parish land outside the southwest corner of the cemetery wall, where earlier contexts under relatively young anthropogenic soil horizons
were identified (Fig. 7). The precise dating have to be subject of further research. It can be assumed that these soil horizons could
be connected to the relicts of medieval and early modern anthropogenic activities. In the stratigraphically oldest context it cannot be resigned on its prehistoric origin which probably belongs into the Neolithic and Eneolithic period. The most important result of this research is the finding of geophysical anomalies which indicates the presence of accumulation
of stones (Fig. 6), which could be attributed to the extinct medieval fortresses.
During the next stage of the research, it seems to be necessary to refine the stratigraphic position location, its genesis and dating of each of identified contexts as well as geophysical survey anomalies which were discovered by the prospection. These problems can be solved by the form of more detailed nondestructive or less destructive geoarchaeological and geophysical methods, which
could be supplemented by methods of absolute dating.
Data set obtained by the first two phases of the research is of that importance, that it should be considered the effective application of site excavation method in the following research phase.
marks on their bottoms. By means of an analysis of a sample group from two assumed pottery workshops
from the ‘U Víta’ site in Staré Město (Uherské Hradiště district), the benefits of the method of photogrammetric
documentation are illustrated and records from the virtual environment are subsequently compared.
The possibilities for the virtual comparison of archaeological material are tested not only on traditionally
evaluated marks with relief symbols, but also on heretofore neglected axis imprints (technical marks) as well
as some other additional unintentional imprints. Based in the obtained results, the work then considers
the possible level of production organisation at both of the studied workshops.
známých zlomků tenkostěnné červené středověké
keramiky, která se svým výskytem v rámci Plzeňského
kraje zřejmě stále omezuje na okr. Klatovy.
Hlavním přínosem příspěvku je však zveřejnění
zajímavých výsledků petroarcheologické analýzy,
která odhalila přítomnost anatasu v červené
engobě.
stavebně historický výzkum v rámci rekonstrukce jižního křídla Špilberku v letech 2011–2012 přinesl celou řadu nových poznatků o minulosti hradu. V předkládaném příspěvku využíváme získaná data týkající se zejména stavebně technické keramiky v kombinaci s makroskopickým a mikroskopickým vzorkováním přírodního stavebního materiálu. Po konfrontaci se staršími poznatky nám výsledky umožní sestavit hypotetickou posloupnost vývoje hradu od rané gotiky do barokní přestavby.
treatment. A somewhat different trend was identified in the case of bowl-shaped vessels, which are characterised by specific technological and material standardisation as well as by a higher representation of imports and the use of a specific raw material (fine-grain material). This can hypothetically be explained by the higher degree of the individual specialisation of their producers and/or a special
role served by these forms of vessels.
material within the recognized artefacts (82.69 %). We have supposed the limestone chips originate from an alluvial fan because, according to the geomorphological map, its southern margin is roughly 10 km to the north of the archaeological site. The limestone raw material can therefore be classified as local.
Four potential sources for the basalt artefacts are possible: the Hemma plateau and Kawkab volcano to the south and west, a projection from the Karacadağ in the north west and another basalt plateau near the Tigrid in the east. According to chemical
analyses of the basalt sources, the rocks are classified as alkali basalts, trachy basalts and foidites. Our analysed basalt artefacts most correspond to alkaline basalt from the Hemma plateau.
This investigation aims to illustrate potential options, limitations and perspectives of systematic pedogeochemical sampling of prehistoric graves with circular ditches from selected sites. It is possible to distinguish three categories of grave finds on the basis of macroscopic attributes: a grave pit without skeleton, a complete skeleton, and a disarticulated skeleton or incomplete skeleton. Specific interpretations may be correctly assigned to burial categories only after a synthesis of archaeological, anthropological, taphonomic and geochemical observations. That is why it is necessary to precisely document the archaeological situation: distinguish individual contexts, accurately note positions and degrees of preservation of skeleton remains, and conduct systematic soil sampling (Duday and Guillon 2006; Dupras et al., 2006; Hunter and Cox 2005; Holliday 2004, White and Folkens 2005). Samples from three graves from the Hodonice site represent
one possible application of the method, even during rescue excavation
and choir to 2nd half of the 15th century (Dufka – Richter 1934; summary of the opinions in Kovář et al. in press). The galleried church was built in a dominant top hill position of the municipal urban area, which (together with some early modern written sources) suggests the existence of a medieval manor house in its vicinity. The keep of the local nobility is historically documented
since the 13th to 16th century, however it disappeared without any trace and it lacks in recent summary casteollogical works from Moravia (Plaček 2001).
Anthropogenic activities on the church hill reach according to current knowledge into time before the foundation of the Muzeum brozura.indd 164 19.12.13 13:10 165 medieval church. The isolated fragments of prehistoric pottery mixed up with modern material were found during the reconstruction works (e. g. Vokáč 2007, 7–10). Due to low information value of these fragments, we may just consider only the preliminarily dating of local activities into the Neolithic and Eneolithic period.
The beginning of a new field research was initiated due to destruction of embankment at the western wall of the cemetery. The combined study of written sources, interview with local respondents and detailed surface survey was able to identify the part of the land west of the parish church, which was intact even with the original ground level. The evaluation of current researches and
views on the development of the church and localization fortress in Březník was provided (Kovář et al. in press, 205–210). The archaeological collections (the Museum of the Vysočina in Třebíč) were examined. Collections contained wheel-pressed graphite pottery fragments dated to the 1st half of 13th century. The study of available archive materials provides the discovery of still
unpublished analysis of church building material written by J. Dvořák. Geographic information systems have been used during the
first phase of the research for evaluation of data set gained by measuring of the total station and GPS, and the creation of digital plans examined in the parish plot georeferenced grid S-JTSK (Fig. 1). Via ArcGIS and Surfer the digital elevation model was created (Fig. 2–3), that identified a partly disappeared field anomaly, which spread under a recent embankment and early modern
period cemetery wall. The observed irregularity in the western part of the parish land could indicate the presence of residues of defunct buildings (Kovář et al. in press), but this hypothesis had to be tested by the other independent data sets. In the second phase of the research of church hill, research team investigated the parish area by application of the
geoarchaeological and geophysical research. The manual soil probe, accuratelly hollow-core drill, was used, (3 cm diameter;
Fig. 4). The transect of the geomorphologic anomaly observed by geodetic measurements was made (Fig. 6) and the probes were
georeferenced using the precise GPS Trimble GeoExplorer 6000 GeoXH (TerraSync software).
For the purposes of geophysical prospecting (Fig. 5) an area of 20 x 7 m was delineated. Because of predicted stone structures the resistive geoelectrical method, namely the method of symmetrical resistance profiling (SRP), was applied. For the field application of this method there have been used the resistive equipment SAS 1000 (ABEM Instrument, Sweden). Due to the nature
of the investigated area, Wenner electrode arrays with spacing of 50 cm and a similar depth range were chosen, measurement step
was implemented in the network 50 x 50 cm (Fig. 5).
The second stage of applications geoarchaeological and geophysical research tentatively confirmed the earlier hypothesis. Using the series of pedological boreholes (Table 1; Fig. 6) it was reconstructed the complex stratigraphic situation of the parish land outside the southwest corner of the cemetery wall, where earlier contexts under relatively young anthropogenic soil horizons
were identified (Fig. 7). The precise dating have to be subject of further research. It can be assumed that these soil horizons could
be connected to the relicts of medieval and early modern anthropogenic activities. In the stratigraphically oldest context it cannot be resigned on its prehistoric origin which probably belongs into the Neolithic and Eneolithic period. The most important result of this research is the finding of geophysical anomalies which indicates the presence of accumulation
of stones (Fig. 6), which could be attributed to the extinct medieval fortresses.
During the next stage of the research, it seems to be necessary to refine the stratigraphic position location, its genesis and dating of each of identified contexts as well as geophysical survey anomalies which were discovered by the prospection. These problems can be solved by the form of more detailed nondestructive or less destructive geoarchaeological and geophysical methods, which
could be supplemented by methods of absolute dating.
Data set obtained by the first two phases of the research is of that importance, that it should be considered the effective application of site excavation method in the following research phase.
preliminary model, which preceded petroarchaeological ceramic analysis. So, the main goals of this investigation are:
1. distinguishing of local and imported pottery;
2. estimation of local and imported pottery ratio;
3. provenance determination of the imports;
4. evaluation of archaeological typology of ceramic types and provenance groups relation ;
5. ceramic fabric groups definition;
6. ceramic fabric groups and archaeological typology of ceramic types comparision;
7. discovering signs of the professional or home pottery manufacturing.
Used methods included classical macroscopic description, matrix grouping by refiring, experimental application of handle XRF spectrometer and mainly analyses of thin sections. The imported ceramic ratio of the investigated collection is approximately 10 % (two samples from twenty random samples). One sample with andesite chips could originate from the West Carpathians and next one with clasts of amfibole diorite originated probably from the Dolní Kounice area (more than 15 kilometers from the site), where is registrated another hillfort of the Věteřov culture. The XRF spectrometry shows unusual zirconium and barium ratio in a ceramic fragment with engraved pattern and a pitcher with imprinted circles. These selected findings could represent imports also. The imported pottery is constituted by fine ware (except amfibole diorite fabric sample). Seven fabric groups were determined, but just two represent fine ware. Professional production is not supposed in the case of coarse ware according to high variability of it. Further analysed samples are necessary to make our assumptions more precise.
Trench V0 was sampled in 10 cm sequence in the depth of 200 to 395 cm. Colour and sedimentary textures were determined in the field. Micromorphological samples were taken from depths 265 and 365 cm. Loss on ignition (LOI) was measured at 550 °C and 950 °C (to estimate the organic matter and carbonate content). Pollen quality and quantity in the samples was analytically insignificant. Each 10 cm of studied section was analysed to malacozoological content. Two shells of water snails (from horizons in the depth of 390 and 330 cm) were chosen for radiocarbon dating (Poznan Radiocarbon Laboratory).
The stratigraphic situation of the trench V0 is following: The lowest detected layer is formed by brownish and greyish black silt loam (the depth 530 cm to the depth of 260-220 cm under surface). Above this horizon was described the horizon of greyish silt clay loam (from the depth of 260-220 cm to topsoil). This deposit passes into sandy silt loam onwards to the slope of hillfort.
The organic matter content is uprising from the depth of 370 to 300 cm and decreasing from the depth of 300 to 200 cm. It could be explained by the presence or absence of the clastic fraction, biomass sedimentation ratio and deposit speed changes. Lost on ignition measured in 950 °C (corresponds generally to carbonates) is showing different trends against the varioations in the organic matter content. The enhancement of this value is obviously related to the carbonate clays erosion from the nearby slopes. Litological change in the depth of 260 cm is related to the continuing decrease of organic matter and the increase of the carbonate content. There is documented in the depth of 265 cm the change of fine-grained silt clay phases with coarse-grained events by the thin section study, which indicates quick deposition periods in water environment. The presence of microcharcoal and rare small channels features indicates the human activity and bioturbation in relativelly dry periods. Thin section taken from the depth of 365 cm includes the combination of subrounded blocky and channel structures. It could be sign of repeated phases drying and wetting connected with the swamp and herbal vegetation environment.
The malacological analyses correlate with the other analyses. Two horizons, rich of water snails (species Gyraulus crista, Gyraulus laevis, Radix ovata, Planorbis planorbis) were described. The first horizon (in the depth of 390 cm) is dated to the age of 1630±60 BC, second horizon located below (in the depth of 330 cm) is dated to the age of 640±20 AD. It signifies recurring presence of the water environment in the basin. The most important archaeological implication of the research is the fact that the early Bronze Age period seems to be rich in water environment signs, while sediments from the Middle to the Late Bronze Age indicate relatively dryer environment. It corresponds to the absence of Early Bronze Age features and the presence of the Middle Danubian urn fileds culture findings in the basin.
We suppose the dominant limestone chips originate especially from alluvial fan because its southern margin is after the geomorphological map roughly 10 km to the north from the archaeological site. Pebbles of limestone were collected probably from wadi sediments. The limestone raw material can be classified as the local one. On the other hand, four potential sources for the basalt artefacts are possible: the Hemma plateau and Kawkab volcano in the southwest to west, a projection from the Karacadağ in the northwest and a basalt occurrence near the Tigrid in the east. According to chemical analyses of the basalt sources plotted in the TAS diagram, the rocks are classified as basalts, trachybasalts and foidites. Our analysed basalt artefacts correspond to alkaline basalt similarly as basalts from the Hemma plateau.
This collective monograph puts together archaeological and historical data available for the individual sites, including analyses of pottery obtained by surface survey. The materially rich final report of the three-year project is supplemented by an interpretative chapter that focuses on detailed topographical comparisons of the sites, their landscape contexts, and the dynamics of the urban system within the framework of studies on Near-Eastern Islamic-period cities.