Engineering Design

Forward Collision Warning systems warn the driver when there’s a risk of a collision with a car or truck in front of the equipped vehicle. Different drivers have different driving styles, and an attempt is made to come up with a conceptual design of such a system that adapts to these differences. The aim of this thesis was to develop a threat assessment algorithm that estimates the driver’s “comfort zone” by continuously analyzing vehicle signals, and uses it to decide when to issue a forward collision warning to the driver. A literature survey of relevant driver behaviour models for braking was performed for this application, and estimation schemes were designed and developed for a looming threshold based, and an evidence accumulation based model. Further, a test track study was conducted to collect driving data, and the developed estimators were tested on this data. Qualitative comparisons of the two driver behaviour models were made, and used to propose conceptual designs for thr...

Automatic monitoring of vehicle has become a very essential scenario in the recent years and it can become possible by implementing the following technology. The beginning of the 21st century was the time when importance for Environmental awareness was instigated. One of the major concerns regarding the environment is air pollution. The main pollutants from the vehicles are the oxides of carbon and nitrogen, which can be easily detected these days with the help of semiconductor gas sensors. The system consists of a global positioning system, an IoT module and a GSM board. The gas sensor detects the gas produced due to over pollution and the micro-controller board determines the proportion and if it is higher than the stated limit as per the Bharat Stage 6 norms, the GPS system sends the coordinates to the nearby RTO. The warnings received will be saved and if the warnings exceed more than three times or if the pollution level raises drastically the vehicle automatically provides navigation to a nearby safe zone. The safe zones are detected automatically with the help of IoT and GPS technologies. A vehicle speed monitoring sensor is used and is coupled with the IoT so as to reduce the speed of the vehicle at specific places, say school zones, hospitals, accident prone zones etc,. If this technology is employed the parameter of safety and reduction in pollution levels as well as prevention of accidents can be achieved.

A major problem with our present society is the solid waste management, as it disturbs both the human health and affects the environment. Monitoring of those wastes is one of the major problems of the present. The traditional method of solving this issue is by making use of huge trash cans in public places and utilizing the role of human scavengers, which is time consuming in nature. This paper proposes an advanced method in which waste management is automated. This project aims at making use of a wheeled bot, which detects the wastes and collects in the trash can provided with the bot, with the help of a digital camera, in a similar way how human scavengers collect wastes and separates the useful items if any mixed with the wastes. The bot also segregates the useful items from the wastes with the aid of IoT. The penultimate aim in making this project is to promote smart city concept and to reduce the diseases that spread due to accumulation of wastes in public places and to improve sanitation. Keywords: Arduino AT mega 2560, Dual full bridge L298 motor driver, servo motor, servo arm, servo gripper, digital image processing, IoT, waste management and segregation

Hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) combines the benefits of petrol engines and electric motors and can be configured to obtain different objectives, such as improved fuel economy, increased power and reduced emission leads to green environment. In recent days, availability of fuel source is depleting day by day and due to more consumption of fuel, the environmental pollution is increasing. In order to overcome that issue we have remodelled a two wheele r as a hybrid two wheeler which means the vehicle can use electric power additionally for its working. In hybrid two-wheeler, there are three modes such as fuel mode, electric mode and dual mode. Initially, vehicle runs in fuel mode and after saving energy from this using dynamo, electric mode starts and the motor is used to run the vehicle and the speed of the vehicle is controlled by using rheostat; and in dual mode, both engine and motor are used in case of high load carrying and quick travel.

Automation holds a vital role in nearly all walks of the human life. Separation and counting of Indian currency coins is considered in this project. Nearly all the temples in India have donation boxes (Hundi). More human intervention is required to separate such coins and hence it could be automated and as a result it improves efficiency and reduces the time consumption in the process. This project adapts automation for this time-taking process. It involves the usage of digital image processing technology that aids in detecting the coins and differentiating them; thus, making the process more fast and accurate.

Automatic controlling of a vehicle is very essential in the recent scenario, which can become possible by implementing the dual tone multi frequency (DTMF) based obstacle avoider robot, by which any vehicle can be controlled by utiliing the mobile phone signal. This robot analyzes and make use of the unique frequencies (both low and high) provided by the carrier network to control the motions of the vehicle. The vehicle is controlled by the microcontroller, which is preprogrammed in a way to respond to the signals received from the DTMF decoder. The vehicle is equipped with pairs of sensors to avoid collisions. It is an efficient way of controlling a vehicle automatically. There will be a greater development in the fields of military and domestic application, when this technology is implied.

In the present times, taking of attendance is mandatory not only in educational institutions, but also in MNC firms so as to ensure the current state of the respective persons. In many companies, a person's salary is provided based on his working hours and hence, it is an inevitable work that has to be taken out to check the individual's current status. With the advancement of technology, human life has become more sophisticated. This paper aims in developing a smart sensor based approach for taking the attendance. This project utilizes a CMOS camera, by which the face of every individual is recognized in comparison to the database and attendance is taken in seconds. This work can be very useful in taking the attendance more precisely and at a rate much faster than the other. The accuracy is quite high when compared with other technologies, as it recognizes the whole face of the individual and hence there is no possibility for making a false attendance.

A helmet is a kind of safety gear, which is used by many motorists around the world. It protects the head from the impacts during accidents. According to a survey, many people nearly half die due to the time lag in the treatment that is provided to them after the accident. The reason behind this delay may be due to lack of passage of information, traffic issues etc. It came up with this idea of giving the information about accident as soon as possible and in time. Death due to road accidents can be minimized, if treatment is provided at proper time. The major problem is the lack of passage of information regarding the accidents. Because after all, time matters a lot, if everything is done in time, at least we can half the lives that are lost due to the bike accidents. This work aims in passing the information regarding the accidents and the exact location to the relatives of the victim and also to the nearby hospitals with the aid of GPS and IoT. The system also consists of voice module to control the visor, turn indication, headlights, horn, and also the ignition system, the user is given much more options to control the vehicle rather than getting deviated from driving. Since the user uses voice controls to do the activities, he/she will stay awake throughout the ride.

A helmet is a kind of safety gear, which is used by many motorists around the world. It protects the head from the impacts during accidents. According to a survey, many people nearly half die due to the time lag in the treatment that is provided to them after the accident. The reason behind this delay may be due to lack of passage of information, traffic issues etc. It came up with this idea of giving the information about accident as soon as possible and in time. Death due to road accidents can be minimized, if treatment is provided at proper time. The major problem is the lack of passage of information regarding the accidents. Because after all, time matters a lot, if everything is done in time, at least we can half the lives that are lost due to the bike accidents. This work aims in passing the information regarding the accidents and the exact location to the relatives of the victim and also to the nearby hospitals with the aid of GPS and IoT. The system also consists of voice module to control the visor, turn indication, headlights, horn, and also the ignition system, the user is given much more options to control the vehicle rather than getting deviated from driving. Since the user uses voice controls to do the activities, he/she will stay awake throughout the ride.

Globalization as well as Rapid industrialization had made an evil impact and led to the over usage of water, since it has been raised drastically in the last decade. This increase in water demand has led to a situation at which humans find difficulty in availing the water for their needs. There has been a great technological research been conducted on waste water recycling methods. Grey-water is a form of waste water, consisting of kitchen water, bathrooms, dish and cloth washers. Reusing of Grey-water has become a better choice, but since the amount of dissolved contents are unknown, it is mandatory to recycle before reuse. Since Grey-water is less in organic and BOD content and free from faecal matter for reproduction of bacteria, it could be recycled easily by adapting various techniques. The recycled water may be used for many regenerative purposes, say irrigating the agricultural lands, toilet flushings, home garden watering, etc. this paper aims in revolving the possible techniques that can be utilized for recycling the grey-water.

Automation holds a vital role in nearly all walks of the human life. Separation and counting of Indian currency coins is considered in this project. Nearly all the temples in India have donation boxes (Hundi). More human intervention is required to separate such coins and hence it could be automated and as a result it improves efficiency and reduces the time consumption in the process. This project adapts automation for this time-taking process. It involves the usage of digital image processing technology that aids in detecting the coins and differentiating them; thus, making the process more fast and accurate.

Hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) combines the benefits of petrol engines and electric motors and can be configured to obtain different objectives, such as improved fuel economy, increased power and reduced emission leads to green environment. In recent days, availability of fuel source is depleting day by day and due to more consumption of fuel, the environmental pollution is increasing. In order to overcome that issue we have remodelled a two wheele r as a hybrid two wheeler which means the vehicle can use electric power additionally for its working. In hybrid two-wheeler, there are three modes such as fuel mode, electric mode and dual mode. Initially, vehicle runs in fuel mode and after saving energy from this using dynamo, electric mode starts and the motor is used to run the vehicle and the speed of the vehicle is controlled by using rheostat; and in dual mode, both engine and motor are used in case of high load carrying and quick travel.

A major problem with our present society is the solid waste management, as it disturbs both the human health and affects the environment. Monitoring of those wastes is one of the major problems of the present. The traditional method of solving this issue is by making use of huge trash cans in public places and utilizing the role of human scavengers, which is time consuming in nature. This paper proposes an advanced method in which waste management is automated. This project aims at making use of a wheeled bot, which detects the wastes and collects in the trash can provided with the bot, with the help of a digital camera, in a similar way how human scavengers collect wastes and separates the useful items if any mixed with the wastes. The bot also segregates the useful items from the wastes with the aid of IoT. The penultimate aim in making this project is to promote smart city concept and to reduce the diseases that spread due to accumulation of wastes in public places and to improve sanitation.

Automatic monitoring of vehicle has become a very essential scenario in the recent years and it can become possible by implementing the following technology. The beginning of the 21st century was the time when importance for Environmental awareness was instigated. One of the major concerns regarding the environment is air pollution. The main pollutants from the vehicles are the oxides of carbon and nitrogen, which can be easily detected these days with the help of semiconductor gas sensors. The system consists of a global positioning system, an IoT module and a GSM board. The gas sensor detects the gas produced due to over pollution and the micro-controller board determines the proportion and if it is higher than the stated limit as per the Bharat Stage 6 norms, the GPS system sends the coordinates to the nearby RTO. The warnings received will be saved and if the warnings exceed more than three times or if the pollution level raises drastically the vehicle automatically provides navigation to a nearby safe zone. The safe zones are detected automatically with the help of IoT and GPS technologies. A vehicle speed monitoring sensor is used and is coupled with the IoT so as to reduce the speed of the vehicle at specific places, say school zones, hospitals, accident prone zones etc,. If this technology is employed the parameter of safety and reduction in pollution levels as well as prevention of accidents can be achieved.

In the present times, taking of attendance is mandatory not only in educational institutions, but also in MNC firms so as to ensure the current state of the respective persons. In many companies, a person's salary is provided based on his working hours and hence, it is an inevitable work that has to be taken out to check the individual's current status. With the advancement of technology, human life has become more sophisticated. This paper aims in developing a smart sensor based approach for taking the attendance. This project utilizes a CMOS camera, by which the face of every individual is recognized in comparison to the database and attendance is taken in seconds. This work can be very useful in taking the attendance more precisely and at a rate much faster than the other. The accuracy is quite high when compared with other technologies, as it recognizes the whole face of the individual and hence there is no possibility for making a false attendance.

Traffic on roads especially in India is becoming a major issue day by day. Urban regions are mostly crowded by private vehicles, which tend to create more traffic jams. Recent surveys states that, in India there were 1 million licensed vehicles during the year 2014, but it is now drastically raised due to overpopulation and rapid industrialization. The present method of traffic control with the aid of traffic signals proved to be non-effective as many a times during nights, these signals tend to malfunction. There are also traffic issues during power failures. Technology has been improved in vehicular systems, yet its harnessing traffic management systems were still the same. The easiest way to control traffic is to make use of timers, but it won't be effective during peak hours. To overcome such systems, Digital Image Processing can become a great tool. This paper aims in making use of such system along with solar energy. A digital camera is placed beneath the signal lights, which monitors the traffic and changes the signals accordingly. Casuality and crisis management is also added as an additional feature to enhance the project.

Monitoring pest insect population is a big issue in crop protection. At farm level it is continuously checked by a human operator for disseminated through the field, where insects remain stuck when attracted. This is a labor and time-consuming activity yet it would be of great advantage to farmers, to have an atomized system for doing necessary tasks of pest control and after yield conflicts. In the present times, farmers face a major crisis due to the entry of more middle men into the sales cycle and hence as a result they were unable to get their right pay. One such costlier crop is cotton, which at budding stage is attacked by Bollworm, results in 30-40% of loss in crop cultivation. We can predict such mishaps with the aid of certain environmental factors, which leads to the growth of such worm. Hence on the confirmation pesticides can be sprayed automatically. As the demand rises in the market, as per the customer requirement, the goods are supplied directly from the farmer to the retailer with the aid of IoT and hence as a result the need for middle men is cut down so as to ensure that the farmer gets his right pay.

In today's modern industrial need a gripper becomes a vital element for handling components. A gripper is chosen based on the material to be handled and its properties. For any gripper to function effectively, its end application along with the work environment parameters has to be kept in mind while designing the gripper. Based on the trials conducted, the design concept is provided as part of an inventive gripper research project. The motive of this paper is to develop a 3finger gripper and to analyze its finger with ANSYS software. A design study has been carried out for better understanding of geometrical influence on gripper functionality and performance. Directional deformation and maximum reaction moment are measured under axial and vertical loading conditions for the four metal combinations examined, and the performance is evaluated to determine the optimal material for a gripper. The findings could aid in getting desired results for specific grabbing applications, whose outcomes may lead to the creation of an application specific gripper.

Now a days in food preserving industry, it creates lot of difficulties to find the cracked or damaged eggs. There are various methods for detecting crack or damaged eggs, but at present all processes can be done manually. Thus, the current method is very tedious process and low in efficiency, poor precision while finding the cracked eggs. In this research work, deals with the problems in existing method while detecting the cracked eggs, which can be eliminated by using Image Processing Techniques through OpenCV. In this system we will be achieving automatic detecting and eliminating cracked eggs using image processing technique. With the implementation of image processing techniques, Efficiency and accuracy while finding the eggs can be improved while the labor intensity is reduced greatly. Technology is enhanced, thus resulting in relatively less complexity in prediction-based models. Cracked eggs were detected using the ESP-32Cam module and are sent to the could for data logging for enabling future manipulations.

Over the past few years the growth and development of exo-skeleton has dramatically raised with the development of precise control elements and actuation systems. Many exo-skeleton systems have been designed, developed and tested for performance optimization. In the recent years, the significance of exo-skeleton in medical fields have got increased and are used in providing therapy and rehabilitation to the patients. With this development there comes the importance for analysis and control of the exo-skeleton for precise functioning and to avoid malfunction of the system in the later part. Dynamic analysis of limb joints is essential to better facilitate a deeper understanding of the exo-skeleton limb during various environmental conditions like varied loading. The dynamic model so developed will assist in choosing an apt actuation system based on the torque requirement of the model.This paper focusses on the analysis of a 2DOF lower limb active control exo-skeleton system and makes a torque calculation for actuator selection for the lower limb to provide rehabilitation to the patients as wearable walking aid. The work also makes a trajectory planning for the lower limb to move in sequence for making a walking cycle with angular limitations to avoid damage to the user's limbs. The motion analysis for the developed lower limb Exoskeleton as per the analysis is 52.055 Nm at hip joint 11.677 Nm at knee joint.