Canto (1998) Autoeficacia y Educación
Canto (1998) Autoeficacia y Educación
Canto (1998) Autoeficacia y Educación
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Autoeficacia y educacin
Jos Enrique Canto y Rodrguez
Sinopsis
El concepto de la autoeficacia elaborado por Bandura (1977 1986) se ha convertido en uno de los ms
estudiados en la ltima dcada. En este artculo se describe brevemente la teora de la autoeficacia, cmo se define
sus fuentes y sus dimensiones. Asimismo, se presentan algunos resultados de estudios que han aplicado este
concepto para explicar el aprendizaje y la motivacin en el contexto educativo.
Trminos clave: <Orientacin educacional> <teora de la orientacin> motivacin del alumno> <aprendizaje>
Abstract
The concept of self - effectiveness designed by Bandura (1977-1986) has become one of the most studied
concepts in the last decade. In this paper the theory of self - effectiveness, its definition, its sources and dimensions
are described. Some of the results from studies that have applied the concept of self - effectiveness to explain
learning and motivation in the educational context, are also presented.
Key terms: <Educational guidance> <guidance teories> <student motivation> <learning>
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Autoeficacia y educacin...
Introduccin
En el curso de nuestras vidas, los seres
humanos nos enfrentamos a un nmero infinito de
decisiones, problemas, y desafos. A pesar de las
estadsticas que nos informan de los problemas
emocionales y conductuales de las personas, la
mayora de la gente, la mayor de las veces, es capaz
de decidir adecuadamente, resolver sus problemas, y
superar sus retos. Una de las tareas ms importantes
para la psicologa es comprender la manera en que los
seres humanos se adaptan y logran superar sus retos
cotidianos.
En el ambiente escolar, las teoras actuales
que estudian el aprendizaje y la instruccin postulan
que los estudiantes son buscadores y procesadores
activos de informacin (Pintrich, Cross, Kozma, &
McKeachie, 1986). Las investigaciones indican que
las cogniciones de los estudiantes influyen en la
instigacin, direccin, fuerza y persistencia de sus
conductas dirigidas al logro (Schunk, 1989b;
Weinstein, 1989; Zimmerman, 1990).
Este trabajo tiene como propsito dar a
conocer una visin general de la teora de la
autoeficacia de Albert Bandura (1977, 1986) y
presentar, a su vez, algunos resultados de
investigacin que han utilizado dicha teora para
explicar la motivacin y el aprovechamiento
acadmico de los estudiantes. Durante la dcada
pasada, la autoeficacia ha recibido una atencin cada
vez mayor en su aplicacin a la investigacin
educativa, principalmente en el rea de la motivacin
acadmica (Pintrich & Schunk, 1995).
Teora de la autoeficacia
Bandura es considerado como uno de los
tericos ms importantes del cognoscitivismo. En
1977, con la publicacin de su artculo Self-efficacy:
Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change
(Autoeficacia: hacia una teora unificada del cambio
conductual), Bandura identific un aspecto importante
de la conducta humana: que las personas crean y
desarrollan sus autopercepciones acerca de su
capacidad, mismas que se convierten en los medios
por los cuales siguen sus metas, y controlan lo que
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