Więcej niż muzeum. Szkice ofiarowane Profesorowi Janowi Święchowi, red. J. Barański, K. Maniak, S. Trebunia-Staszel, 2022
The aim of this article is to discuss the science of letters of Jan Karłowicz, Antoni Kalina, Izy... more The aim of this article is to discuss the science of letters of Jan Karłowicz, Antoni Kalina, Izydor Kopernicki and Adam Fischer, sent to Seweryn Udziela. In particular, I am interested in two topics: the organization of academic life on Polish territory in the last two decades of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and led in the Ukrainian people during the study period.
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Books by Maciej Rak
Karłowicz is known primarily as an editor and author of three dictionaries and editor
of the monthly Wisła. Karłowicz’s strictly ethnolinguistic work is Słownik mitologii
polskiej [Dictionary of Polish Mythology], discovered in 2017, which belongs to historical
ethnolinguistics. The author relies largely on: 1) cultural relics; 2) the belief that rural
communities are a more primitive evolutionary stage in the development of a nation than
the nobility and bourgeoisie; 3) comparative research aimed at identifying what is ancient
in Polish mythology; 4) an understanding of the term mythology that is different from
its contemporary meaning. The aim of such research is to show the complexity of the
Polish view of the world and of humans against the general Slavic and even much broader background.
from 1895–1903, sent by Jan Baudouin de Courtenay to Jan Karłowicz. Among other
things, it shows the scientific and extra-scientific relations in Cracow and Saint Petersburg in the last decade of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century – although, owing to the person of the addressee, it also refers to Warsaw. The main scientific topics are: 1) comments on the etymology of lexemes studied by J. Karłowicz for Dictionary of Foreign Words Which Were Used in Polish and Had a Less Clear Origin [Słownik wyrazów obcego a mniej jasnego pochodzenia używanych w języku polskim]; 2) matters related to changes in Polish orthography; and 3) comments on the edition of the so-called Warsaw dictionary [Słownik warszawski] and Lucjan Malinowski’s Old Polish Dictionary [Słownik staropolski].
Artykuł dotyczy motywacji porównania zdrowy jak pieniądz, które jest znane w dialekcie śląskim i w gwarach góralskich. Zarówno pod względem tytułu, jak i sposobu analizy mamy tu nawiązanie do artykułu Nikity I. Tołstoja Slavjanskaja frazeologija sub specie ėtnografii. Okazuje się, że omawiane porównanie pochodzi z rytualnej formuły, która towarzyszy ablucji, podczas której w wodzie zanurza się pieniądze. Na motywację porównania zdrowy jak pieniądz składają się symbolika wody i symbolika srebra.
DIALECTOLOGY, ETHNOLINGUISTICS AND THE STUDY OF LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
The book refers to the scientific activity of Jan Karłowicz, and, in particular, to the three areas to which he contributed much of his work: dialectology, ethnolinguistics, and the study of Lithuanian Language and Culture. The material basis includes the researcher’s archival works (files of the Lexicon of Polish Dialects [Słownik gwar polskich], Lexicon of Polish Mythology [Słownik mitologii polskiej] and the Little Lexicon of Lithuanian Mythology [Słowniczek mitologii litewskiej]), found in 2017 in the Scientific Archive of PAN and PAU in Kraków. The objective of this book is to publish these documents and re-analyse the Lexicon of Polish Dialects. For more than a hundred years, i. e. since the time in which the lexicon was finished in 1911, nobody has probably read those manuscripts. One of the reasons for this is the fact that they were catalogued in a wrong manner.
The composition of this book, as well as its objective, has been determined not so much by the whole scientific output by Karłowicz, as by the researcher’s collection of archives stored in Kraków (this specification is important because Karłowicz’s main archive is located in Vilnius).
The first part of the monograph refers to the scientist’s dialectological achievements, mainly to the Lexicon of Polish Dialects. Finding the files and reaching the manuscripts accompanying their writing shed a new light on this lexicon and made it possible for us to undertake a reliable discussion with the review published by Kazimierz Nitsch in 1911. For a long time (more or less until the end of 1960s), this review was influencing the opinion on Karłowicz’s dialectological activity which was unfairly evaluated as unprofessional. Also, due to the discovery of the files, we could see clearly what the participation of Jan Łoś actually was like in preparing the dialectological lexicon (it was believed that Łoś made significant contributions to the work, as a result of which the last three volumes of the lexicon, edited by Łoś, were better than the previous volumes).
In the second part of this book, the hand-written file of the Lexicon of Polish Mythology was the starting point for the history of the ethnolingustic research. It is because it turns out that Karłowicz’s interests focused not only on Polish vocabulary and folk culture as separate areas of knowledge, but they also referred to a folk vision of the world and humankind reflected in linguistic material, i. e. what we now call ethnolinguistics. The file of the Lexicon of Polish Mythology was presented against the background of the most important achievements of Slavic ethnolinguistics, i. e. the Lexicon of Stereotypes and Folk Symbols [Słownik stereotypów i symboli ludowych] edited by Jerzy Bartmiński and Славянские древности edited by Nikita I. Tolstoy. Also, on the basis of an index card, the entry: BREAD was reconstructed, and the arrangement of the lexicon was suggested, assuming that it was probably meant to be onomasiological, according to the following categories: KOSMOGRAFIA (COSMOGRAPHY), POWIETRZNIA (AIR), KAMIENIE (STONES), ROŚLINY (PLANTS), ZWIERZĘTA (ANIMALS) and CZŁOWIEK (HUMAN).
The third part of the book remains within Karłowicz’s studies on Lithuanian language and culture. The researcher analysed both the Lithuanian language and folklore. The file of the Little Lexicon of Lithuanian Mythology is the first Polish study of this topic. In this book, the whole file was presented along with the adequate scientific commentary.
In the monograph, Karłowicz is presented as a persistent scientist who, despite various obstacles (he was not associated with any institutions, which is unusual in our times; he was fighting with several diseases in the last years of his life), successfully carried out his scientific research. Also, in the book, ahistorical evaluation of Karłowicz’s work by other linguists is discussed. Moreover, the author of the monograph emphasizes the variety of ideas which go beyond the frames of the age in which the editor of “Vistula” [“Wisła”] lived.
Karłowicz’s notebooks found in 2017 make it possible for us to fairly assess his scientific activity and the history of Polish science (especially dialectology, ethnolinguistics, and the study of Lithuanian language and culture).
Lektura Słowiańskiej frazeologii gwarowej II pozwala wyrazić przekonanie, że w dalszym ciągu frazeologizmy gwarowe pozostają ciekawym i pełnym naukowych wyzwań obszarem badań.
Słowa klucze
historia języka polskiego, historia polskiej fonetyki, historia polskiej fleksji, historia polskiej składni, historia polskiej leksyki, zabytki języka polskiego.
Keywords
History of Polish Language, History of Polish Phonetic, History of Polish Inflection, History of Polish Syntax, History of Polish Vocabulary, sources of Polish language.
Karłowicz is known primarily as an editor and author of three dictionaries and editor
of the monthly Wisła. Karłowicz’s strictly ethnolinguistic work is Słownik mitologii
polskiej [Dictionary of Polish Mythology], discovered in 2017, which belongs to historical
ethnolinguistics. The author relies largely on: 1) cultural relics; 2) the belief that rural
communities are a more primitive evolutionary stage in the development of a nation than
the nobility and bourgeoisie; 3) comparative research aimed at identifying what is ancient
in Polish mythology; 4) an understanding of the term mythology that is different from
its contemporary meaning. The aim of such research is to show the complexity of the
Polish view of the world and of humans against the general Slavic and even much broader background.
from 1895–1903, sent by Jan Baudouin de Courtenay to Jan Karłowicz. Among other
things, it shows the scientific and extra-scientific relations in Cracow and Saint Petersburg in the last decade of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century – although, owing to the person of the addressee, it also refers to Warsaw. The main scientific topics are: 1) comments on the etymology of lexemes studied by J. Karłowicz for Dictionary of Foreign Words Which Were Used in Polish and Had a Less Clear Origin [Słownik wyrazów obcego a mniej jasnego pochodzenia używanych w języku polskim]; 2) matters related to changes in Polish orthography; and 3) comments on the edition of the so-called Warsaw dictionary [Słownik warszawski] and Lucjan Malinowski’s Old Polish Dictionary [Słownik staropolski].
Artykuł dotyczy motywacji porównania zdrowy jak pieniądz, które jest znane w dialekcie śląskim i w gwarach góralskich. Zarówno pod względem tytułu, jak i sposobu analizy mamy tu nawiązanie do artykułu Nikity I. Tołstoja Slavjanskaja frazeologija sub specie ėtnografii. Okazuje się, że omawiane porównanie pochodzi z rytualnej formuły, która towarzyszy ablucji, podczas której w wodzie zanurza się pieniądze. Na motywację porównania zdrowy jak pieniądz składają się symbolika wody i symbolika srebra.
DIALECTOLOGY, ETHNOLINGUISTICS AND THE STUDY OF LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
The book refers to the scientific activity of Jan Karłowicz, and, in particular, to the three areas to which he contributed much of his work: dialectology, ethnolinguistics, and the study of Lithuanian Language and Culture. The material basis includes the researcher’s archival works (files of the Lexicon of Polish Dialects [Słownik gwar polskich], Lexicon of Polish Mythology [Słownik mitologii polskiej] and the Little Lexicon of Lithuanian Mythology [Słowniczek mitologii litewskiej]), found in 2017 in the Scientific Archive of PAN and PAU in Kraków. The objective of this book is to publish these documents and re-analyse the Lexicon of Polish Dialects. For more than a hundred years, i. e. since the time in which the lexicon was finished in 1911, nobody has probably read those manuscripts. One of the reasons for this is the fact that they were catalogued in a wrong manner.
The composition of this book, as well as its objective, has been determined not so much by the whole scientific output by Karłowicz, as by the researcher’s collection of archives stored in Kraków (this specification is important because Karłowicz’s main archive is located in Vilnius).
The first part of the monograph refers to the scientist’s dialectological achievements, mainly to the Lexicon of Polish Dialects. Finding the files and reaching the manuscripts accompanying their writing shed a new light on this lexicon and made it possible for us to undertake a reliable discussion with the review published by Kazimierz Nitsch in 1911. For a long time (more or less until the end of 1960s), this review was influencing the opinion on Karłowicz’s dialectological activity which was unfairly evaluated as unprofessional. Also, due to the discovery of the files, we could see clearly what the participation of Jan Łoś actually was like in preparing the dialectological lexicon (it was believed that Łoś made significant contributions to the work, as a result of which the last three volumes of the lexicon, edited by Łoś, were better than the previous volumes).
In the second part of this book, the hand-written file of the Lexicon of Polish Mythology was the starting point for the history of the ethnolingustic research. It is because it turns out that Karłowicz’s interests focused not only on Polish vocabulary and folk culture as separate areas of knowledge, but they also referred to a folk vision of the world and humankind reflected in linguistic material, i. e. what we now call ethnolinguistics. The file of the Lexicon of Polish Mythology was presented against the background of the most important achievements of Slavic ethnolinguistics, i. e. the Lexicon of Stereotypes and Folk Symbols [Słownik stereotypów i symboli ludowych] edited by Jerzy Bartmiński and Славянские древности edited by Nikita I. Tolstoy. Also, on the basis of an index card, the entry: BREAD was reconstructed, and the arrangement of the lexicon was suggested, assuming that it was probably meant to be onomasiological, according to the following categories: KOSMOGRAFIA (COSMOGRAPHY), POWIETRZNIA (AIR), KAMIENIE (STONES), ROŚLINY (PLANTS), ZWIERZĘTA (ANIMALS) and CZŁOWIEK (HUMAN).
The third part of the book remains within Karłowicz’s studies on Lithuanian language and culture. The researcher analysed both the Lithuanian language and folklore. The file of the Little Lexicon of Lithuanian Mythology is the first Polish study of this topic. In this book, the whole file was presented along with the adequate scientific commentary.
In the monograph, Karłowicz is presented as a persistent scientist who, despite various obstacles (he was not associated with any institutions, which is unusual in our times; he was fighting with several diseases in the last years of his life), successfully carried out his scientific research. Also, in the book, ahistorical evaluation of Karłowicz’s work by other linguists is discussed. Moreover, the author of the monograph emphasizes the variety of ideas which go beyond the frames of the age in which the editor of “Vistula” [“Wisła”] lived.
Karłowicz’s notebooks found in 2017 make it possible for us to fairly assess his scientific activity and the history of Polish science (especially dialectology, ethnolinguistics, and the study of Lithuanian language and culture).
Lektura Słowiańskiej frazeologii gwarowej II pozwala wyrazić przekonanie, że w dalszym ciągu frazeologizmy gwarowe pozostają ciekawym i pełnym naukowych wyzwań obszarem badań.
Słowa klucze
historia języka polskiego, historia polskiej fonetyki, historia polskiej fleksji, historia polskiej składni, historia polskiej leksyki, zabytki języka polskiego.
Keywords
History of Polish Language, History of Polish Phonetic, History of Polish Inflection, History of Polish Syntax, History of Polish Vocabulary, sources of Polish language.
behavior which exists in prison, (2) the slang of prisoners. The author focused primarily on the linguistic aspect, discussing 80 lexemes and syntactic constructions. In addition, he characterized the basic rules and
norms of behavior that are expressed by these lexemes. The analysis included classifying the lexical resource
into 9 semantic categories. The discussed words and phraseological units have been juxtaposed with the content of Klemens Stępniak’s Słownik tajemnych gwar przestępczych (Dictionary of Secret Criminal Slangs).
As a result, it turned out that the film meticulously reflected the prison reality in the linguistic aspect. What’s more, grypsera in this stylisation contains all the features attributed to sociolects, i.e. secrecy, professionalism and expressiveness.
arguments in favour of introducing the term Kliszczak dialect into dialectological research.
The article concerns the history of Polish phraseological research. The author refers here to the first approaches to phraseology in dictionaries created in the Old Polish and Middle Polish era, devoting the most attention to the period from the nineteenth century to today. In this vast time spectrum, covering several hundred years, he distinguished, after Stanisław Skorupka (1982b; 1988: 7), two main stages: 1. Practical (from the Old Polish era to the 1880s) and 2. Practical and theoretical (from the 1890s) until today). Skorupka’s proposal actually closes at the end of the 1980s. It is therefore worth supplementing it with Wojciech Chlebda’s concept of phrasematics and a shift in phraseological research towards prose, poetry and advertising texts. A separate place is also occupied by ethnolinguistic orientation, in which phraseology is used to reconstruct the linguistic image of the world
Новые фраземы в современном польском языке появляются в результате четырех процессов: 1) заимствования из иностранных языков (особенно английского) и разновидностей польского языка в разных социальных группах (социолекты); 2) создание структурных неологизмов; 3) фразеологизация синтаксических сочетаний и 4) деривация одной фраземы от другой. В данной работе рассматриваются примеры фразеологизации синтаксических групп, которые становятся единицами языка и употребляются в разговорном польском языке. Источником этих примеров послужили высказывания политиков, кинематограф, а также видеозаписи из сервиса YouTube.
The article concerns the linguistic situation in the Polish village and the need for a new approach in dialectological research. In the 21st century, Polish dialectology becomes a de facto subdiscipline of sociolinguistics. The disintegration of the dialects means that there is a need for new descriptive research in the area that was part of Poland before 1945. In the western and northern territories (until 1945 belonged to Germany), it seems justified to conduct sociolinguistic research taking into account the communicative communities.