Environmental Science

The Compartmentalization Pilot Project (CPP), a water management project was introduced in 1989 which also called Flood Action plan (FAP-20) started in Tangail on 1991. The CPP project made a sluice gate on the Louhajang River at Jugini to protect the Tangail town from flood. There is a great impact of the sluice gate on the CPP area and also on agriculture and fisheries of the two parts of the sluice gate area. A study was conducted to assess the effects of sluice gate on fisheries and agricultural production both in upstream and downstream of the Jugini sluice gate in Tangail sadar during the period of July to December 2011. The study was performed mainly through survey methods with the assist of questionnaires and secondary information’s. The results of the study showed that the agricultural production increased in the downstream where the fisheries production decreased gradually. The present data was also compared with the secondary data collected from CPP since its construction on Louhajong River at Jugini. In dry season, irrigation problems occurred due to unavailable source of water. To check the upstream problems, an embankment on the Louhajang River on the upstream part is necessary to build. The sluice gate was established aiming for controlling flood and benefits for downstream area people. Hence, there is no changed in upstream part, moreover upstream area is flooded every year and damage crops, decreases natural fish production. Therefore, it is necessary to practice alternative way for fish culturing with proper training where crop land fish cultivation might be an easy accessible method.

The Principal determination of the study was to fix the extent of environmental sentience among the different classes of industrial workers. A hundred ten workers were selected through purposive sampling technique from several industries in the region of Tangail district, Bangladesh. Among the selected workers, the female respondents were 37 in number and rests of the 73 were male. The workers were asked questions to appraise their level of understanding considering environment, environmental issues, and their persuasion to solve the different environmental problems. The determinations disclosed that, majority (91.8%) of the workers have approximately general conception about environment, idea about pollution of environmental constituents, Global warming and climate change awareness. From the view of most (85.5%) of the workers, the country is most vulnerable due to environmental pollution and not executing competent rules and ordinance along with public awareness."

The study was aimed to review the damage of sanitation facilities; since Char land’s dwellers faces manifold challenges concerning sanitation, hygiene and water during flood. It also explored the possibilities of overcoming the negative impacts of floods on sources of safe drinking water and sanitation. The study result shows that, about 54% of the overall latrines were included ring slab with water seal, pit latrine, bush or hanging toilet of the flood affected people during the flood. Around 19% of the respondents use to do toilet in the open area during flood. Different NGOs e.g. Jamuna Char Development Project (JCDP), Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), CARE and Red Crescent Society of Bangladesh works for rehabilitation of the flood affected people and give early warning on the flood. Depending on location and sanitation conditions, drinking water sources may be contaminated by flood water during flood and many waterborne diseases can spread out like Cholera, Dysentery, Diarrhoea, diseases of the skin, Typhoid etc. meantime. The conducted survey also reports that, drinking water and sanitation condition is not dependable (on the commentary of 64.8% of the responders). Therefore, the flood affected people of Bhuapur are usually underprivileged from appropriate sanitation facility on flood. They somehow conform themselves while a chain of problems strikes hardly during flood.

The investigation was conducted on public awareness about disposal of solid waste and its impact in Thanapara, Beparipara and Kagmari of Tangail Pourashava. Data were collected through questionnaire interview from local residents, self-observation and secondary sources. The investigation was conducted among three major infected areas by selecting normal dustbin and open area during the different period from August to September 2011. In the study, total 100 respondents are interviewed and the result shows that waste are dumped here three times a day. Most of the respondents demand for wrong site selection and improper maintenance causing bad odor, diarrhoea, skin diseases, aesthetic problem etc. It was also found that the main sources of waste materials generation were the urban dwellers and most of the waste is dumped by metropolis. Some local people also dump their waste in the area. The study shows that the service holders, student respondents have better idea about the effects of dumping solid wastes at open sights than the other respondents.

The covers of mangroves in Sundarbans, one of the largest in the world, with a rich biodiversity and hosting a large variety of mangrove forests. The Sundarbans-extending about 6,017 square kilometers -likewise provides an effective flood and storm barrier for the millions who live in and around the coastal region as well as west bengal, kolkata etc. Merely this precious area is also under threat of development. It is frustrating that a large coal-fired power station at the mouth of the Sundarbans in Rampal of Bagerhat, along Poshur river, on the Bangladesh side of the boundary line with India is planning to be established, avoiding the potential hazards on the people around the project and the Sundarbans' creatures and plants. The Sundarbans is intersected by a composite network of tidal watercourses, mudflats and small islands of salt-tolerant mangrove forests, and confronts a fantabulous example of ongoing ecological processes. Forest areas are dominated by a few species mostly Sundri and Gewu and patches of Nypa palm and various other species of mangrove that are discovered in the Sundarbans, with having a particular biodiversity with a wide array of flora and fauna and some specified threatened species e.g., Crocodile, Indian python (Python molurus), admitting the Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris) and provides a significant example of current ecological processes (monsoon rains, flooding, delta formation, tidal influence and plant colonization). Meanwhile, it is a matter to be concerned when the forest is already confronting threats from trans boundary environmental effects (resulting Top dying effect on Sundari trees), deforestation, rise in salinity, pollution and extermination of many species primarily due to human negligence, ignorance and deficiency of implementation of laws, poaching and illegal wildlife trade. Due to battling distinct natural catastrophes Sundarban is already exhausted, furthermore the power plant will damage its overall condition, and then it will play the role of tacit spectator while a natural catastrophe would visit our domain from that sphere with rage. Moreover, the power plant will burn a lot of coal each year while a large volume of ashes and sludge or liquid waste would be produced. It would as well emit an ample amount of carbon dioxide (CO 2 )-

Tannery waste waters decrease the quality of water bodies into which they are discharged is of large scale environmental concern. Disposition of tanning effluents e.g. Chromium (Cr) into the environment creates inauspicious outcomes by modifying the normal physiochemical properties of soil and water. It is determined that Chromium is the principal threat whenever tanning industry derives in to practice. Cr is extremely venomous and carcinogenic to humankind, animals, vegetations and as well overall environment. The paper was executed solely on secondary information by conferring literature informants including scientific journals, conference articles document and internet site that focused on the effects of tannery waste water and assessment of alternative treatment options used to reduce, removal, retrieve or reprocess Cr from the waste water. Effective management of tannery effluent is the need of the hour. Although a lot of treatment alternatives were assessed to preclude its effect on the environment, neither of them forced out Cr completely. In some cases researchers however successful enough practicing biotechnological methods to reduce the strength and fatal state of Chromium (e.g., Cr(Vl)). Hence, treatment alternatives are either; complex, energy consuming, expensive or applicable to a indisputable portions of the world due to engineering science or proficient work force requirement. Consequently, to tackle these important challenge demanding environmental ordinance with jurisprudence implementation has to be practiced to apply improve treatment scheme which is widely applicatory. Defilers must acknowledge the environmental cost of their manufacture and treated according to polluter pay or precaution precepts. Furthermore, the general public has to be aware of it and all concerned organizations and authorities have to work hard to accomplish zero discharge level or leastwise to gain the standard limit of Chromium discharge.

The study was conducted on public sentience about associated problems with disposition of hospital discarded on the encompassing environment and its impacts on anthropoid and the surrounding environment. Data embodied through questionnaire consultation of local occupants, ego reflection and secondary informants. The investigation was conducted at Tangail Municipal areas, Kumudini Hospital at Mirzapur, Tangail and Gazipur Sadar Upazila, Gazipur. In the survey a hundred- respondents were questioned and the final result demonstrates, hospital wastes are greatly creditworthy as diseases and defective odor. As a resultant role, general people and environment confronts numerous troubles due to the dumping of hospital wastes. Significant differences among the respondents in their level of environmental awareness are also discovered in the study.

A study was carried out on Balu river with a view to observe and identify the present status of river water quality. A total of 42 water samples were collected from seven different locations adjacent to the Balu river area of Dhaka and Narayanganj district during September and October 2013. To study the water quality status, different physical and chemical properties viz. pH, EC, concentration of PO4, NO3-N, NH4-N, heavy metals viz. (Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe and Cd) were investigated and compared with the standards set by DOE (Department of Environment), Bangladesh. The study revealed that Balu river water properties changed with different months. Water colour was found as highly objectionable. The mean pH value (6.54 during September and 6.17 during October) indicated acidic nature of the water. Mean EC value (2.12 mS cm-1 during September and 0.39 mS cm-1 during October) and mean concentrations of PO4 (10.64 mg L-1 during September and 4.75 mg L-1 during October) exceeded the recommended limit for drinking and irrigation water. Mean concentration of NO3-N (1.74 mg L-1 during September and 1.21 mg L-1 during October), NH4-N (5.20 mg L-1 during September and 9.12 mg L-1 during October), The study indicates that the water of this river is not an immediate threat to ecosystem during September and October, but as some parameters exceeded the permissible limit, in future it may cause a potential threat to the ecosystem.

Rapid industrialization affects the environment in different ways by discharging the large amount of effluents as waste water in the surrounding water bodies, causing the serious problems to environment. Water pollution caused by industrial effluent discharges has become a worrisome phenomenon due to its impact on environmental health and safety. The effluents of some industries were collected and samples were analyzed to assess major ionic constituents, trace metal pollution and suitability for irrigation usage. An investigation has been made to ascertain the metals concentration in the effluents samples collected from different industries located in Choto kashor, Bhaluka. This study involves determination of physicochemical parameters and trace metals of industrial effluents at different study points. The pH of the effluent water ranged from 7.5 to 9.8 with a mean value of 8.59 indicating alkalinity of water. EC of all collected effluent samples were within the range of 94.87 to 365.58 +S cm-1 with an average of 263.082 +S cm-1  indicating effluents of low salinity. The DO was within the range of 0.30 to 1.3 mg L-1 indicating that aquatic life is in under stress. Total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 53.68 to 267.05 mg/L. Considering TDS, all the samples were rated as fresh water (<1000 mg L-1). On the other hand, the cationic chemistry indicated that most of the samples showed dominance sequence as Na > K > Ca. Concentrations of Cu (0.0405 mg/L) and Pb (0.0003 mg/L) were found lower the allowable levels of industrial waste water. Among the studied trace metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn), the dominant metal was Zn and although the concentration varied from 0.2 to 1 mg/L, which are suitable for irrigation but unsafe for the purpose of aquaculture. Besides this, all of the effluent samples possess no Cd and Ni which comprises less the minimum acceptance level indicating there is no possibility of Cd and Ni contamination to harm aquatic organisms along with irrigation. However, the waste water of the study area can be used for irrigation hence it is acceptable considering quality for aquaculture except some sampling sites. High values of some properties of distinct samples reveals the suitability for irrigation but restricted the suitability of water in this area for aquaculture and domestic use. Moreover it demands suitable water management as well as proper treatment and possesses the necessity to pre-treat the wastes prior to release to the environment or fully treatment when the wastes will be discharged directly to surface or ground waters.

An investigation was made to ascertain heavy metals concentration in effluent samples collected from different textile and garments industries located at Bhaluka industrial area, Mymensingh, Bangladesh during August to November, 2013. Atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) was used to evaluate the concentration of Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr) and Lead (Pb) in the samples. The study revealed that heavy metals were present in variable amounts, where the concentrations of Cu (0.0405 ppm) and Pb (0.0003 ppm) were found lower than recommended level for industrial waste water. Among the present trace metals, the highest concentration (0.2-1.0 ppm) was found in Zn. Although the concentration is suitable for irrigation, it is unsafe for aquaculture. Besides, all of the wastewater samples possessed no Cr, Cd and Ni, which comprised less of the minimum acceptance level, indicating no possibility of contamination. However, comparing findings of this study with the safe limits for industrial wastewater, it can be concluded that the waste water of the study area except some sampling sites can be used for irrigation and aquaculture.

IPEN is an interna�onal organiza�on promo�ng safe chemical policies and prac�ces that protect human health and the environment. This project is funded by the European Union. Delega�on of the European Union. The European Commission is the EU's execu�ve body. Environment and Social Development Organiza�on-ESDO is a partner organiza�on of the Asian Lead Paint Elimina�on Project, a project of IPEN. mxmvhy ³ iO gvbe¯v¯' I cwi ‡e ‡ki Rb¨ Sy u wK cª Kvkbvq Gbfvqib ‡g›U A¨vÛ †mvmvj †W ‡fjc ‡g›U AM© vbvB ‡Rkb-Gm ‡Wv cª KvkbvKvj A ‡±vei, 2014 (cª _g cª Kvk) wW ‡m¤î, 2014 (I ‡qe ms¯‹iY) m¤úv`bv cl© W. kvnwiqvi †nv ‡mb, wmÏxKv my jZvbv M ‡elYv I MÖ š' bvq ivBmv my jZvbv, we`ÿr P›`ª miKvi mn ‡hvwMZvq †gvt Avjx †nv ‡mb, gvgy b-Dj nvmvb, KvImvi DwÏb gviaed cÖ ZxwZ Kvgvj, †RwmKv K¬ vK© , Av ‡gbv †eMg iaegv ISBN: 978-984-33-8316-7 wWRvBb I gỳª Y Gm.G wcÖ ›Uvm© wjwg ‡UW, 1/1 mv ‡ne evRvi, AvwRgcy i, XvKv cª KvkbvwU Gwkqv †jW †cB›U Gwjwg ‡bkb cª K ‡íi AvIZvq, BD ‡ivcxq BDwbq ‡bi my BP Gwkqv cª K ‡íi A_© vq ‡b cª KvwkZ| †hvMv ‡hvM evwo: 8/1, eø K-wm, jvjgvwUqv, XvKv-1207, evsjv ‡`k †dvb: +88 02 912 2729, d¨v·: +88 02913 0017 B- †gBj: [email protected], I ‡qe mvBU: www.esdo.org cª Kvkbv ¯Ẑ¡ : Gm ‡Wv, 2014 me©Ẑ¡ msiwÿZ|

The objective of this study was to ascertain textile and garments effluents’ quality parameters and suitability for irrigation and aquaculture. Concentration of different parameters i.e. pH, temperature, color, odor, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS) and concentration of ionic constituents viz. Na+, K+, Ca2+ and PO42- of effluents were investigated in Bhaluka industrial area of Mymensingh, Bangladesh during August to November, 2013. Study revealed that there were distinct variations in values of different parameters. Among the samples, pH values ranged from 7.5 to 9.8 indicating alkalinity of water. Temperature (26.8-30.2oC) was found within permissible expelling limits. Observed color and odor of the effluents indicated poor quality to use for irrigation and aquaculture purposes. EC value (94.87-365.58 µScm-1) indicated low salinity level of the effluents. DO was within the range of 0.30 to 1.3 mg/L indicating aquatic life was under stress. Considering TDS (53.68 to 267.05 mg/L), all the samples were rated as fresh water (<1000 mg/L). Ratios of mean concentrations to background values were ranked in this sequence: Na+> K+> PO43-> Ca2+. Overall study revealed that due to imbalance in values of different water quality parameters all of the samples were unsuitable for irrigation and aquaculture.

The study has endeavored to investigate the urban development and its impacts on Tangail municipality, Tangail, Bangladesh. The factual data have been collected from secondary sources, while the perceptual data are based on survey questionnaires on the opinions of respondents (by in-depth consultation and interviews). The study displays that, the population of Tangail municipality rapidly augmented after 1971. For instance, the population rose from 19.875 thousand in 1961 to 128.785 thousand in 2001. Additionally, the area of Tangail municipality was 15.50 km2 in 1981 which has expanded to 29.40 km2 in 2001. The proposed area of Tangail municipality was five km2. In 1951 the level of urbanization in Tangail municipality was 1.79% which has experienced a sharp rise of 12.99 % in 2001. The study found that, the enlarged urbanization in Tangail town has resulted in higher population density, increased demand for food, alleviation of environmental pollution, increased traffic congestion, generation of solid waste, inadequate garbage disposal, effluent disposal into rivers, crime and disappearing green and open space in the Tangail municipality.