INDICE

BLOQUE 2 ............................................................................................................................2
MÓDULO 1: CRIMINAL MINDS .............................................................................................2
Criminal minds........................................................................................................................... 2
1. PAST SIMPLE VS PRESENT PERFECT............................................................................... 2
2. CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO............................................................................................... 5
3. MODAL VERBS: MUST, NEED TO, MIGHT, DON´T HAVE................................................. 6
Let’s practice! .................................................................................................................. 10
1. READING: JUVENILE CRIME ................................................................................. 10
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................ 11
MÓDULO 2: CITY CYCLING .................................................................................................. 12
What to do .............................................................................................................................. 12
1. THE IMPERATIVE FORM ....................................................................................... 12
2. I PREFER / I’D RATHER.......................................................................................... 14
3. QUESTION TAGS................................................................................................... 16
Let’s practice! .................................................................................................................. 20
1. READING: A GUIDELINE TO BE A GOOD... .......................................................... 20
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................ 23
MÓDULO 3: TELEPHONE .................................................................................................... 24
Tell me why ............................................................................................................................. 24
1. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CAUSE AND REASON. THE USE OF ´BECAUSE´....................... 24
2. EASILY CONFUSED PREPOSITIONS....................................................................... 26
3. GET + ADJECTIVE .................................................................................................. 28
Let’s practice! .................................................................................................................. 31
1. READING: GIVING REASONS AN MAKING EXCUSES ............................................ 31
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................ 33
ANSWER KEY B1.2.............................................................................................................. 34
BLOQUE 2
MÓDULO 1: CRIMINAL MINDS

WARMING UP
What are you going to see in this lesson?

➢ Forensic Science Lab

➢ Criminal minds
• Past simple vs Present perfect
• Can, could, be able to
• modal verbs: must, need to, might, don't have
➢ Learning words and expressions in context
• Confessions
• Forensic Lab

Criminal minds

1. PAST SIMPLE VS PRESENT PERFECT

Introduction

En este apartado vamos a repasar el uso de dos tiempos verbale relacionados con el
pasado, el pasado simple y el presente perfecto.

Explanation

USE

El pasado simple se utiliza para aquello que ocurre en un tiempo pasado (last week,
last month, two years ago…). El presente perfecto para hechos que:

- Tienen lugar en un momento de nuestra vida, pero cuando al hablar no

hacemos referencia al momento en el que ocurrieron (life experience).
- Para acciones que ocurren en un período de tiempo que todavía no ha
terminado (this week, this month, today).
- Cuando es la misma oración la que no ha terminado.

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Ejemplos:

Pasado simple:

• I wen to my friend’s house last week (Fui a cada de mi amigo la semana pasada)

Presente perfecto:

• I have been to Australia (He estado en Australia)

• I have taken an exam this week (He hecho un examen esta semana)
• I have lived here since 2010 (Llevo viviendo aquí desde 2010)

FORM

Pasado Simple:

- Affirmative: S+ V (-ed/2ªcolumna)+C

• She played the piano yesterday

- Negative: S+DIDN´T+V(forma base)+C

• She didn´t play the piano

- Interrogative: DID+S+V (forma base)+C?

• Did she play the piano?

Presente Perfecto:

- Affirmative: S+ HAVE/HAS+V (-ed/3ªcolumna)+C

• She has played the piano this morning

- Negative: S+ HAVEN´T/HASN´T+V (-ed/3ªcolumna)+C

• She hasn´t played the piano this morning

- Interrogative: HAVE/HAS+S+ V (-ed/3ªcolumna)+C?

• Has she played the piano this morning?

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REFERENCES

Pasado simple

- yesterday
- ... ago
- in 1990
- the other day
- last ...

Presente Perfecto

- just
- already
- up to now
- until now / till now
- ever
- (not) yet
- so far
- lately / recently
- since
- for

EXERCISE 1

Complete the sentences using past simple or present perfect.

1. He _____ three different cars since he got married. (To have)

2. I ___________studying 10 years ago. (To finish)
3. I ___________a very interesting book about the Spanish Empire (To finish/just)
4. I ______ the watch that my wife gave me during my last summer holiday. (To lose)
5. I _____ my grandparents four times this year. (To visit/already)
6. They ___________five years ago in Naples (To get married)
7. She _____ to London but she has a lot of friends there. (To be/never)
8. This is the first time I ___________to the Theatre (To be)
9. Today, I ___________tennis with my nephew (To play/not)
10. My mother is not at home, she _______ to the hospital when she heard about the
good news.

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 2. CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO

Introduction

Can, could y Be able to son verbos modales que expresan habilidad y capacidad.

Explanation

CAN

Es un verbo modal que sólo se puede utilizar en Presente.

• You can work (Tú puedes trabajar)

*Forma negativa: can´t / cannot / can not

COULD

Verbo modal que se puede utilizar para expresar los siguientes tiempos:

- Pasado:

• Could you work yesterday? ¿Pudiste trabajar ayer?

- En Condicional:

• I could do it (Yo podría hacerlo)

*Forma negativa: couldn´t / could not

BE ABLE TO

La expresión "to be able to" posee un significado similar a la de los modales "can" y
"could", sin embargo no es un auxiliar modal dado que puede conjugarse en todos
los tiempos verbales.

• I will be able to go with you (Podré ir contigo)

*Forma negativa: verbo to be en negative en el tiempo que se use.

• I won´t be able to visit my grandmother (No podré visitar a mi abuela)

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EXERCISE 1

Choose the appropriate verb tense of can, could or be able to.

1. Jenny___________ to play the piano since she was five.

2. George___________ count to a hundred by the age of ten.

3. I ___________ sleep last night because it was too hot.

4. I'd love___________ play the violin, but I don't have time to practice.

5. My grandfather has retired so he ___________ to spend more time in the

garden.

6. We ___________ to buy a new car this year because we don't have enough
money.

7. I ___________ meet you for coffee at 11, but I’ll only have fifteen minutes.

8. I ______ play the guitar when I was a teenager but now I am too busy.

3. MODAL VERBS: MUST, NEED TO, MIGHT, DON´T HAVE

Introduction

Los verbos modales son los que acompañan a otros verbos (actúan como
auxiliares) a la vez que modifican el sentido de éstos expresando habilidad,
posibilidad, necesidad, permiso u otra condición.

Explanation

MUST

Se usa principalmente para indicar una obligación o prohibición ("deber hacer algo" o
"no deber hacer algo").

Características:

- Va seguido de un verbo en infinitivo sin to.

- La tercera persona del singular no lleva -s en el presente simple.
- No necesita añadir el auxiliar do/does para la forma interrogativa y negativa.
- No tiene tiempos compuestos ni progresivos.
- No tiene infinitivo.

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 *Forma negativa: must not/mustn´t

Ejemplos:

• I must go to the doctor (Debo ir al médico)

• She mustn´t smoke (Ella no debe fumar)

*¡¡Ojo!!: Para usar must en pasado debemos recurrir a la forma en pasado de have
to: had to

NEED

Puede funcionar como auxiliar modal, aunque se considera un semi-modal porque

tiene algunas diferencias:

Características cuando se usa como modal:

- 'Need' es una excepción porque puede ir seguido de un infinitivo con "to".

- La tercera persona del singular no lleva -s en el presente simple
- No necesita añadir el auxiliar do/does para la forma interrogativa y negativa
- No tiene tiempos compuestos ni progresivos
- No tiene infinitivo
- Se usa principalmente en oraciones negativas e interrogativas para dar,
denegar o preguntar permisos.

*La forma negativa expresa ausencia de obligación: Needn't

Ejemplos:

• They need to study English (Ellos tienen que estudiar inglés)

• You needn´t have left (No tenias que haberte marchado)

MAY/MIGHT

Estos auxiliares modales los usamos para indicar posibilidad y permisos. Ambos son
equivalentes en su significado y el uso, pero might (podría) a diferencia de may (puede
que) expresa un menor grado de posibilidad.

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Características:

- Va seguido de un verbo en infinitivo sin to.

- La tercera persona del singular no lleva -s en el presente simple.
- No necesita añadir el auxiliar do/does para la forma interrogativa y negativa.
- No tiene tiempos compuestos ni progresivos.
- No tiene infinitivo.

Ejemplos:

• I may go to the beach tomorrow (probabilidad alta).

• I might go to the beach tomorrow (probabilidad baja).

DON´T HAVE TO

A diferencia de otros modales que expresan obligación, don´t have to se refiere a la

ausencia de una obligación, impuesta por una institución, una ley, una autoridad. En el
caso de ir en afirmativa, have to, expresa obligación impuesta.

Ejemplo:

• You don’t have to come if you are tired (No tienes que venir si estás cansado)
• We have to be quiet (Tenemos que estar en silencio porque el profesor lo
manda.)

EXERCISE 1

Choose the appropriate modal verb.

1. Andy _______ know how to make a barbecue. It’s not his first time.
a. Hasn’t to
b. Must
c. Needn’t
2. If she studies a lot, she _______ improve her pronunciation.
a. Needn’t
b. Might
c. Has to
3. Playing team sports _____ be quite hard sometimes.
a. Don’t have to
b. May
c. Needn’t

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4. You _______ visit the new restaurant in town, it is great.
a. Must
b. Might
c. Don’t have to
5. You _____ talk at the cinema.
a. Needn’t
b. Don’t have to
c. Mustn’t
6. My mother __________ take the bus to go to the office, it is very near her
house.
a. Doesn’t have to
b. Might
c. Must
7. You ________ bring a basketball. We can lend you one.
a. Needn’t
b. Must
c. May
8. Don’t worry Paul, you’ve got plenty of time, you ________ hurry.
a. Mustn’t
b. Might
c. Don’t have to

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Let’s practice!
1. READING: JUVENILE CRIME

Juvenile delinquency refers to antisocial or illegal behavior by children or adolescents

and is considered a serious problem all over the world. It is caused by social, economic
and cultural factors. This juvenile criminality is apparent in marginal sectors of urban
areas where children are exposed to violence in their immediate social environment,
either as observers or as victims. Because delinquents basic education, if they have any,
is poor they have been marginalized from society and destitute of any dignity or self
esteem. Although most legal systems prescribe specific procedures for dealing with
young criminals, such as juvenile detention centers and suppression, approaches to
prevent youth from becoming delinquent should also include measures to instill equality
and justice, fight poverty and create an atmosphere of hope and peace among youth.
These preventive policies should be given priorities over any coercive measures.

Socioeconomic opportunities and administrative services should be provided in rural

areas to discourage young people from migrating to urban areas. Similarly, youth from
poor urban settings should benefit from plans that focus on education, employment and
access to leisure programs, especially during long school holidays. Young people who
drop out of school or come from broken families should have access to specific social
programs that help them become responsible adults.

Information campaigns should be planned to sensitize youth to be aware of the

detrimental effects of violence on the family, community and society, to teach them
how to communicate without violence. Focus on the importance of family should
become a priority because it is the primary institution of socialization of youth and
continues to play an important role in the prevention of juvenile delinquency and
underage crime.

EXERCISE

Check your understanding: True or False

1. Juvenile crime is affected by economic factors

2. Migration might be another cause of juvenile criminality
3. Family is not an important factor when dealing with juvenile criminality
4. Suppression is not an option when dealing with juvenile criminality

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GLOSSARY

ENGLISH SPANISH EXAMPLE

Chemistry química I didn't like chemistry when I was at school
Die-hard/diehard acérrimo, intransigente My boss is quite diehard
Unfortunately, the evidence pointed in the
Evidence pruebas
opposite direction
estudiante de primer He wanted to be a musician when he was a
Freshman
año freshman
we could well bein the midst of a serious global
In the midst of en medio de
depression
Major estudiante de carrera I am a biology major
The police report was incomplete, so they didn't
Police report informe policial
have all the information
Sample muestra There would be no way to get a DNA sample
To figure out resolver I am going to figure out who stole my pen
To label etiquetar I'll label each of us with a one word description
To rock mecer The chair began to rock
Snuggling always helps me calm down and feel
To snuggle acurrucarse
secure
insondable, Unfathomable self-discipline can complete big
Unfathomable
inconmensurable projects without deadlines
In mythology mortals generally feared the wrath
Wrath ira
of the powerful gods

EXPRESSIONS SPANISH

Custodial chain Cadena de custodia

To solve the crime Resolver el crimen

Leap at the chance to do sth Aprovechar para hacer algo

Pay off dividends Traer beneficios

Pull an all-nighter Pasar la noche en vela

Do chores around the house Hacer las tareas domesticas

Feel a knot of fear Sentir un nudo de miedo

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MÓDULO 2: CITY CYCLING

WARMING UP
What are you going to see in this lesson?

➢ City Cycling

➢ What to do

• Imperativo

• I prefer/ I’d rather

• Questions tags

➢ Learning words and expressions in context

• Expressing opinions

• Giving instructions

What to do

1. THE IMPERATIVE FORM

Introduction

A continuación, vamos a ver cómo se forma el imperativo en inglés y para qué se usa.
El imperativo es una forma verbal sin persona ni tiempo, por tanto, invariable. Es uno
de los pocos contextos en inglés en el que no se expresa el sujeto.

Explanation

El imperativo lo usamos en los siguientes casos:

- Para dar órdenes

• Close the door! = Cierra la puerta

- Para prohibir
• Don’t worry = no te preocupes

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 - Para dar instrucciones

• Go straight on and then turn right = Siga recto y después gire a la

derecha
- Para advertir o pedir ayuda

• Be careful! = Te cuidado
- Para pedir algo

• Open the window, please = Abra la ventana, por favor

- Para hacer una sugerencia, aviso o recomendación

• Lock the door at night = Cierra la puerta con llave por la noche
- Para invitar u ofrecer algo

• Come with me to the beach = Ven conmigo a la playa

Usamos el imperativo solo con la segunda persona del singular y plural (you) y la
primera persona del plural (we).

Para la segunda persona (singular y plural), en oraciones afirmativas, se usa el verbo en

infinitivo SIN TO y SIN SUJETO. Ejemplos:

• Ve – Go
• Mira – Look
• Ven – Come
En oraciones negativas se usa el auxiliar do not (don’t) delante del verbo. Ejemplos:

• No vayas – Don’t go
• No mires – Don’t look
• No vengas – Don’t come

El imperativo para la primera persona del plural se forma con Let’s seguido del
verbo en infinitivo SIN TO. Ejemplos:

• Let’s go - Vamos
• Let’s play – Juguemos
• Let’s not play – No juguemos

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EXERCISE 1

Match these sentences to arrange the …the spaghetti with the tomato and
recipe.Boil onion.
Take …the onions with a little oil and salt.
Peel and cut …the spaghetti out of the water.
Fry …the onions and tomatoes into small
cubes.
Add …the tomato to the onion and fry them.
Mix …the spaghetti in salted water.

2. I PREFER / I’D RATHER

Expressing likes and dislikes

Introduction

▪ Para expresar preferencias en inglés pueden utilizarse dos formas verbales

distintas: prefer y would rather. Su significado es el mismo aunque varían las
situaciones en las que se emplean, así como la manera de construir la frase en uno
u otro caso.

Prefer to do/ prefer doing – Ambas se usan para expresar preferencias de carácter
general.

• I don’t like driving. I prefer to travel by train.

• No me gusta conducer. Prefiero viajar en tren.

Explanation
- Would prefer (to + infinitive) o gerundio (ing) – Se usa para expresar
preferencia en una situación particular.

• What would you prefer to drink, wine or beer? Beer, thanks. ¿Qué
prefieres tomar, cerveza o vino? Cerveza, gracias.

- Would prefer- Would rather (do) equivale a would prefer (to+

infinitivo) o gerundio (ing). Observe que en would rather desaparece la
partícula to.

• Would you rather have dinner here or at your house? ¿Prefieres

cenar aquí o en tu casa?

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- Prefer, would rather.

Muchas veces hay que plantear o sugerir alternativas frente a un

ofrecimiento, sugerencia o dar una opinión. Para ello se emplean también prefer y
rather de la siguiente manera:

• Would you like to have dinner tonight? ¿Quieres cenar esta noche?
• I’d rather go to the movies. What do you think? Prefiero ir al cine
¿Qué te parece?

También se puede responder con would prefer:

• I’d prefer going to the movies.

To like Gustar
I like dancing / I like to dance Me gusta bailar
I like almonds Me gustan las almendras
To love Encantar
I love dancing / I love to dance Me encanta bailar
I love almonds Me encantan las almendras
To dislike / I don’t like No me gusta
I dislike to drive at night No me gusta conducir de noche
I don’t like to drive at night No me gusta conducir de noche
I am crazy about cars Me vuelven loco/a los coches

EXERCISE 1

Choose the best answer to fill the gap in each of the following sentences.

1. I prefer (drinking/drink) coffee with milk in the morning.

2. I don't want to go to the cinema again. I'd rather (to go/go) to the theatre.
3. Although I love swimming on the beach, I think I prefer (swimming/swim) in the
swimming pool.
4. If I could choose I think I'd rather (visiting Rome than London/visit Rome than
London) .
5. They'd rather have lunch in the garden but I'd prefer (to eat/eat) inside because it
is cold.

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 3. QUESTION TAGS

Introduction

Las question tags son pequeñas preguntas que se colocan al final de una oración y que
generalmente tienen como objetivo confirmar o negar el contenido de la oración
misma. Es el equivalente a ¿verdad?, ¿a que sí?, ¿no?

Explanation

TRES REGLAS BÁSICAS

1. Las question tags utlizan siempre los verbos auxiliares

2. Con oraciones afirmativas el question tag es negativo
3. Con oraciones negativas el question tag es afirmativo

Oraciones afirmativas con el verbo TO BE en presente simple o continuo

Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en negativo: Am I not/ aren’t I? aren’t you? Isn’t
he? Isn’t she? Isn’t it? Aren’t we? Aren’t you? Aren’t they?

Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos:

• I’m late, am I not? (llego tarde ¿verdad?)

• It is a beautiful day, isn’t it? (Es un día hermoso ¿verdad?)

• Martha is angry, isn’t she? (Marta está enfadada ¿no?

• You are really tired, aren’t you? (Estás muy cansado ¿verdad?)

• They are very nice people, aren’t they? (Son personas muy agradables ¿no?)

• You are coming tomorrow, aren’t you? (Vas a venir mañana ¿no?)

• Pedro is flying now, isn’t he? (Pedro está volando en estos momentos ¿no?)

Recuerda que en el caso de la primera persona singular, utilizaremos am I not? Solo en

contextos muy formales y aren’t I? para todos los demás casos.

Oraciones negativas con el verbo TO BE en presente simple o continuo

Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en afirmativo o positivo: am I? are you? Is he? Is
she? Is it? Are we? Are you? Are they?

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Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos:

• I’m not late, am I? (No llego tarde ¿no?)

• It isn’t a beautiful day, is it? (No es un día hermoso ¿verdad?)

• Martha isn’t angry, is she? (Marta no está enfadada ¿no?)

• You aren’t really tired, are you? (No estás muy cansado ¿verdad?)

• They aren’t very nice people, are they? (No son personas muy agradables ¿no?)

• You aren’t coming tomorrow, are you? (No vas a venir mañana ¿no?)

• Pedro isn’t flying now, is he? (Pedro no está volando en estos momentos ¿no?)

Oraciones afirmativas con el verbo TO Be en pasado simple o continuo

Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en negativo: wasn’t I? weren’t you? Wasn’t he?
Wasn’t she? Wasn’t it? Weren’t we? Weren’t you? Weren’t they?
Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos

• It was a beautiful day, wasn’t it? (Fue un día hermoso ¿verdad?

• Martha was angry, wasn’t she? (Marta estaba enojada ¿no?

• You were really tired, weren’t you? (Estabas muy cansado ¿verdad?

• You were studying at 6, weren’t you? (Estuviste estudiando a las 6 ¿no?

• He was flying when I phoned, wasn’t he? (Estaba volando cuando llamé ¿no?

Oraciones negativas con el verbo TO BE en pasado simple o continuo

Se utiliza la misma forma del verbo en afirmativo: was I? were you? Was he? Was she?
Was it? Were we? Were you? Were they?

Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos

• It wasn’t a beautiful day, was it? (No fue un día hermoso ¿verdad?
• Martha wasn’t angry, was she? (Marta no estaba enojada ¿no?
• You weren’t really tired, were you? (No estabas muy cansado ¿verdad?
• You weren’t studying at 6, were you? (No estuviste estudiando a las 6 ¿no?
• He wasn’t flying when I phoned, was he? (No estaba volando cuando llamé ¿no?

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Oraciones afirmativas con otros verbos comunes o defectivos

Teniendo siempre en cuenta el TIEMPO VERBAL, se utiliza el auxiliar en NEGATIVO que

corresponde a la persona de la oración: didn’t she? Hasn’t she? Won’t she? Shouldn’t
she? Can’t she? Couldn’t she?, etc.

Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos:

• You went to Costa Rica in 1990, didn’t you? (Fuiste a Costa Roca en 1990 ¿no?
• Elena has traveled a lot, hasn’t she? (Elena ha viajado mucho ¿no?)
• Ann will be here son, won’t she? (Ana estará pronto aquí ¿verdad?)
• Tom should pass his exam, shouldn’t he? (Tom debería aprobar su examen ¿no?)
• You can play the violin, can’t you? (Sabes tocar el violin ¿no?)
• He could find a job, couldn’t he? (Pudo encontrar trabajo ¿verdad?

Imperativo y sugerencias o invitaciones

Después de la cláusula Let’s… la question tag que corresponde es shall we? (en
interrogativo afirmativo).

Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos:

• Let’s fo out dor a walk, shall we? (salgamos a dar una vuelta ¿Qué te parece?

• Let’s study tomorrow morning, shall we? (Estudiemos mañana por la mañana
¿sí?

Después del imperativo (do/don’t do something) la question tag que corresponde es

will you? (En interrogativo afirmativo)

Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos:

• Open the door, will you? (abre la puerta ¿si?)

• Don’t smoke in this room, will you? (No fumes en esta habitación ¿De acuerdo?

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EXERCISE 1

Complete the sentences with the correct question tags.

1. Mr McGuinness is from Ireland,________?

2. The car isn't in the garage,_________?

3. You are John,_________?

4. She went to the library yesterday,__________?

5. He didn't recognize me,___________?

6. Cars pollute the environment,________?

7. Mr. Pritchard has been to Scotland recently________?

8. The trip is very expensive,_________?

9. He won't tell her,__________?

10. Hugh had a red car,__________?

EXERCISE 2

Complete the sentences with the correct question tags.

1. The Mount Rushmore National Memorial Park is in Keystone,_________?

2. The rock was a sacred Indian site once,__________?

3. It has been a national memorial since 1925,_______?

4. The monument doesn’t show the bust of President Clinton,________?

5. George Washington was the first President of the United States,___?

19
Let’s practice!
1. READING: A GUIDELINE TO BE A GOOD...

How to be a Great Dad – 12 Awesome Tips

I’m often asked about raising six kids, and being productive and achieving goals and
changing habits in the midst of raising so many kids. But here’s the thing: I do all the
other stuff, the productivity stuff, because of my kids.

They, and my wife, are my reason for being.

It is my lifelong goal to be the best dad possible, and while there are many ways I can
still improve, I think I’m a pretty great dad already, when I sit back and think about it. I
know there are some readers who are just starting out in their careers as dads, and this
post is for you.

How can you be a great dad? As always, my list of tips:

1. Put their interests first, always. Do you enjoy drinking or smoking? Guess what —
it’s not good for them, and you’re setting an example with everything you do. I quit
smoking about 18 months ago not for my sake, but for my kids. Now, it is still
important to take care of yourself (otherwise you can’t take care of them), but you
should still have them in mind.
2. Protect them. As a dad, one of your main roles is protector. There are many ways
you need to do this. Safety is one: child-proof your home, teach them good safety
habits, set a good example by using your seatbelt, make sure they use a car seat if
below a certain age & weight, etc. But financial protection is also important: have
life insurance, car insurance, an emergency fund, a will.
3. Spend your spare time with them. When we get home from work, often we’re
tired and just want to relax. But this is the only time we have with them during the
weekdays, often, and you shouldn’t waste it. Take this time to find out about their
day, lay on the couch with them. On weekends, devote as much time as possible
to them. While work may be your passion, it won’t be long before they’re grown
and no longer want to spend time with you. Take advantage of these years. The
thing kids want most from their dads is their time.
4. Give them hugs. Dads shouldn’t be afraid to show affection. Kids need physical
contact, and not just from their moms. Snuggle with them, hug them, love them.
5. Play with them. Go outside and play sports. Do a treasure hunt. Have a pillow fight.
Play Transformers or Pokemon with them. Don’t just watch TV. Show them how to
have fun.
6. Do the “mom” stuff. Things that are traditionally considered “mom” duties are not
just for moms anymore — changing diapers, feeding, bathing, rocking them to
sleep in the middle of the night. Dads should help out as much as they can, sharing
these types of duties equally if possible. And in fact, if you’re a dad of a baby, this
is the perfect time to bond with your child. You should leap at the chance to do

20
 these things, because that’s how you start a life-long close relationship with your
child.
7. Read to them. This is one of the most important things you can do for your child.
First of all, it’s so much fun. Kids books are really cool, and it’s great when you can
share something this wonderful with your child. Second, you are teaching them
one of the most fundamentally important skills (reading) that will pay off dividends
for life. And third, you are spending time with them, you’re sitting or lying close
together, and you are enjoying each other’s company.
8. Stand by mom. Don’t contradict their mother in front of them, don’t fight with her
in front of them, and most definitely don’t ever abuse her. How you treat their
mother affects their self-esteem, and the way they will treat themselves and
women when they grow up. Be kind and respectful and loving towards their
mother. And always work as a team — never contradicting statements of the other.
9. Teach them self-esteem. Maybe this should be No. 1. Well, these aren’t in any
order, but this is one of the most important points. There is nothing you can do
that is better than giving them high self-esteem. How do you do this? A million
ways, but mainly by showing them (not telling them) that you value them, by
spending time with them, by talking and listening to them, by praising things they
do, by teaching them (not telling them) how to be competent. Praise and
encourage, don’t reprimand and discourage.
10. Teach them about finances. This is a point often missed in articles about dadhood.
You might not need to teach your 1-year-old about index funds or portfolio
diversity, but from an early age, you can teach them the value of money, how to
save money to reach a goal, and later, how to earn money and how to manage
money properly. You don’t want your child to go into the world knowing as little as
you did, do you?
11. Be good to yourself. You shouldn’t give up your entire life when you become a dad.
You need to take care of yourself, give yourself some time alone, and some time
with your buddies, in order to be a great dad when you’re with your kids. Also take
care of your health — eat healthy, exercise — because 1) you can’t take care of
your kids if you’re sickly, 2) you are teaching your kids how to be healthy for life,
and 3) you want to enjoy those grandkids someday.
12. Be good to the mom. This isn’t the same as No. 8 — you should be good to their
mom even when they’re not looking. Take her to dinner, give her a massage, do
chores around the house for her, give her some time alone and babysit while she
goes out, show affection to her, give her little surprises. Because when mom’s
happy, the kids are happy. And dad will be happy too!

21
EXERCISE

Reading comprehension. Choose true or false according to the text.

1. He has six children.

a. True
b. False
c. It doesn’t say
2. He quit smoking for his own sake.
a. True
b. False
c. It doesn’t say
3. Financial protection should be considered important.
a. True
b. False
c. It doesn’t say
4. Giving your children all they want is bad for them.
a. True
b. False
c. It doesn’t say
5. You should show affection.
a. True
b. False
c. It doesn’t say
6. You should not let them play videogames.
a. True
b. False
c. It doesn’t say
7. Do not change diapers.
a. True
b. False
c. It doesn’t say
8. You should tell them that you value them and how to be competent.
a. True
b. False
c. It doesn’t say
9. Having a good relationship with your partner will strongly influence your
children positively.
a. True
b. False
c. It doesn’t say
10. Take your children to dinner as often as possible.
a. True
b. False
c. It doesn’t say

22
GLOSSARY

ENGLISH SPANISH EXAMPLE

Belongings pertenencias These are your belongings

Crowded abarrotado The cinema was crowded on Saturday night

Hang up colgar Please, don't hang up

There are a lot of visually-impaired people in

Impaired desvalido, discapacitado
this community

Land line teléfono fijo I don't have a land line, only a mobile phone

Mobile
teléfono móvil Your mobile phone is Samsung
phone
Pick up (the
coger Someone is ringing, pick up the phone
phone)

Target blanco, diana He shot right in the middle of the target

To dial (a
marcar (número de teléfono) For an emergency, please dial 111
number)
desviar el curso de algo, la The soldiers worked hard to divert the
To divert
atención de alguien, etc course of the river
To
robar carteras I was pickpocketed while travelling in Spain
pickpocket

To retaliate tomar represalias The troops retaliated by firing into the crowd

To rob The thief robbed many tourists outside the

robar a alguien
someone café
To take out I need to take out some insurance before
hacerse un seguro
(insurance) travelling to South América

EXPRESSIONS SPANISH

Amazing Sights Vistas increíbles

Transport Hub Centros neurálgicos de transportes-estaciones, etc

Pay attention Prestar atención

Bag snatching Robar bolsos por el método del tirón

Pub crawl Hacer la ruta de los Pubs

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MÓDULO 3: TELEPHONE

WARMING UP
What are you going to see in this lesson?

➢ Telephone

➢ Tell me why

• Subordinate with because

• Prepositions of easy confusion

• Get + adjective

➢ Learning words and expressions in context

• Giving excuses

• Phone conversation

Tell me why

1. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CAUSE AND REASON. THE USE OF

´BECAUSE´

Introduction

En este apartado nos vamos a centrar en las oraciones subordinadas introducidas

por la partícula ´because´.

Explanation

Las denominadas “Adverbial clauses of cause and reason” son un tipo de oraciones
subordinadas adverbiales (impropias, ya que no pueden sustituirse por un adverbio,
al contrario de lo que sucede con las de tiempo, lugar y modo) que nos servirán
para explicar la causa, el motivo o la razón de lo descrito en la oración principal. Es algo
tan sencillo como:

• The match was cancelled because it rained a lot. El partido se canceló porque llovió
mucho.

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En este ejemplo, vemos como la oración subordinada (it rained a lot) nos explica
la razón por la cual ´the match cancelled´ (oración principal).
Tal y como sucede en español, en inglés existe una amplia variedad de “linkers” (o
enlaces) que pueden introducir este tipo de oraciones subordinadas. En esta lección
nos centraremos en la partícula BECAUSE (porque).

• I went to bed at 9.00 p.m. because I was very tired. Me fui a la cama a las 9
porque estaba muy cansado.

Como podemos ver, “because” va seguido de una oración (clause) y no de una frase
nominal, como sucederá con otros “linkers”.

Otras alternativas para hablar de causa o razón serían las partículas since, as y that.

Usamos las partículas since y as de la misma forma que because, delante de una
oración subordinada completa (con sujeto y predicado) pero, a veces, con un
significado ligeramente diferente:

- The match was cancelled because it rained a lot. / El partido se canceló

porque llovió mucho
- The match was cancelled as/since it rained a lot. / El partido se canceló ya que
llovió mucho.
Aunque no siempre funciona como alternativa cuando la oración no va acompañada
de otra oración principal:

- Why didn’t you come? Because I was tired. / ¿Por qué no viniste? Porque
estaba cansado.
- Why didn’t you come? Since/As I was tired.

Más opciones de las que disponemos para expresar causa son partículas como because
of y due to.

A diferencia de los casos anteriores, estos enlaces solamente acompañan a frases

nominales, es decir, sin verbo en forma personal.

- The match was cancelled because of/due to it rained a lot.

- The match was cancelled because of/due to the rain. / El partido se canceló
debido a la lluvia.
Sí que podremos encontrar verbos en forma no personal, es decir, gerundio o
infinitivo, en estas oraciones.

- He was very proud of himself due to his ability to solve problems.

25
Para que because of y due to funcionen con una oración completa debemos añadir the
fact that a estas partículas.

- The match was cancelled because of/due to the fact that it rained a lot. / El
partido se cancel debido al hecho de que llovió mucho.
Estos casos sí funcionan cuando aparecen en una frase aislada.

- Why did they cancel the match? Due to the rain.

- Why did they cancel the match? Because of the rain. / ¿Por qué cancelaron el
partido? Por/Debido a la lluvia

EXERCISE 1

Identify if the following sentences are correct or incorrect.

1. Frogs can hop because they can´t fly.

2. You have to speak louder because he can't hear well.

3. They like to watch soap operas because films on TV.

4. Henri is worried since he is late for an important meeting.

5. It was expensive, due to they gave me a discount.

6. Peter has a headache because a terrible a fever.

7. Tom studied really hard as he had an exam next day.

8. Jim is happy because he won the race.

9. We decided not to go to Bruges because of the weather.

10. Paul can't go to work because he has the flu.

2. EASILY CONFUSED PREPOSITIONS

Introduction

En esta lección, vamos a tratar con algunas preposiciones que provocan algún tipo
de confusión en lo que se refiere a su uso. Normalmente, solemos usarlas de
manera errónea. Así que, aquí explicaremos como diferenciarlas.

26
Explanation

Se trata de preposiciones de tiempo y lugar, y otras para introducir descripciones:

For vs during

Utilizamos for y during para referirnos a periodos de tiempo y ambos pueden ser
traducidos como ”durante”. Sin embargo, sus usos son bastante diferentes.

- Usamos for para referirnos a la duración de la acción.

- Usamos during para referirnos al periodo de tiempo en el que la acción se
desarrolla sin determinar la duración de esta.
Veamos la diferencia en estos ejemplos:

• I was on holidays for three weeks during the summer.

Estuve de vacaciones durante tres semanas [duración] durante el verano [periodo en

el que transcurre].

• They talked for a long time during the class

Hablaron durante mucho tiempo [duración] durante la clase [periodo en el que

transcurre].

By vs until

Las dos preposiciones se relacionan con límites en el tiempo. By significa que una
acción tiene que acabar antes o en el momento especificado por by. Until significa
que una situación continúa hasta el límite introducido por until. En el caso de by, nos
centramos en el final de la situación, mientras que con until nos centramos en la
situación:

You must be home by midnight vs. I can stay out until midnight

You have to return the book by Friday vs You can keep the book until Friday
Opposite vs in front of

Se trata de dos preposiciones de lugar.

In front of significa delante, sin ninguna separación de por medio, mientras que
opposite significa enfrente, con una separación entre dos lugares (por ejemplo, una
calle)

The car is park in front of the cinema vs. The bus stop is opposite the cinema

27
As vs. like
Las dos preposiciones se utilizan para establecer similitudes entre objetos, personas,
etc. As se utiliza para hablar del papel, trabajo o función que cumple un objeto o una
persona. Like se utiliza en estructuras comparativas.

She works as a model vs She walkes like a model

I work as a manager vs He acts like a manager

EXERCISE 1

Choose the correct preposition.

1. She really looks______ her mother (as/like)

2. Don’t use the glass _________ an ashtray! (as/like)

3. I need to finish my project___________ Easter (by/until)

4. I can’t wait ________tomorrow (by/until)

5. She studied Art _________ four years (for/during)

6. The met__________the war (for/during)

7. I can’t see the screen. You are standing__________ it (in front of/opposite)

8. My wife sat down___________me at the dinner table (in front of/opposite)

9. Jane speaks French, so she acted________an interpreter. (as/like)

10. They have an enormous house. It is __________ a palace. (as/like)

3. GET + ADJECTIVE
Introduction

En esta última lección de gramática de este módulo vamos a estudiar cómo hacer uso
de diferentes expresiones usando el verbo ´TO GET´ más un adjetivo.

Explanation

Usamos get + adjetivo para expresar cambio de un estado a otro como resultado de
una acción. En este caso get funciona como un auxiliar.

28
 - Get angry= enfadarse
- Get hungry = entrarle a uno hambre
- Get married= casarse
- Get tired= cansarse
- Get well = mejorarse, recuperarse, ponerse mejor
- Get thirsty = entrarle a uno sed
- Get dry = secarse
- Get ready = preparase
- Get dark = oscurecerse
- Get late = retrasarse
- Get cold = enfriarse
- Get serious = tomarse en serio
- Get fat = engorgar
- Get hot = calentarse
- Get busy = ocuparse, ponerse a trabajar
- Get anxious = ponerse ansioso
- Get angry = enfadarse
- Get impatient = impacientarse
- Get old = envejecer
- Get sick = enfermar
- Get thin = adelgazar
- Get bold = quedarse calvo.

• She left the window open and the table got wet. (Ella dejó la ventana abierta y la
mesa se mojó.)

Una cosa es estar mojado (to be wet) y otra mojarse (to get wet). Con get nos referimos
al proceso.
• You are going to get hungry during the class if you don’t have breakfast. ( Te va a
entrar hambre durante la clase si no desayunas)

Una cosa es tener hambre (to be hungry) y otra cosa es entrarte hambre (to get hungry)

29
EXERCISE 1

Match the following sentences.

1. Those apples are not green, they are a. getting ripe.

2. Why does Yadira b. got tired.
3. Yesterday I was doing aerobics but c. get dry.
4. He works in a very noisy place, he is d. get angry?
5. If you put the skirt near the window now, it will e. getting deaf.

EXERCISE 2

Match the two columns.

1. GET WELL A. enfriarse

2. GET DRY B. quedarse calvo

3.GET COLD C. calentarse

4. GET FAT D. oscurecerse

5. GET OLD E. engordar

6. GET HOT F. mejorarse, recuperarse

7. GET BALD G. retrasarse

8. GET DARK H. secarse

9. GET LATE I. enfermar

10. GET SICK J. envejecer

30
Let’s practice!
1. READING: GIVING REASONS AN MAKING EXCUSES

Muchas veces recibimos invitaciones para ocasiones a las cuales no podemos asistir y
en ese caso, toca escribir una carta o mensaje para disculparnos.

En esta unidad vamos a aprender cómo redactar una carta disculpándonos por el
hecho de no poder aceptar una invitación.

What You Say When You Want To Decline An Invitation Because of a Previous
Commitment

Dear_________,

Thank you so much for your invitation to (describe invitation).

I am grateful that you included me (us) among your guests for this special occasion. If
I (we) could make it, I (we) certainly would because it sounds like a lot of fun.
Unfortunately we have a prior commitment that we must keep.

I’m sure that (describe event) will be memorable, and we are truly sorry to miss
it. Do keep me (us) on your list, because I (we) look forward to seeing you again very
soon.

I appreciate your thinking of me (us).

Warmest regards,
Your name.

These are some samples of declining an invitation:

Dearest Mariam,

Thank you very much for your thoughtful invitation to attend Jane’s graduation party.
Unfortunately, John will be in Detroit on that day, and I am in charge of a community
fund drive that requires my attention that night. Otherwise, we would surely be there.
I'm sure it will be a great occasion.

Please convey our regrets to Jane and extend our warm congratulations to her on this
achievement. I'm sure you are justly proud.

Kind regards.

31
Dear Mrs Alison,

I am writing to acknowledge receipt of your invitation to your business dinner. I regret

that my schedule for this day prevents me from accepting your invitation. I do hope
that you may wish to keep me posted regarding future occurrence. Please accept my
apologies.

Yours sincerely,

Your name.

EXERCISE

Reading comprehension. Choose the correct word.

1. Thank you _____ so much for your invitation to your birthday party.
a. Every
b. Ever
c. Very
2. Unfortunately, we have a _____ commitment that we must keep.
a. Prior
b. Before
c. Former
3. I look forward ______ you again soon.
a. To see
b. See
c. To seeing
4. I _______ that my schedule prevents me from accepting your invitation.
a. Hope
b. Regret
c. Convey

32
GLOSSARY
ENGLISH SPANISH EXAMPLE
Ashtray cenicero Yesterday, I broke the ashtray that you gave me as a
present
Discount descuento, rebaja Since I work at the shop, I get a 20% discount on all
merchandise
Easter Semana Santa The kids get two weeks off school at Easter

Flu gripe He is in bed with flu

Hang up colgar Please, don't hang up!

Headache dolor de cabeza I've got a terrible headache

Land line teléfono fijo I don't have a land line, only a mobile phone

Soap opera culebrón, telenovela My mother loves watching soap operas

Pick up (the coger Someone is ringing, pick up the phone!

phone)
Screen pantalla I got a new 21-inch screen

To dial (a marcar (número de For an emergency, please dial 911

number) teléfono)
To get dry secarse The flowers got dry because they were not watered
enough
To get sick enfermar The belief that children get sick from playing outside
in cold weather is false
To get thin adelgazar Peter has got thin a lot from the last I saw him

To get well recuperarse, mejorarse, To get well, women with postpartum depression
ponerse mejor need realistic goals and support
To hop saltar Jane is able to hop 3 meters

To ring llamar (por teléfono) Someone is ringing, pick up the phone!

EXPRESSIONS SPANISH
This is Nicky Soy Nicky
May I speak to… ? ¿Puedo hablar con… ?
Nicky speaking Nicky al habla
Leave the message after the tone Deje un mensaje después del tono
Can I take a message? ¿Puedo tomar nota?
I’m afraid… Me temo que…
To get a message Recibir un mensaje
Hold on a moment Espere un momento

33
 ANSWER KEY B1.2

BLOQUE 2
MÓDULO 1: CRIMINAL MINDS

1. PAST SIMPLE VS PRESENT PERFECT

EXERCISE 1

1. has had
2. finished
3. have just finished
4. lost
5. have already visited
6. got married
7. has never been
8. have been
9. have not played
10. went

2. CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO

EXERCISE 1

1. Jenny has been able to play the piano since she was five.
2. George could count to a hundred by the age of ten.
3. I couldn´t sleep last night because it was too hot.
4. I'd love to be able to play the violin, but I don't have time to practice.

5. My grandfather has retired so he will be able to spend more time in the

garden.

6. We won´t be able to buy a new car this year because we don't have
enough money.
7. I can meet you for coffee at 11, but I’ll only have fifteen minutes.
8. I could play the guitar when I was a teenager but now, I am too busy.

34
 3. MODAL VERBS: MUST, NEED TO, MIGHT, DON´T HAVE

EXERCISE 1

1. Must
2. Might
3. May
4. Must
5. Mustn’t
6. Doesn’t have to
7. Needn’t
8. Don’t have to

READING
EXERCISE 1

1. True
2. True
3. False
4. false

MÓDULO 2: CITY CYCLING

1. THE IMPERATIVE FORM

EXERCISE 1

Boil …the spaghetti in salted water.

Take …the spaghetti out of the water.
Peel and cut …the onions and tomatoes into small cubes.
Fry …the onions with a little oil and salt.
Add …the tomato to the onion and fry them.
Mix …the spaghetti with the tomato and onion.

35
 2. I PREFER / I’D RATHER

EXERCISE 1

1. drinking
2. go
3. swimming
4. visit Rome than London
5. to eat

3. QUESTION TAGS

EXERCISE 1

1. Isn't he?
2. Is it?
3. Aren’t you?
4. Didn’t she?
5. Did he?
6. Don’t they?
7. Hasn’t he?
8. Isn’t it?
9. Will he?
10. Didn’t it?

EXERCISE 2

1. Isn’t it?
2. Wasn’t it?
3. Hasn’t it?
4. Does it?
5. Wasn’t he?

READING

EXERCISE 1

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. It doesn’t say
5. True
6. It doesn’t say

36
 7. False
8. False
9. True

MÓDULO 3: TELEPHONE

1. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CAUSE AND REASON. THE USE

OF ´BECAUSE´

EXERCISE 1

1. INCORRECT
2. CORRECT
3. INCORRECT
4. CORRECT
5. INCORRECT
6. INCORRECT
7. CORRECT
8. CORRECT
9. CORRECT
10. CORRECT

2. PREPOSITIONS OF EASY CONFUSION

EXERCISE 1

1. like
2. as
3. by
4. until
5. for
6. during
7. in front of
8. opposite
9. as
10. like

37
 3. GET + ADJECTIVE

EXERCISE 1

1. A
2. D
3. B
4. E
5. C

EXERCISE 2

1F; 2H; 3A; 4E; 5J; 6C; 7B; 8D; 9G; 10I

READING
EXERCISE 1

1. Ever
2. Prior
3. To seeing
4. Regret

Los ejercicios recogidos en este manual son los mismos que en el contenido
online, aunque algunos pueden variar su tipología debido al formato.

38