This study was aimed at investigating the effect of aqueous infusion of Anchomanes difformis root... more This study was aimed at investigating the effect of aqueous infusion of Anchomanes difformis root-black soap mixture on uterine function indices in Wistar rats. Twenty female albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) weighing 120-130 g were randomized into 4 subgroups, AD. Animals in these subgroups received 1 ml of distilled water (control), 0.02, 0.04 and 0.08 ml/kg body weight of aqueous infusion of Anchomanes difformis root-black soap mixture respectively. Oral administration to the animals was done once daily for 7 days. Administration of aqueous A. difformis root-black soap mixture at all the doses resulted in significant increase (P <0.05) in uterus-body weight ratio, uterine glucose, protein, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, serum estradiol, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormones. This increase was observed to be 171 kg, 0.06 mg/ml, 169 mg/ml, 158 mg/ml, 14.53 nM/min/ml, 58.9 mg/ml, 26.5 mIU/ml and 56.9 mIU/ml respectively compared with control levels of 98.3 kg, 0...
Although nitrogen is an essential nutrient to the existence of living organisms, its presence in ... more Although nitrogen is an essential nutrient to the existence of living organisms, its presence in excessive amounts in wastewater could have detrimental effects to humans and other living organisms. This study was aimed at assessing the effect of temperature and initial biomass of immobilised and free cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the removal of nitrate and nitrite from nutrient media. The study was carried out in batches under shaking flask conditions. After inoculation with the test isolate, aliquots were withdrawn from the reactor every 24 h for the analysis of nitrate, nitrite and pH, using standard methods. The results revealed significant nitrate and nitrite removal at the different initial biomasses used for inoculation. This observation was irrespective of the immobilised or free cells. At the different incubation temperatures, significant nitrate and nitrite decreases in the media were observed at 25 °C and 35 °C. At 45 o C, nitrate or nitrite removal was either minute ...
Due to extensive industrialization and increase in population density and urbanized societies, th... more Due to extensive industrialization and increase in population density and urbanized societies, the world is faced with problems related to the management of wastewater. On a daily basis, the effluents generated from domestic and industrial activities constitute a main cause of pollution of receiving water bodies, which is a great burden on water quality management. Some of these pollutants are pathogenic microorganisms, phosphorus and nitrogen, hydrocarbons, heavy metals, endocrine disruptors and organic matter. The majority of water related infections, such as cholera, typhoid fever, diarrheoa and others are caused by the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in water. The diseases caused by bacteria, viruses and protozoa are the most common health hazards associated with untreated waters. The main sources of these microbial contaminants in wastewater are human and animal wastes Also, the presence of these phosphorus and nitrogen in excess amounts could lead to the eutrophication o...
International Journal of Physical Sciences, Oct 4, 2010
In small quantities, certain heavy metals are nutritionally essential for a healthy life. The hea... more In small quantities, certain heavy metals are nutritionally essential for a healthy life. The heavy metals linked most often to human poisoning are lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium. Other heavy metals, including copper, zinc and chromium are actually required by the body in small amounts, but can also be toxic in larger doses. They have the ability of dissolving in wastewaters and when discharged into surface waters, they can be concentrated and travel up the food chain. They can also seep into groundwater, hence contaminating drinking water, thereby harming the consumers of that water. The enactment of several water legislations and guidelines worldwide coupled with the need for environmental sustainability has necessitated the need for several stringent regulations for drinking water supply and wastewater discharge. To achieve unpolluted drinking water distribution and wastewater discharge, several technologies and processes for heavy metal remediation are currently in use. This review was therefore aimed at elucidating the major available technologies for heavy metal remediation in water, with emphasis on their processes and applications. Currently, no one of the existing technologies for heavy metal remediation (chemical remediation, phytoremediation or microbial remediation) is without some form of merits and demerits. There is therefore a proposed need for the utilization of safe and economical multiple/integrated approach for heavy metal remediation. The application of this may offer enormous public health, environmental and cost benefits.
The world is faced with problems related to the management of wastewater due to extensive industr... more The world is faced with problems related to the management of wastewater due to extensive industrialization, increasing population density and a highly urbanized society. The quality of wastewater effluents is responsible for the degradation of receiving water bodies, such as lakes, rivers, streams. In order to meet Goal 7 of the Millennium Development Goals “ensure environmental sustainability” and maximization of the health and environmental benefits associated with the use and discharge of wastewater, several legislations and guidelines have been developed, both at international and national levels. The two main processes for the removal of impurities from wastewater influents are chemical and biological. Because of the many drawbacks of chemical wastewater treatment, biological treatment is advocated in the last few decades. Biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal systems have been extensively investigated for municipal wastewater treatment over the past decades. Several ques...
The relationship between biomass concentration to nutrient and chemical oxygen demand (COD) remov... more The relationship between biomass concentration to nutrient and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in mixed liquor supplemented with sodium acetate was investigated, using three protozoan isolates and three different initial biomass concentrations (10(1), 10(2) and 10(3) cells/mL). The study was carried out in a shaking flask environment at a shaking speed of 100 rpm for 96 h at 25 degrees C. Aliquot samples were taken periodically for the determination of phosphate, nitrate, COD and dissolved oxygen, using standard methods. The results revealed remarkable phosphate removal of 82-95% at biomass concentration of 10(3)cells/mL. A high nitrate removal of over 87% was observed at all initial biomass concentration in mixed liquor. There was an observed COD increase of over 50% in mixed liquor in at the end of 96-h incubation and this was irrespective of initial biomass concentration used for inoculation. The study shows the trend in nutrient and COD removal at different biomass concentrations of the test isolates in mixed liquor.
This paper was aimed at reviewing the management, discharge and recycling of wastewater. In addit... more This paper was aimed at reviewing the management, discharge and recycling of wastewater. In addition, the challenges and remediation processes for wastewater discharge were also discussed. Water is a substance of great importance to humans, animals and plants. Although a larger part of the earth is covered by water, its use has always been limited in terms of availability, quality and quantity. Water treatments are mainly for the removal of waste product from water in such a way that it can meet the standard for consumption. Environmental sustainability entails making decisions and actions in the relevance of protecting the natural world, with importance of preserving the competency of the environment to support human life. The increasing discharge of wastewater due to increase in population has led to the deterioration of the environment and threat to human health. Wastewater reuse is important in the irrigation of agricultural areas cause of the maintenance of water reservoirs and plants with nutrient which makes the request for fertilizers low. Generally of the considerable developments in water reuse have occurred in waterless regions of the world. One of the most potential for water reprocess is to restore freshwater burden of industries. The method that helps to minimize the discharge of residuals such as recycling wastewater, remediation measures, environmental awareness and sewage pollution control.
2010 2nd International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, 2010
... 2k, pp 203-210. [24] Petersen, B; Temmick, N; Henze, M and Isaac, S. 1998. Phosphate uptake k... more ... 2k, pp 203-210. [24] Petersen, B; Temmick, N; Henze, M and Isaac, S. 1998. Phosphate uptake kinetics in relation to PHB under aerobic conditions. ... 1991. Future of Nutrient Removal in South Africa. WISA Nutrient Removal Technical Division, 1st open meeting, South Africa. ...
The allelopathic effects of fresh shoot aqueous extract of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray... more The allelopathic effects of fresh shoot aqueous extract of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray was investigated on the germination of seeds and growth of young seedlings of Zea mays L. Although the fresh shoot aqueous extract did not show significant allelopathic effect on the germination of Z. mays, however, the radicle and plumule lengths of the seedlings were significantly inhibited
In the present study, the efficiency often selected wastewater protozoa in the removal of phospho... more In the present study, the efficiency often selected wastewater protozoa in the removal of phosphorus and nitrogen and their effects on other physico-chemical parameters was investigated. Protozoa were isolated from the aerobic zone of Daasport wastewater treatment plant, in Pretoria, South Africa, using the modified Chalkey&#39;s medium. The isolates were screened for nutrient removal ability in shake flasks, at laboratory temperatures for 96 h. During each sampling, aliquot samples were collected for the analysis of phosphorus, nitrate-nitrogen, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), pH, of the mixed liquor including the growth rate of the isolates using standard methods. The results indicated a steady increase in growth rate of the isolates and all the isolates used in this study showed some measure of phosphorus and nitrate removal ability. In the presence of the test protozoa isolates, an increase in COD and a decrease in DO were noted in the mixed liquor inoculated with the organisms, while the pH only increases slightly. This study revealed a significant correlation between growth rate and nutrient removal (R = -0.806, p &lt; 0.001 for phosphorus; R = -0.799, p &lt; 0.01 for nitrate). The present study has been able to show that certain protozoa isolates have the ability to biologically remove phosphorus and nitrate from effluent. Consequently, it would be necessary to identify what strains of protozoa are capable of excess phosphorus and nitrogen uptake for the treatment of wastewater.
This study was aimed at investigating the effect of nine different nutrient/carbon supplements in... more This study was aimed at investigating the effect of nine different nutrient/carbon supplements in mixed liquor on nutrient uptake ability of three wastewater protozoan isolates, which have previously been screened for phosphate and nitrate uptake efficiency. The results revealed that over 50% of phosphate was removed in the presence of sodium acetate, glucose or sucrose. Similarly, nitrate uptake of over
The relationship between biomass concentration to nutrient and chemical oxygen demand (COD) remov... more The relationship between biomass concentration to nutrient and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in mixed liquor supplemented with sodium acetate was investigated, using three protozoan isolates and three different initial biomass concentrations (10(1), 10(2) and 10(3) cells/mL). The study was carried out in a shaking flask environment at a shaking speed of 100 rpm for 96 h at 25 degrees C. Aliquot samples were taken periodically for the determination of phosphate, nitrate, COD and dissolved oxygen, using standard methods. The results revealed remarkable phosphate removal of 82-95% at biomass concentration of 10(3)cells/mL. A high nitrate removal of over 87% was observed at all initial biomass concentration in mixed liquor. There was an observed COD increase of over 50% in mixed liquor in at the end of 96-h incubation and this was irrespective of initial biomass concentration used for inoculation. The study shows the trend in nutrient and COD removal at different biomass concentrations of the test isolates in mixed liquor.
This study was aimed at investigating the effect of aqueous infusion of Anchomanes difformis root... more This study was aimed at investigating the effect of aqueous infusion of Anchomanes difformis root-black soap mixture on uterine function indices in Wistar rats. Twenty female albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) weighing 120-130 g were randomized into 4 subgroups, AD. Animals in these subgroups received 1 ml of distilled water (control), 0.02, 0.04 and 0.08 ml/kg body weight of aqueous infusion of Anchomanes difformis root-black soap mixture respectively. Oral administration to the animals was done once daily for 7 days. Administration of aqueous A. difformis root-black soap mixture at all the doses resulted in significant increase (P <0.05) in uterus-body weight ratio, uterine glucose, protein, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase, serum estradiol, luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormones. This increase was observed to be 171 kg, 0.06 mg/ml, 169 mg/ml, 158 mg/ml, 14.53 nM/min/ml, 58.9 mg/ml, 26.5 mIU/ml and 56.9 mIU/ml respectively compared with control levels of 98.3 kg, 0...
Although nitrogen is an essential nutrient to the existence of living organisms, its presence in ... more Although nitrogen is an essential nutrient to the existence of living organisms, its presence in excessive amounts in wastewater could have detrimental effects to humans and other living organisms. This study was aimed at assessing the effect of temperature and initial biomass of immobilised and free cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the removal of nitrate and nitrite from nutrient media. The study was carried out in batches under shaking flask conditions. After inoculation with the test isolate, aliquots were withdrawn from the reactor every 24 h for the analysis of nitrate, nitrite and pH, using standard methods. The results revealed significant nitrate and nitrite removal at the different initial biomasses used for inoculation. This observation was irrespective of the immobilised or free cells. At the different incubation temperatures, significant nitrate and nitrite decreases in the media were observed at 25 °C and 35 °C. At 45 o C, nitrate or nitrite removal was either minute ...
Due to extensive industrialization and increase in population density and urbanized societies, th... more Due to extensive industrialization and increase in population density and urbanized societies, the world is faced with problems related to the management of wastewater. On a daily basis, the effluents generated from domestic and industrial activities constitute a main cause of pollution of receiving water bodies, which is a great burden on water quality management. Some of these pollutants are pathogenic microorganisms, phosphorus and nitrogen, hydrocarbons, heavy metals, endocrine disruptors and organic matter. The majority of water related infections, such as cholera, typhoid fever, diarrheoa and others are caused by the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in water. The diseases caused by bacteria, viruses and protozoa are the most common health hazards associated with untreated waters. The main sources of these microbial contaminants in wastewater are human and animal wastes Also, the presence of these phosphorus and nitrogen in excess amounts could lead to the eutrophication o...
International Journal of Physical Sciences, Oct 4, 2010
In small quantities, certain heavy metals are nutritionally essential for a healthy life. The hea... more In small quantities, certain heavy metals are nutritionally essential for a healthy life. The heavy metals linked most often to human poisoning are lead, mercury, arsenic and cadmium. Other heavy metals, including copper, zinc and chromium are actually required by the body in small amounts, but can also be toxic in larger doses. They have the ability of dissolving in wastewaters and when discharged into surface waters, they can be concentrated and travel up the food chain. They can also seep into groundwater, hence contaminating drinking water, thereby harming the consumers of that water. The enactment of several water legislations and guidelines worldwide coupled with the need for environmental sustainability has necessitated the need for several stringent regulations for drinking water supply and wastewater discharge. To achieve unpolluted drinking water distribution and wastewater discharge, several technologies and processes for heavy metal remediation are currently in use. This review was therefore aimed at elucidating the major available technologies for heavy metal remediation in water, with emphasis on their processes and applications. Currently, no one of the existing technologies for heavy metal remediation (chemical remediation, phytoremediation or microbial remediation) is without some form of merits and demerits. There is therefore a proposed need for the utilization of safe and economical multiple/integrated approach for heavy metal remediation. The application of this may offer enormous public health, environmental and cost benefits.
The world is faced with problems related to the management of wastewater due to extensive industr... more The world is faced with problems related to the management of wastewater due to extensive industrialization, increasing population density and a highly urbanized society. The quality of wastewater effluents is responsible for the degradation of receiving water bodies, such as lakes, rivers, streams. In order to meet Goal 7 of the Millennium Development Goals “ensure environmental sustainability” and maximization of the health and environmental benefits associated with the use and discharge of wastewater, several legislations and guidelines have been developed, both at international and national levels. The two main processes for the removal of impurities from wastewater influents are chemical and biological. Because of the many drawbacks of chemical wastewater treatment, biological treatment is advocated in the last few decades. Biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal systems have been extensively investigated for municipal wastewater treatment over the past decades. Several ques...
The relationship between biomass concentration to nutrient and chemical oxygen demand (COD) remov... more The relationship between biomass concentration to nutrient and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in mixed liquor supplemented with sodium acetate was investigated, using three protozoan isolates and three different initial biomass concentrations (10(1), 10(2) and 10(3) cells/mL). The study was carried out in a shaking flask environment at a shaking speed of 100 rpm for 96 h at 25 degrees C. Aliquot samples were taken periodically for the determination of phosphate, nitrate, COD and dissolved oxygen, using standard methods. The results revealed remarkable phosphate removal of 82-95% at biomass concentration of 10(3)cells/mL. A high nitrate removal of over 87% was observed at all initial biomass concentration in mixed liquor. There was an observed COD increase of over 50% in mixed liquor in at the end of 96-h incubation and this was irrespective of initial biomass concentration used for inoculation. The study shows the trend in nutrient and COD removal at different biomass concentrations of the test isolates in mixed liquor.
This paper was aimed at reviewing the management, discharge and recycling of wastewater. In addit... more This paper was aimed at reviewing the management, discharge and recycling of wastewater. In addition, the challenges and remediation processes for wastewater discharge were also discussed. Water is a substance of great importance to humans, animals and plants. Although a larger part of the earth is covered by water, its use has always been limited in terms of availability, quality and quantity. Water treatments are mainly for the removal of waste product from water in such a way that it can meet the standard for consumption. Environmental sustainability entails making decisions and actions in the relevance of protecting the natural world, with importance of preserving the competency of the environment to support human life. The increasing discharge of wastewater due to increase in population has led to the deterioration of the environment and threat to human health. Wastewater reuse is important in the irrigation of agricultural areas cause of the maintenance of water reservoirs and plants with nutrient which makes the request for fertilizers low. Generally of the considerable developments in water reuse have occurred in waterless regions of the world. One of the most potential for water reprocess is to restore freshwater burden of industries. The method that helps to minimize the discharge of residuals such as recycling wastewater, remediation measures, environmental awareness and sewage pollution control.
2010 2nd International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, 2010
... 2k, pp 203-210. [24] Petersen, B; Temmick, N; Henze, M and Isaac, S. 1998. Phosphate uptake k... more ... 2k, pp 203-210. [24] Petersen, B; Temmick, N; Henze, M and Isaac, S. 1998. Phosphate uptake kinetics in relation to PHB under aerobic conditions. ... 1991. Future of Nutrient Removal in South Africa. WISA Nutrient Removal Technical Division, 1st open meeting, South Africa. ...
The allelopathic effects of fresh shoot aqueous extract of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray... more The allelopathic effects of fresh shoot aqueous extract of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray was investigated on the germination of seeds and growth of young seedlings of Zea mays L. Although the fresh shoot aqueous extract did not show significant allelopathic effect on the germination of Z. mays, however, the radicle and plumule lengths of the seedlings were significantly inhibited
In the present study, the efficiency often selected wastewater protozoa in the removal of phospho... more In the present study, the efficiency often selected wastewater protozoa in the removal of phosphorus and nitrogen and their effects on other physico-chemical parameters was investigated. Protozoa were isolated from the aerobic zone of Daasport wastewater treatment plant, in Pretoria, South Africa, using the modified Chalkey&#39;s medium. The isolates were screened for nutrient removal ability in shake flasks, at laboratory temperatures for 96 h. During each sampling, aliquot samples were collected for the analysis of phosphorus, nitrate-nitrogen, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), pH, of the mixed liquor including the growth rate of the isolates using standard methods. The results indicated a steady increase in growth rate of the isolates and all the isolates used in this study showed some measure of phosphorus and nitrate removal ability. In the presence of the test protozoa isolates, an increase in COD and a decrease in DO were noted in the mixed liquor inoculated with the organisms, while the pH only increases slightly. This study revealed a significant correlation between growth rate and nutrient removal (R = -0.806, p &lt; 0.001 for phosphorus; R = -0.799, p &lt; 0.01 for nitrate). The present study has been able to show that certain protozoa isolates have the ability to biologically remove phosphorus and nitrate from effluent. Consequently, it would be necessary to identify what strains of protozoa are capable of excess phosphorus and nitrogen uptake for the treatment of wastewater.
This study was aimed at investigating the effect of nine different nutrient/carbon supplements in... more This study was aimed at investigating the effect of nine different nutrient/carbon supplements in mixed liquor on nutrient uptake ability of three wastewater protozoan isolates, which have previously been screened for phosphate and nitrate uptake efficiency. The results revealed that over 50% of phosphate was removed in the presence of sodium acetate, glucose or sucrose. Similarly, nitrate uptake of over
The relationship between biomass concentration to nutrient and chemical oxygen demand (COD) remov... more The relationship between biomass concentration to nutrient and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in mixed liquor supplemented with sodium acetate was investigated, using three protozoan isolates and three different initial biomass concentrations (10(1), 10(2) and 10(3) cells/mL). The study was carried out in a shaking flask environment at a shaking speed of 100 rpm for 96 h at 25 degrees C. Aliquot samples were taken periodically for the determination of phosphate, nitrate, COD and dissolved oxygen, using standard methods. The results revealed remarkable phosphate removal of 82-95% at biomass concentration of 10(3)cells/mL. A high nitrate removal of over 87% was observed at all initial biomass concentration in mixed liquor. There was an observed COD increase of over 50% in mixed liquor in at the end of 96-h incubation and this was irrespective of initial biomass concentration used for inoculation. The study shows the trend in nutrient and COD removal at different biomass concentrations of the test isolates in mixed liquor.
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