Valenzuela_Antezana_Ricardo_Nahuel
Valenzuela_Antezana_Ricardo_Nahuel
Valenzuela_Antezana_Ricardo_Nahuel
TESIS
PRESENTADA POR:
INGENIERO AGROINDUSTRIAL
PUNO - PERÚ
2023
DEDICATORIA
la eternidad.
compañera de vida.
R. N. V. Antezana
AGRADECIMIENTOS
• Al laboratorista Rufino Aroni, Ing. Edgar Gallegos y Dr. Wenceslao Medina que
Tecnológica en el año 2013, logrando por primera vez este logro para mi escuela
profesional.
R. N. V. Antezana
INDICE GENERAL
DEDICATORIA
AGRADECIMIENTOS
ÍNDICE GENERAL
INDICE DE FIGURAS
ÍNDICE DE TABLAS
INDICE DE ACRÓNIMOS
3. REFERENCIAS ................................................................................................ 28
4. ANEXOS ............................................................................................................ 34
COFFEE ....................................................................................................... 20
R1 : Repetition 1
R2 : Repetition 2
R3 : Repetition 3
Sandia
científico para su revisión a la revista Coffee Science (Brasil) esta indexada en SCOPUS
revista solo acepta artículos en inglés, motivo por el cual presento en ese idioma. A
2021) y la bebida más popular del mundo después del agua (Barbin et al., 2014; Mussatto
et al., 2011), Perú es el octavo productor de café a nivel mundial (International Coffee
Organization, 2020), este producto es producido en 10 regiones del Perú desde 600 hasta
2,200 metros sobre el nivel del mar (m.s.n.m), con una superficie cosechada de 375,000
ha (Junta Nacional del Café, 2019). Por las diferentes altitudes en la producción, el Perú
posee ecosistemas diversos y cafés de diversas cualidades, los cafés especiales son una
del café está relacionado con la calidad (Márquez et al., 2020; Rosas-Echevarría et al.,
Research World Coffee, 2020; Julca-Otiniano et al., 2018), por ello es mayormente
(Velásquez & Banchón, 2022; Guevara-Sánchez et al., 2019; Rodrigues et al., 2020;
vía seca o natural y vía húmeda o lavado (de Oliveira et al., 2018; Hamdouche et al.,
2016; Borém et al., 2013), también el método semi seco o honey que combina los métodos
anteriores (Aswathi et al., 2022; Karim et al., 2019), el método anaeróbico también es
(Mulyara & Rahmadian, 2021), estos métodos añaden valor al café (Nasution et al.,
2020).
10
En los últimos años los cafés especiales son más requeridos en el mercado, la
los cafés especiales de 0 a 100 puntos, resultante de una evaluación física y sensorial.
diferentes variedades de café en la calidad, en especial en Perú y América del Sur, existen
2019), en Korea estudiaron los métodos lavado, natural y anaeróbico (Kim et al., 2022),
lavado.
Con el fin de generar mayores alternativas para los productores de café, aplicando
el efecto de cuatro de los métodos de beneficio de café catimor (lavado, honey, natural,
11
2. CAPITULO II. ARTÍCULO ACEPTADO
ABSTRACT
and is a major exportation product in Peru. Among the coffee varieties grown in the Puno
region, the Catimor variety predominates, mainly because of its resistance to yellow rust
and productivity. We investigated the effect on the physical and sensory quality of four
coffee processing methods (washed, honey, natural, anaerobic) and a control sample.
Samples of three kilograms of Catimor coffee cherry were harvested for each benefit
method, then the Specialty Coffee Association (SCA) methodology was applied to
evaluate the physical and sensory quality, and the results were analyzed with analysis of
variance and Tukey's multiple comparison. The results showed that yield, the main
attribute of physical quality, grouped the treatments into two different groups: (1) control,
71.17%; washed, 75.83%; and honey, 75.24%; and (2) natural, 44.45%, and anaerobic,
45.70%, from the harvest of the coffee cherry to green coffee, only 13.01% to 15.13% is
used for roasting, consumption or transformation. Regarding the sensory quality, of the
sensory attributes, only fragrance and body were significantly different, and the total cup
score was 82.50 (control), 84.00 (washed), 82.88 (honey), 85.75 (natural) and 87.38
(anaerobic). There is a significant difference between the treatments, despite the lower
physical yields of the natural and anaerobic benefits, these benefit methods significantly
improve sensory quality and therefore profitability. This study provides a reference for
coffee producers on the processing method to generate greater profits, and the organic
12
Keywords: anaerobic; coffee farmer; processing method; profitability; wet.
INTRODUCTION
Coffee is an important agricultural product in the world (Gutiérrez-Calle et al., 2021) and
the most popular beverage in the world after water (Barbin et al., 2014; Mussatto et al.,
2011). Peru is the eighth largest producer of coffee worldwide (International Coffee
Organization - ICO, 2020). This product is produced in 10 regions of Peru from 600 to
2,200 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.), with a harvested area of 375,000 ha (Junta
Nacional del Café - JNC, 2019). Due to the different altitudes in production, Peru has
diverse ecosystems or life zones, therefore, coffees of diverse qualities, and specialty
coffees are an opportunity for economic and social improvement for small producers
since the price of coffee is related to quality (Márquez et al., 2020; Rosas-Echevarría et
al., 2019; Silva et al., 2014). The Catimor variety is resistant to yellow rust and of high
productivity (Research World Coffee - RWC, 2020; Julca-Otiniano et al., 2018), which
is why it is mostly cultivated in areas of medium and low altitudes, usually from 900 to
1600 m.a.s.l.
final product, regardless of the processing method, and fermentation has a great influence
on the composition of beans and their quality (Velásquez and Banchón, 2022; Guevara-
Sánchez et al., 2019; Rodrigues et al., 2020; Cândido et al., 2019). There are different
coffee processing or processing methods: dry or natural methods and wet or washed
methods (de Oliveira et al., 2018; Hamdouche et al., 2016; Borém et al., 2013).
Additionally, the semidry or honey method combines previous methods (Aswathi et al.,
2022; Karim et al., 2019). The anaerobic method is also a recent alternative, in which
13
fermentation is carried out without the presence of oxygen (Mulyara and Rahmadian,
2021). These methods add value to coffee (Nasution, Hasyim and Lubis, 2020).
In recent years, specialty coffees have become more required in the market, and the
qualities. Table 1 presents the classification of coffees according to the Specialty Coffee
Association (SCA), which classifies specialty coffees from 0 to 100 points, resulting from
varieties on quality, especially in Peru and South America. There are studies comparing
washed, natural, and honey methods in China (Chen et al., 2019); in Korea, they studied
the washed, natural, and anaerobic methods (Kim et al., 2022); in Colombia, the sensory
processing methods, this research aims to evaluate the effect of four methods of
processing coffee (Coffea arabica L.) variety Catimor de Alto Inambari on physical and
sensory quality.
14
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
The study was conducted at the Cari farm, Chillcayoc Sector, Pampayamayo
Village Center, Alto Inambari district, Puno region (Peru; Latitude: -13.993249,
Longitude: -69.237123; between 1200 and 1330 m.a.s.l.). The temperature during the
study period was between 15.1 and 27 °C, and the relative humidity was between 47 and
78% (day and night), according to Folmer B. (2017) the climatic cluster is constant. These
parameters were obtained with a data logger (TempU03, TZONE, Taiwan) from July to
Biological material
Mature coffee fruits (selective harvest) of the Catimor variety were harvested, and a
control sample of the same variety was also harvested (as is usually done in the study
area, without selective harvest). The plantations were cultivated for 6 years under the
agroforestry system. Then, the float test was performed, removing immature fruits and
debris. Three kilograms were washed and selected for each experimental unit to carry out
coffee processing. The fruits were between 13 and 18 °Brix, measured with an optical
refractometer (M80, ATC, China), and the color was measured with a colorimeter (Basic,
VINCKOLOR, China). In the CIELab measurement system, three repetitions were made
by measuring 30 cherry coffee fruits harvested with selective harvesting, similar to the
The average values for L, a, and b were 28.95 ± 5.12, 11.22 ± 3.33 and 7.04 ± 4.40,
respectively.
Coffee processing
Four coffee processing methods were applied: washed, honey, natural and anaerobic,
applying methodologies by Karim et al. (2019), Alomia and Untiveros (2021), Vilca
15
(2014) and Mulyara and Rahmadian (2021). For each method, three replicates were
The washed processing method was also used for the control sample (traditional method)
and T1, the fermentation time was 15 hours, and drying was carried out for 10 days. The
honey process - T2 (yellow honey) was carried out by drying the samples after pulping,
The natural method - T3 was carried out by drying the samples after conditioning, and
the drying time was 23 days. The anaerobic method - T4 was carried out by fermenting
16
the sample in a GrainPro bag without presence of air, inside a hermetically sealed 15-liter
In all the processing methods, fermentation was also carried out under ambient conditions
and drying was carried out until the recommended moisture content of 10 to 12% (dry)
Drying was carried out in a solar dryer with wooden pallets, mesh and windows as
relative humidity of 29 to 91%. Storage was carried out under shade in Ziplock bags at
SCA methodology was used for coffee quality, samples were evaluated separately
according to process method, for the physical analysis (the grading green coffee protocol),
granulometry and yield, mass balance was calculated according with methodology used
by Karim, Wijayanti and Sudaryanto (2019). Figure 2 summarizes the methodology used
in the research. The sensory quality analysis was performed in the quality control
CECOVASA LTDA (accredited as SCA Premier Training Campuses) and of the coffee
trading company CANDELARIA. The analyses were carried out by two professional
tasters with international certification Q Arabica Grader granted by the Coffee Quality
Institute (CQI), using the methodology SCA (2003) used as an international standard that
uniformity, clean cup, sweetness, taster's score), and the total score.
17
Figure 2. Summary of research methodology
Profitability
determined according to the prices per quintile of parchment coffee (coffee season 2021-
2022), which the central cooperative CECOVASA LTDA pays to the coffee producer.
This organization has been operating since 1970 and is the main exporter of coffee in the
study region.
three replications was used, using analysis of variance (ANOVA). For the comparison of
treatments, Tukey's multiple comparison methodology was used with a significance level
Pr≤ 0.05, and the data were analyzed with R 4.2.2.2 software and RStudio Desktop
2022.12.0.
18
RESULTS
Physical quality
Moisture values are within the range of 10 to 12% recommended for optimum
storage (Anokye-Bempah et al., 2022; ITC, 2022; SCA, 2003). Table 2 details the
Processing Method
according to Tukey's test, grouping into two groups with similar yields, but different
between groups: processing method (control, washed, honey) and (natural and anaerobic),
this is attributable to the similarity of processes of each group, given that in the natural
and anaerobic processing methods drying and storage is performed with the whole coffee
fruit without the removal of the husk and mucilage, unlike the washed and honey
methods.
19
Figure 3. Performance of processing methods for Catimor coffee
The mass balance of the main coffee processing processes (Table 3) shows that
from harvest (coffee cherry), only 13.01% to 15.13% is used for roasting and
Processing Method
20
Sensory quality
The results of the sensory quality are presented in Table 4, which indicate that there is a
significant difference between the processing methods (p<0.05). The sensory quality
attributes fragrance and body are different for each treatment, affirming that the
processing method influences the organoleptic attributes proposed by Várady et al. (2022)
and Worku et al. (2018). The attributes (flavor, residual flavor, acidity, balance,
uniformity, clean cup, sweetness and taster score) do not present significant differences,
which is attributed to the fact that the treatments were performed on a single coffee
variety.
Processing Method
21
The total score of sensory quality attributes, description and classification are
presented in Table 5. The treatments presented significant differences (p<0.05), and the
statistical test grouped the processing methods into three groups: (1) control, washed, and
honey; (2) washed, honey, and natural; and (3) natural and anaerobic.
Processing
Score Quality - Classification Description
Method
22
acetic and phosphoric acidity,
lasting body
Profitability
Profitability for coffee producers is related to quality (Silva et al., 2014). In the production
zone, sensory quality is prioritized, unlike other regions where physical quality is also
taken into account. This is why it would be worthwhile to carry out coffee processing
with anaerobic and natural methods, since according to the collection prices, the producer
would obtain per quintal of parchment coffee of 46 kilograms the following income per
processing method as a minimum: S/600 (control), S/750 (washed), S/600 (honey), S/850
(natural), and S/950 (anaerobic), the last treatment being the most profitable, followed by
DISCUSSION
Physical quality
Regarding granulometry, the bean size for all treatments meets the export criteria that
coincide with the values of Guevara-Sánchez et al. (2019) and ITC (2022), which indicate
that exportable coffee beans are larger than the size of mesh No. 14-5. 60 mm in diameter
(INACAL, 2021), attributable to selective harvesting, the results of the control sample
present a lower percentage of exportable beans, possibly because this was harvested
without selective harvesting, and overripe, ripe, semiripe, and green beans were
processed, coinciding with research that concludes that the stages of maturity influence
23
The yield values of the washed beneficiation method coincide with the results of research
conducted in the study area (Mamani and Condori, 2019; Jarata, 2015), and they also
resemble values reported by Alomia and Untiveros (2021) in Satipo (80.83%) and Julca-
Otiniano et al. (2018) in Chachamayo (73. 62%), the yields of the honey and natural
processing methods coincide with the results of Alomia and Untiveros (2021), 75.19%
and 47.33%, respectively, because the yields of the anaerobic and natural methods are
similar since the coffee cherry remains intact until the moment of processing to obtain
green coffee, where husk, mucilage and parchment are discarded. The mass balance
shows that on average, only 14.43% of the harvested coffee is roasted, 85.57% are
residues (husk, mucilage, grain husk, defects, among others), and the results are similar
to the results reported by Karim, Wijayanti and Sudaryanto (2019), but there are
Sensory quality
The effect of the washed processing method improves sensory quality to a greater extent
than the honey method in the Catimor variety by generating higher values of flavor and
taster appreciation. The sensory quality attributes of greater value were obtained with the
anaerobic and natural processing methods. Since the processing, drying and storage in
both methods are carried out with the coffee cherry intact, there is migration of simple
and complex molecules to the coffee bean, which would be attributed to the improvement
of the sensory quality, confirming that there are differences between processing methods
(Várady et al., 2022; Tassew et al., 2021; Alomia and Untiveros, 2021).
The similarity between processes (1) washed and honey and (2) natural and anaerobic is
attributable to the similarity of processes and total score between groups, coinciding with
24
that proposed by Rodriguez et al. (2020), which indicates that there is no chemical or
sensory difference between the washed and honey methods. The natural beneficiation
method in comparison with the washed and honey method presents higher values,
coinciding with the results of Dharmaputra et al. (2021) and Tassew et al. (2022). The
significant increase in the total score of the anaerobic and natural methods is attributed to
the metabolites that generate complex sensory descriptors, resulting from the presence of
microorganisms (mainly bacteria and yeasts) during the fermentation process and
In the control processing method (traditional in the production zone), barley, green
banana and astringency descriptors were found, which diminish its sensory quality
(Paredes-Espinosa et al., 2022). This is attributed to the fact that the harvest is carried out
without selective harvesting, processing unripe and pinto fruits that generate these
descriptors.
The anaerobic processing method presents higher scores, highlighting fruity descriptors,
dried fruits, red fruits, acetic acidity, phosphoric acidity, and effervescence, coinciding
with the values obtained by Jimenez et al. (2023) and Diaz (2020), presenting greater
complexity (Figure 4), being classified according to the international SCA standard as a
specialty coffee of excellent quality, as is the case with the natural processing method.
25
Figure 4. Sensory diagram of Catimor coffee by processing method
The results indicate that there are significant differences between the coffee processing
methods and the control sample. The washed and honey methods have better physical
quality than the natural and anaerobic methods but contrast in sensory quality where the
last abovementioned methods present higher values than the washed and honey methods.
These differences are mainly attributed to the selective harvesting, the processes of each
processing method, especially fermentation and drying, the migration of simple and
complex chemical substances to the coffee bean, and the metabolites resulting from the
metabolic activity of the microorganisms present during these processes. Finally, the
anaerobic method presents the highest sensory values due to the complexity of sensory
26
CONCLUSION
honey, natural and anaerobic in physical and sensory quality. The washed and honey
methods present similar physical quality but are superior to the natural and anaerobic
processing methods. The washed, natural and anaerobic processing methods improve the
sensory quality of Catimor variety coffee, and the honey processing method is not
recommended for the processing of Catimor variety coffee. Despite the lower physical
yields of the natural and anaerobic methods, it is recommended to use these processing
methods because of the significant increase in sensory quality, therefore, they are more
profitable. This increase is attributed to selective harvesting, the presence and interaction
of molecules and metabolites during the fermentation and drying processes, and the types
complexity of sensory quality with respect to other methods due to the development of
together with the natural processing method an alternative for coffee growers to generate
greater income and make coffee cultivation more profitable. There are also processing
methods such as red honey, black honey, lactic fermentation, malic fermentation, and
carbonic fermentation that could improve the physical and sensory quality of coffee, and
AUTHORS' CONTRIBUTION
RNVA wrote the manuscript and performed the experiment, GILM supervised the
experiment and co-work the manuscript, and GILM review and approved the final
27
3. REFERENCIAS
32, 2014.
225, 2013.
21:101330, 2022.
arabica coffee in yunnan province. Modern Food Science and Technology, 35(2):146-
156, 2019.
28
CRUZ-O’BYRNE, R.; PIRANEQUE-GAMBASICA, N.; AGUIRRE-FORERO,
beans from three processing methods and two types of packaging materials. Biotropia,
28(3):193-203, 2021.
FOLMER, B. The craft and science of coffee. London, Elsevier, 2017. 22p.
genotyping SH3 mediated coffee leaf rust resistance. Scientia Agropecuaria, 12(1):91-
99, 2021.
https://www.gob.pe/institucion/inacal/informes-publicaciones/2187944-gip-101-guia-
de-implementacion-de-la-norma-tecnica-peruana-ntp-209-027-2018-cafe-cafe-verde-
29
ITC. La Guía del Café Cuarta Edición. Ginebra, Centro de Comercio
https://intracen.org/es/recursos/publicaciones/la-guia-del-cafe-cuarta-edicion. Accessed
está en riesgo por bajos precios y altos costos de producción. Lima, Junta Nacional del
Colombia and Costa Rica 95) in the valley of el Perené, Junín, Perú. Chilean Journal of
397:133749, 2022.
MÁRQUEZ, F. et al. Relación entre las características del suelo y altitud con la
calidad sensorial de café cultivado bajo sistemas agroforestales en Cusco, Perú. Scientia
Gayo Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) with anaerobic fermentation process. IOP
30
MUSSATTO, S. et al. Production, composition, and application of coffee and its
Arabica Coffee in central aceh regency (case of Indi Gayo Coffee business unit). IOP
L.) de dos zonas de cultivo de la provincia de Sandia cosecha 2019. Revista Científica
calidad organoléptica de café (Coffea arabica L.) en Puno - Perú y La Paz – Bolivia.
(Coffea arabica L. var. Castillo) applying chromaticity maps obtained from digital
31
ROSAS-ECHEVARRÍA, C. W.; SOLÍS-BONIFACIO, H.; CERNA-CUEVA,
SILVA, S. A. et al. Coffee quality and its relationship with Brix degree and
methods, and soil quality on the physical and cup quality of coffee in the Kafa
the organoleptic and physicochemical quality of coffee: a short review. Journal of Food
32
WORKU, M. et al. Effect of altitude on biochemical composition and quality of
green arabica coffee beans can be affected by shade and postharvest processing method.
33
4. ANEXOS
34
6. ANEXO 2: TRADUCCIÓN AL ESPAÑOL
RESUMEN
calidad física y sensorial de cuatro métodos de beneficio de café (lavado, honey, natural,
Specialty Coffee Association (SCA) para evaluar la calidad física y sensorial, los
a los tratamientos en dos grupos diferentes: (1) control 71,17%, lavado 75,83%, honey
75,24% y (2) natural 44,45%, anaeróbico 45,70%; respecto a la calidad sensorial, de los
total en taza fue: 82,50 (control), 84,00 (lavado), 82,88 (honey), 85,75 (natural) y 87,38
35
Palabras clave: anaeróbico, beneficio de café; calidad física; calidad sensorial; Catimor;
INTRODUCCIÓN
bebida más popular del mundo después del agua (Hailu, 2015; Barbin et al., 2014), Perú
este producto es producido en 10 regiones del Perú desde 600 hasta 2,200 metros sobre
el nivel del mar (m.s.n.m), con una superficie cosechada de 375,000 ha (Junta Nacional
del Café, 2019). Por las diferentes altitudes en la producción, el Perú posee ecosistemas
diversos y cafés de diversas cualidades, los cafés especiales son una oportunidad de
mejora económica y social para pequeños productores, ya que el precio del café está
relacionado con la calidad (Márquez et al., 2020; Rosas-Echevarría et al., 2019; Silva et
al., 2014).
Research, 2020; Julca-Otiniano et al., 2018), por ello es mayormente cultivada en zonas
Los procesos postcosecha son determinantes para las características físicas y sensoriales
tiene gran influencia en la composición de los granos y su calidad (Velásquez & Banchón,
2022; Guevara-Sánchez et al., 2019; Rodrigues et al., 2020; Cândido et al., 2019). Existen
diferentes métodos de procesamiento o beneficio de café: vía seca o natural y vía húmeda
o lavado (de Oliveira et al., 2018; Hamdouche et al., 2016; Borém et al., 2013), también
el método semi seco o honey que combina los métodos anteriores (Aswathi et al., 2022;
Karim et al., 2019), el método anaeróbico también es una alternativa reciente, en la cual
36
la fermentación se realiza sin presencia de oxígeno (Mulyara & Rahmadian, 2021), estos
En los últimos años los cafés especiales son más requeridos en el mercado, la
Association (SCA), que clasifica los cafés especiales de 0 a 100 puntos, resultante de una
Tabla 1
variedades de café en la calidad, en especial en Perú y América del Sur, existen estudios
Korea estudiaron los métodos lavado, natural y anaeróbico (Kim et al., 2022), en
lavado.
Con el fin de generar mayores alternativas para los productores de café, aplicando
el efecto de cuatro métodos de beneficio de café (Coffea arabica L.) variedad Catimor de
37
MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS
Área de estudio
del distrito de Alto Inambari región Puno (Perú, Latitud: -13.993249, Longitud: -
69.237123; entre 1200 a 1330 m.s.n.m). La temperatura durante el periodo de estudio fue
obtenidos con un data logguer (TempU03, TZONE, Taiwán), durante los meses de julio
Material biológico
el área de estudio, sin cosecha selectiva), las plantaciones tienen 6 años cultivados bajo
experimental para realizar el beneficio de café, los frutos tuvieron entre 13 a 18 °brix,
medidos con un refractómetro óptico (M80, ATC, China), el color fue medido con un
realizaron tres repeticiones por medición de 30 frutos de café cerezo cosechados con
Rincon-Jimenez et al. (2021), el promedio fue L: 28.95 ± 5.12 , a: 11.22 ± 3.33 y b: 7.04
± 4.40.
Beneficio de café
aplicando metodologías realizadas por Karim et al. (2019), Alomia & Untiveros (2021),
38
Vilca (2014) y Mulyara & Rahmadian (2021), para cada método se realizaron tres
El método de beneficio lavado fue usado también para la muestra de control (método
tradicional), el tiempo de fermentación fue por 15 horas, el secado se realizó por 10 dias.
secado fue de 15 dias. El método beneficio natural se realizó secando las muestras después
tiempo de secado fue de 23 días. En todos los métodos de beneficio el secado se realizó
39
bajo sombra en bolsas zipblock, a condiciones ambientales de 12 a 18 °C y 39.8 a 58 %
de humedad relativa, estos parámetros fueron obtenidos con un data logguer (TempU03,
TZONE, Taiwán).
Coffee Quality Institute (CQI), se utilizó la metodología (SCA, 2003) usada como
estándar internacional que considera 10 atributos (fragancia, sabor, sabor residual, acidez,
cuerpo, equilibrio, uniformidad, taza limpia, dulzor, puntaje del catador), y el puntaje
total.
40
Rentabilidad
a los precios de acopio por quintal de café pergamino (campaña cafetalera 2021 – 2022),
estudio.
significancia Pr≤ 0.05, los datos fueron analizados con el software R 4.2.2 y RStudio
Desktop 2022.12.0.
RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN
Calidad física
Los valores de humedad se encuentran dentro del rango de 10 a 12% recomendado para
Tabla 2 se detalla los atributos físicos del café variedad Catimor sometido a cuatro
tratamientos cumplen con los criterios de exportación que coinciden con los valores de
Guevara-Sánchez et al. (2019) y ITC (2022), que indican que los granos de café
menor porcentaje de grano exportable, posiblemente porque esta fue cosechada sin
41
cosecha selectiva, es decir se procesaron granos sobre maduros, maduros, pintones, y
verdes, coincidiendo con investigaciones que concluyen que los estados de madurez
2021).
Tabla 2
Método de Beneficio
Atributo Control* Lavado Honey Natural Anaeróbico
Humedad 10,00% 10,50% 10,80% 11,00% 11,40%
Granulometría 14 (9%), 15 14 (3%), 15 14 (5%), 15 14 (4%), 15 14 (3%), 15
(N° malla) (91%) (97%) (95%) (96%) (97%)
*Cosechado sin cosecha selectiva
según la prueba de Tukey, agrupándose en dos grupos con rendimientos similares, pero
anaeróbico), esto es atribuible a la similitud de procesos de cada grupo, dado que en los
realiza con el fruto del café entero sin la remoción de la cascara y mucilago a diferencia
de los métodos lavado y honey. Los valores de rendimiento del método de beneficio
(Mamani & Condori, 2019; Jarata, 2015), también se asemejan con valores reportados
por Alomia & Untiveros (2021) en Satipo (80.83%) y Julca-Otiniano et al. (2018) en
con los resultados de Alomia & Untiveros (2021), 75.19% y 47.33% respectivamente,
respecto a los rendimientos de los metodos anaeróbico y natural son similares ya que la
42
Figura 3. Rendimiento de métodos de beneficio de café variedad Catimor
Calidad sensorial
Los resultados de la calidad sensorial se presentan en la Tabla 3, estos indican que existe
diferencia significativa entre los métodos de beneficio (p<0.05), los atributos de calidad
sensorial fragancia y cuerpo son diferentes para cada tratamiento afirmando que el
et al. (2022) y Worku et al. (2018), los atributos (sabor, sabor residual, acidez, equilibrio,
significativas, esto se atribuye a que los tratamientos se realizaron a una sola variedad de
café. El efecto del método de beneficio lavado mejora la calidad sensorial en mayor
medida que el método honey en la variedad Catimor, por generar mayores valores de
sabor y apreciación del catador, los atributos de calidad sensorial de mayor valor se
obtuvieron con los métodos de beneficio anaeróbico y natural, ya que el beneficio, secado
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migración de moléculas simples y complejas al grano de café, esto estaría atribuido a la
Tabla 3
Método de Beneficio
Atributo Control* Lavado Honey Natural Anaeróbico
Francia/Aroma 7,63 7,88 7,75 8,25 8,50
Sabor/Flavor 7,50 7,88 7,63 8,13 8,38
Sabor residual/Aftertaste 7,38 7,50 7,38 7,75 8,25
Acidez/Acidity 7,38 7,75 7,63 7,88 8,25
Cuerpo/Body 7,50 7,63 7,50 7,88 8,00
Equilibrio/Balance 7,63 7,63 7,50 8,13 8,00
Uniformidad/Uniformity 10,00 10,00 10,00 10,00 10,00
Taza Limpia/Clean Cup 10,00 10,00 10,00 10,00 10,00
Dulzor/Sweetness 10,00 10,00 10,00 10,00 10,00
Puntaje catador/Overall 7,50 7,75 7,50 7,75 8,00
* Cosechado sin cosecha selectiva
confirmando que existen diferencias entre métodos de beneficio (Várady et al., 2022;
Tassew et al., 2021; Alomia & Untiveros, 2021), la prueba estadística agrupa los métodos
de beneficio en tres grupos: (control, lavado, honey), (lavado, honey, natural), y (natural,
coincidiendo con lo propuesto por Rodriguez et al. (2020) que indica que no hay
diferencia química ni sensorial entre los métodos lavado y honey, el método de beneficio
coincidiendo con los resultados de Dharmaputra et al. (2021) y Tassew et al. (2022).
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Tabla 4
Catimor
Método de
Puntaje Calidad - Clasificación Descripción
Beneficio
Chocolate, cebada, panela, plátano
Muy Bueno -
Control* 82,50 verde, final áspero astringente,
Especialidad
acidez cítrica media, cuerpo jugoso
Chocolate dulce, manzanilla,
Muy Bueno - melaza, caramelo, final corto suave,
Lavado 84,00
Especialidad acidez cítrica media, cuerpo jugoso
terso
Caramelo, miel, chocolate, cereal,
Muy Bueno -
Honey 82,88 caña seca, acidez cítrica suave,
Especialidad
cuerpo terso
Vino tinto, uva, malta, final corto
dulce, caramelo de manzana, coñac,
Natural 85,75 Excelente - Especialidad
acidez cítrica media, cuerpo
cremoso y duradero
Piña, albaricoque, granada, manzana
roja, vino dulce, caramelo,
mantequilla, pasas negras, moras,
Anaeróbico 87,38 Excelente - Especialidad
capulí, acidez acética, fosfórica,
efervescente, cuerpo cremoso y
duradero
* Cosechado sin cosecha selectiva
sensorial (Paredes-Espinosa et al., 2022), esto se atribuye a que la cosecha se realiza sin
estos descriptores.
frutales, frutos secos, frutos rojos, acidez acética, fosfórica, y efervescencia coincidiendo
con los valores obtenidos por Jimenez et al. (2023) y Diaz (2020), presentando mayor
complejidad (Figura 4), clasificándose según el estándar internacional SCA como un café
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incremento significativo de puntaje total de los métodos anaeróbico y natural son
Los resultados indican que existen diferencias significativas entre los métodos de
beneficio de café y la muestra control. El método lavado y honey tienen mejor calidad
física que los métodos natural y anaeróbico, pero contrastan en la calidad sensorial donde
estos últimos métodos presentan valores superiores a los métodos lavado y honey. Estas
el método anaeróbico presenta los valores sensoriales más altos superiores por la
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microorganismos que se desarrollan en ausencia de oxígeno en el proceso de
fermentación.
Rentabilidad
La rentabilidad para los productores de café está relacionada con la calidad (Silva et al.,
regiones donde también se toma en cuenta la calidad física, es por esto que valdría la pena
realizar el beneficio de café con los métodos anaeróbico y natural, ya que de acuerdo a
kilogramos los siguientes ingresos por método de beneficio como mínimo: S/ 600
(control), S/ 750 (lavado), S/ 600 (honey), S/ 850 (natural), S/ 950 (anaeróbico), siendo
este último tratamiento el más rentable, seguido del método de beneficio natural.
CONCLUSIONES
Existe diferencia significativa entre los métodos de beneficio: lavado, honey, natural y
física similar pero superiores a los métodos de beneficio natural y anaeróbico. Los
café variedad Catimor, a pesar de los rendimientos físicos menores de los métodos natural
significativo de calidad sensorial, por lo tanto, son más rentables, este incremento se
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durante el proceso de fermentación, constituyendo junto al método de beneficio natural
una alternativa para los productores de café con el fin de generar mayores ingresos y hacer
el cultivo de café más rentable. También existen métodos de beneficio como honey rojo,
podrían mejorar la calidad física y sensorial del café, debiéndose estudiar también los
AGRADECIMIENTOS
de café CANDELARIA y al joven productor cafetalero Percy Cari por las facilidades
y co-work el manuscrito, y GILM revisión y aprobó la versión final del trabajo, RNVA
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