Types of Science

Types of science
Factual sciences
Also known as empirical sciences, they are those whose purpose is to

understand a fact or phenomenon. These sciences create mental or
artificial representations of the facts of reality. In this way he uses logic.
Students of science and the scientific method are based on natural facts
of an observable nature and from there, they develop knowledge.
Some authors suggest that factual sciences are divided into two groups.
The first is social sciences; sociology , economics and political science.
The second is the natural sciences: biology , physics , chemistry ...
However, these fields are usually separated from the factual sciences as
they are considered autonomous types.
Social Sciences
Social sciences affirm that human behavior is not adjusted to scientific

laws, as occurs with natural phenomena.
Social sciences are usually limited to deducing probabilities derived from

research and quantitative analysis of the frequency with which social
events occur.
Social scientists propose that natural phenomena have little influence on

human behavior. The fields of study of the social sciences are usually:
sociology, psychology , political science and history, among others.
Social sciences delve into societal variables such as freedom, oppression,

rules, political system and beliefs. In this way, they analyze the types of
organization and probabilities of future events.
One of the most significant tasks of the social sciences consists of self-
reflection and criticism of scientific activity. Which contributes to its
development, since it questions it and imposes ethical limits that could
undermine human integrity.
Natural Sciences
These use the hypothetical deductive method. The natural sciences are
nourished by rational reflection and observation of reality. Unlike the
social sciences, in these sciences events are determined by laws.
The applicable rules or laws of natural sciences obey the principle of

cause and effect. Which allows them to be totally predictable.
The application of the hypothetico-deductive method is elementary,

since it starts from observation to formulate a hypothesis, then deduces
its consequences and, finally, checks it with experience.
The natural sciences include chemistry, veterinary medicine and physics,

among others. Natural sciences have universal validity, which is why
they are often used to predict and anticipate phenomena that occur in
nature.
formal sciences
They are the sciences that start from the ideas formulated by the human
mind. They use the axiomatic-inductive method par excellence. Which
alludes to the fact that its axioms or statements do not demonstrate nor
can they contrast reality.
Its validity is situated in the field of the abstract, unlike the natural
sciences which are situated in the field of the concrete. These sciences
appeal to the rational analysis of knowledge for their validation.
They are also called self-sufficient sciences, since they can reach the
truth from their own contents and methods of proof. Within the formal
sciences, there are mathematics and logic.
Formal sciences are based on the study of ideas and analytical formulas
that are validated by rational analysis.
Other attempts at typification: Comte's

classification
Auguste Comte is considered one of the fathers of positivism and
sociology, which in fact he called “social physics” .
Comte made a classification that was later improved by Antoine Augustin

in 1852 and by Pierre Naville in 1920.
For Comte, the sciences had entered a “positive” state and this required
a hierarchical and generalized classification. In this way he organized the
sciences into:
 Math
 Astronomy
 Physical
 Chemistry
 biology
 Sociology
At the time of classification, sociology was not seen as a scientific

discipline, however, Comte justified it by stating the following:
“We now have a celestial physics, a terrestrial and mechanical or

chemical physics, a plant physics and an animal physics; "We still need
one more and the last, social physics, to complete the system of our
knowledge of nature."
Although Comte's classification model was valid for a long time, today
the model used is the one set out above.
References
1. Bunge, M. (2007) Scientific research: its strategy and

philosophy . Ariel Publishing. Mexico.
2. Ernest, N. (2006) The structure of science. Publisher: Paidos
Ibérica. Spain.
3. Encyclopedia of Classifications. (2016) Types of science .
Recovered from:tiposde.org.
4. Montaño, A. (2011) Science . Recovered from:
monografias.com.
5. LosTipos.com, editorial team. (2016) Types of science .
Educational gazette. Recovered from: lostipos.com.
6. Sánchez, J. (2012) Science. Publisher: Díaz de Santos. Mexico.

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Types of science

Also known as empirical sciences, they are those whose purpose is to

Social sciences affirm that human behavior is not adjusted to scientific

Social sciences are usually limited to deducing probabilities derived from

Social scientists propose that natural phenomena have little influence on

Social sciences delve into societal variables such as freedom, oppression,

The applicable rules or laws of natural sciences obey the principle of

The application of the hypothetico-deductive method is elementary,

The natural sciences include chemistry, veterinary medicine and physics,

Other attempts at typification: Comte's

Comte made a classification that was later improved by Antoine Augustin

At the time of classification, sociology was not seen as a scientific

“We now have a celestial physics, a terrestrial and mechanical or

1. Bunge, M. (2007) Scientific research: its strategy and

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