Economics

This essay shows in detail how the idea of reciprocity in exchange completely changes economic analysis. It offers a unified view of the entire body of economic theory.It completely abandons neoclassical economics including the core ideas of rationality, optimization and independence of the individual. It offer a completely new theory7 of money and price.

The study was carried out to determine the appropriate age and route of vaccination with duck plague vaccine (LRI, Mohakhali) in experimentally reared local ducks during the period from H 2 respectively and contained 5 ducklings each. Group A and B contained 15 ducklings in each group and were used as unvaccinated control and also for studying persistence of maternally derived antibody level. Highest mean MDA titre in ducklings of Group A was found 53.33 ± 4.03 at the age of day 1 that declined to a negligible level (≤4) at the age of day 21 and highest mean MDA titre in ducklings of Group B was found 29.86 ± 1.45 at the age of day 1 that declined to a negligible level (≤4) at the age of day 16. Ducklings of different sub-groups were vaccinated with duck plague vaccine at day 14, day 21 and day 28 through intramuscular (breast) and subcutaneous route at the dose rate of 1ml per duckling. Sera were collected from vaccinated ducklings on day 7, day 14 and day 21 after vaccination and antibody titre was measured by passive hemagglutination test. Among the vaccinated subgroups, the highest mean PHA titre was found 89.60 ± 15.67 and 83.20 ± 19.20 in subgroups E 1 (vaccinated at day 28) and F 1 (vaccinated at day 14) respectively. At challenge, ducklings of vaccinated subgroups showed 100% protection except C 1 and C 2 (showed 80% protection) and control subgroups showed 0% protection. From the results of protection test it may be concluded that both intramuscular (breast) and subcutaneous routes are equally suitable for duck plague virus vaccination in ducklings and the optimum age for vaccination to ducklings originated from vaccinated parent to duck plague vaccine might be at day 21 or 28 and ducklings originated from non-vaccinated parent at day 14 or 21 instead of usual schedule of day 28.

This offers a very brief introduction to show how a single equation of exchange unifies all economics with no separation between micro and macro, between trade and money. Social choice is shown to be consistent with social rules of conduct. These rules are both necessary and sufficient to determine all economic events. There is no need to refer to states of mind of individuals. The new economics is a complete alternative to neoclassical economics. It keeps certain classical, Austrian and Keynesian insights, but within a new analytical framework where they fit.

This paper examines the foreign exchange exposure of UK non-financial listed companies over the period January 2005 to December 2010 and compares to two sub periods-pre-recession period (2005-2007) and recession/post-recession period (2008-2010). The Jorion (1991) model is used to estimate the exchange rate exposure-change in exchange rate is regressed on firms' abnormal returns. The findings reveal no supporting evidence for a contemporaneous relationship over total sample period and recession/post-recession sub period but the existence of a contemporaneous relationship during the pre-recession sub period cannot be rejected. Given the change in economic conditions around the recession period (the year 2008 is chosen as the break point) The analysis may be beneficial to financial managers in formulating hedging strategies, as hedging requires additional cost along with forgone profit if hedging is not the optimal decision, when faced with favorable/adverse economic conditions. This study may also be beneficial for investors to make informed investment decisions.

Inward remittance is one of the major sources of foreign income for Bangladesh and its economic significance at both macro and household levels is evident in the existing literature. This study iassesses the impact of remittances on school enrolment of children in Bangladesh by utilising cross-sectional household-level data obtained from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016. Employing a probit regression method for the analysis, our findings reveal a positive relationship between school enrolment of children and remittances as expected. Furthermore, the education levels of parents are found to have a significant positive impact on the school enrolment of children. Our results also suggest that households with two or three children are more likely to enrol their children in schools as opposed to households with just one child and those with four or more children. However, household location (urban) and gender of children (male) exhibit a negative impact on enrolment. This study suggests that along with the current incentives provided to migrant workers sending remittances, the government can also implement modified or additional incentives to enhance the enrolment of children from remittance-receiving families. Also, to address the issues of lower enrolment among children from urban areas, male children and households with just one child, policymakers should develop new intervention programmes while sensitising the public on the benefits of acquiring education.

Environmental awareness and its relation to the development of economy have garnered increased attention in recent years. This study analyzes the long-run relationship between environment degradation, economic growth, total energy consumption and industrial production index growth in Malaysia from year 1970 to 2012. The time series data are estimated using Johansen and Julies Cointegration test and VECM Granger causality test. The empirical analysis suggests a long-run cointegration relationship between all series. Granger causality analysis indicates strong evidence of uni-directional Granger causality running from economic growth and industrial production index growth to total energy consumption in the long-run. Also, the result shows evidence of a bi-directional Granger causality between total energy consumption and CO 2 emission. This situation suggests that a pollution abatement policies and higher investment to control for CO 2 emission will not jeopardize the economic sustainability and industry output in the long run. This study suggests that previous policies should be complimented with increasing the efficiency of energy use by employing a fuel balancing strategies and promoting the use of renewable energy resources like bio-fuel, solar energy and wind.

Inward remittance is one of the major sources of foreign income for Bangladesh and its economic significance at both macro and household levels is evident in the existing literature. This study iassesses the impact of remittances on school enrolment of children in Bangladesh by utilising cross-sectional household-level data obtained from the Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016. Employing a probit regression method for the analysis, our findings reveal a positive relationship between school enrolment of children and remittances as expected. Furthermore, the education levels of parents are found to have a significant positive impact on the school enrolment of children. Our results also suggest that households with two or three children are more likely to enrol their children in schools as opposed to households with just one child and those with four or more children. However, household location (urban) and gender of children (male) exhibit a negative impact on enrolment. This...

Background: Arsenic is a potent pollutant that has caused an environmental catastrophe in certain parts of the world including Bangladesh where millions of people are presently at risk due to drinking water contaminated by arsenic. Chronic arsenic exposure has been scientifically shown as a cause for liver damage, cancers, neurological disorders and several other ailments. The relationship between plasma cholinesterase (PChE) activity and arsenic exposure has not yet been clearly documented. However, decreased PChE ...

Effects of rice husk ash and fly ash on properties of red clay collected from Naogaon district of Bangladesh were investigated. Different percentages of rice husk ash (RHA) and fly ash (5%, 10% and 15%) were thoroughly mixed with clay to analyse various physical and chemical properties of clay followed by heat treatment of 800 0 C to 1100 0 C. The samples were tested for compressive strength, linear shrinkage, water absorption, porosity and bulk density. XRD analysis indicates the clay sample was mainly illite type. Water absorption and porosity increased with increasing percentage of ashes. The percentage of water absorption was within 6 to 10% for different mixture which may be suitable for ceramic and tiles purposes. Both fly ash and RHA of 15% could be used to improve some properties of clay. The optimum firing temperature for all the samples was 1050 0 C. XRD pattern of clay with fly ash and rice husk ash heated at 1050 0 C confirms the presence of feldspar and quartz as major phase and hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) and cristobalite phase as minor phase. This red clay deposits reinforced with different appropriate quantities of rice husk ash and fly ash could be used for various low temperature applications in industry and construction purposes.

The case study on the Slum Improvement Project (SIP) in Dhaka Metropolitan City, by the Local Government Engineering Department (as of 1991), was undertaken to highlight some of the innovative socio-economic programmes implemented for urban slum dwellers, as well as some lessons learned from them. The overall achievement of the SIP is satisfactory, as the model made a breakthrough in providing an integrated package of basic physical, social, and economic infrastructure services to the urban poor. Of all SIP ...

This thesis analyses intrahousehold resource allocation issues related to nutrition and food distribution, nutrient demand, and child health and nutrition outcomes in rural Bangladesh using relevant microeconometric methods and their application to household surveys. Using a measure of bargaining power—spouses' assets at marriage—that is culturally relevant and (weakly) exogenous to household decision making process, I find strong evidence of intrahousehold bargaining on nutrient allocation and on distribution of food from relatively ...

In the present study, the main objective is the beneficiat ion of ilmenite fro m ultramafic lamprophyres of Mithapukur, Rangpur District of Bangladesh. Mineralogical studies performed by XRF, optical microscopy and Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) studies indicated that ilmenite and apatite are main valuable minerals. The gangue minerals consist of the silicate minerals such as pyroxene, o livine and some secondary minerals. Ilmen ite in ult ramafic lamp rophyre ore occurs in various forms such as Ilmenite grains, exsolved Ilmenite lamellae in phlogophyte and Ilmenite particles disseminated in silicate minerals. The feasibility of physical separation has been performed for mineral beneficiat ion. The grain forms liberated in 63µm-1000µm are recoverable by physical methods. The maximu m content of TiO 2 in Ilmenite lattice is determined 54.62% by EPMA. A lthough the ore has 6.37% average grade of TiO 2 , the recoverable TiO 2 is only about 4.55%, the studied sample contained 11.10% Ilmenite and the amount of recoverable Ilmenite is only about 9.09% (4.55% TiO 2 ). Th is is due to the Ilmenite exsolutions and inclusions in phlogophyte and silicate minerals, and the TiO 2 , in solid solution in the lattices of these minerals. In fact, about 81% of whole Ilmenite content of the ore will be recoverable.

A weak tax administration encourages corruption that benefits both government officials and businesses at the expense of overall tax revenue. Collusive corruption is at the heart of most, if not all, problems related to tax administration. This note examines the drivers of corruption and suggests good-practice measures for reforming tax administration. It is one in a series addressing issues that governments of developing countries face in reforming their tax systems.

The utilization of waste material provides a satisfactory solution to some of the environmental concerns and problems associated with waste management. In this study sugarcane bagasse ash and sugarcane waste were calcined at 400 0 C, 600 0 C, 800 0 C and 1000 0 C temperature for 2hours.These samples has been chemically and physically characterized in order to evaluate the possibility of their use in metallurgical and materials industry. XRF analysis for chemical composition of the samples, XRD analysis for determination of composition and presence of crystalline material as well as physical properties has been studied. Carbon content has been determined by elemental analyzer. Bagasse ash is an industrial waste that mainly consists of high amount of silica (SiO 2 ) and carbon materials. Calcium, magnesium and potassium oxide presents as main minor compound. As temperature increases, the sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and sugarcane waste ash (SCWA) color changes from black to grey and white which indicates that the carbon content present in the SCBA and SCWA were reasonably reduced. The ignition loss of SCBA and SCWA was significantly reduced with increasing temperature. Particle size analysis indicates sample fineness was improved with increasing temperature.