Lead in Paint: A Threat to Human Health and the Environment

Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 4 Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment Environment and Social Development Organiza�on-ESDO is a partner organiza�on of the Asian Lead Paint Elimina�on Project, a project of IPEN. IPEN is an interna�onal organiza�on promo�ng safe chemical policies and prac�ces that protect human health and the environment. This project is funded by the European Union. Delega�on of the European Union. The European Commission is the EU’s execu�ve body. Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment Published by Environment and Social Development Organiza�on-ESDO Publica�on year October, 2014 (First Publica�on) December, 2014 (Web Edi�on) Editorial Team Dr. Shahriar Hossain, Ms. Siddika Sultana Research Raisa Sultana, Biddut Chandra Sarker Support Team Md. Ali Hossain, Mamun ul Hassan, Kawser Uddin Maruf Pra�ee Kamal, Jessica Clark, Amena Begum Ruma ISBN: 978-984-33-8316-7 Design & Print S.A Printers Limited, 1/1 Sheikh Shaheb Bazar, Azimpur, Dhaka Produced as part of the Asian Lead Paint Elimina�on Project Supported by the European Union’s SWITCH Asia Programme Contact Address House # 8/1, Level # 5, Block # C, Lalma�a, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh, Phone: 880-2-912-2729 Fax: 880-2-913-0017, E-mail: [email protected], Web: www.esdo.org Copyright © ESDO, 2014, all rights reserved. Foreword Lead is used in paints to enhance its finish and increase durability. In Bangladesh, most branded paints contain lead in various concentra�ons. Lead can be harmful to people of all ages. Lead also has detrimental effects on the environment. It is hoped this small contribu�on will help to increase public awareness regarding the toxic issue of leaded paint. Environment and Social Development Organiza�on-ESDO is a non-governmental organiza�on working on environmental and health issues with various stakeholders. Since 1990, the organiza�on has worked to create a toxic free Bangladesh and sustainable living environment. In line with this effort, ESDO has been working since 2009 with small and large paint manufacturers and importers to eliminate lead from the paints of local and mul�na�onal brands. In this booklet, the concentra�on of lead in household decora�ve paints over four years (2010, 2012, 2013, and 2014) has been recorded. Tested results of both local and mul�na�onal branded paints depict that lead concentra�on greatly exceeded the advised level of lead in paints. ESDO is trying to eliminate lead in paint and raise widespread awareness among business and consumers about the adverse human health impacts of lead-based decora�ve paints, par�cularly on the health of children. Bangladesh currently does not have any legisla�on regarding the concentra�ons of lead in paint. Therefore, we are expec�ng legisla�on on this issue so that produc�on, impor�ng and use of paints containing lead are eliminated. We also believe, with the combined efforts of all stakeholders can achieve the manufacture, import and use of lead free paints by 2017 in Bangladesh. Siddika Sultana Execu�ve Director Environment and Social Development Organiza�on-ESDO Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 4 Table of Content 1. What is Lead? 7 2. Uses of Lead 7 3. Lead In Paint: Human exposure 7 4. Impacts of Lead 8 4.1. Impact on children 8 4.2. Impact on adults 9 4.3. Impacts on the Economy 10 4.4. Impacts on the Environment 10 5. ESDO’s Ac�vity 11 6. Tes�ng lead levels is in paint 12 6.1. Result in 2013 12 6.2. Result in 2014 12 6.3. Photographs of ESDO’s recent ac�vi�es 13 7. Interna�onal Regula�on and Law 18 8. Interna�onal Organiza�ons 18 9. Simple steps to protect your family from lead hazards 19 10. Important Facts 20 11. What you can do to reduce lead hazards in your home 20 12. Asian Countries’ Ac�vi�es 23 13. Recommenda�ons 24 13.1. For the government and relevant agencies 24 13.2. For individual consumers as well as organiza�ons 24 13.3. For paint manufacturers 24 IEC MATERIALS 29 NEWS CLIPPINGS 31 References 32 Appendix 33 Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 6 1. What is Lead? Lead (chemical symbol Pb) is a so�, bluish-gray heavy metal that is highly poisonous and may be present in air, water and soil. In Bangladesh, many older and even new homes are coated with lead based paints. Lead carbonet (PbCO3) and lead chromate (PbCrO4) widely used in enamel paints cause harmful effects on human health and environment. 2. Uses of Lead Lead paint is currently the largest source of lead in homes. However lead is also contained in many other products including: • Imita�on jewelry • Make-up, par�cularly lips�ck • Leaded glazed dishes and lead crystal glassware • Soil, par�cularly from areas which have been used to store leaded petrol or lead based paint • Electrical and electronic equipments • Lead-acid ba�eries • Childrens’ toys • Plumbing materials 3. Lead in paint: Human exposure Well-maintained paint generally does not pose a health risk. In poorly managed houses, lead-based paint, which may be several layers down, flakes and peels off. Paint failure is usually caused by moisture problems. Some�mes rubbing or force causes paint failure. Doing work improperly can also cause the release of dust par�cles. As lead based paint deteriorates, lead collects in dust, Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 7 which se�les on floors, window troughs and other surfaces. Children touch the dust, put their fingers in their mouths and ingest lead. In addi�on, children can be exposed to lead by directly inges�ng paint. Renova�ons of building covered in lead paint can be a par�cularly big problem during remodelling. When surfaces are scraped or sanded large amounts of lead dust are released, which can become a health hazard. The pathways from numerous sources that expose humans to lead: 4. Impacts of Lead Lead harms human health as well as environment. The nega�ve impacts are men�oned as follows: 4.1 Impacts on children • Damage to the brain and nervous system • Behavioral problems and learning problems • Lower IQ and hearing problems • Slowed growth Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 8 • Anemia • Liver and kidney damage • Hyperac�vity • Developmental delays • Seizures • In extreme cases, coma even death. Pregnant women should avoid lead as even low levels can cause miscarriage, s�llbirth, premature birth and minor malforma�ons. 4.2 Impacts on adults Lead is also harmful to adults. Adults can suffer from: • High blood pressure • Diges�ve problems • Memory and concentra�on problems • Muscle and joint pain • Effects on nervous system • Cardiovascular effects, increased blood pressure and incidence of hypertension • Decreases kidney func�on • Reproduc�ve problems (in both men and women) Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 9 • Moderate levels of lead exposure can cause kidney failure and cancer in adults. High levels of lead exposure will damage the nervous system, causing tremors, hallucina�ons, coma and death. 4.3 Impacts on the Economy A recent study, considered the neurological effects on lead exposed children, measured by reduced IQ points, and correlated lead exposure-related reduc�ons in life�me economic produc�vity as expressed in lifelong earning power. Broken down by region, the economic burden of childhood lead exposure is es�mated in the following regions to be: • Africa: $134.7 billion of economic loss or 4.03% of Gross Domes�c Product (GDP). • La�n America and the Caribbean: $142.3 billion of economic loss or 2.04% of GDP. • Asia: $699.9 billion of economic loss or 1.88% of GDP. (Source: ELIMINATE LEAD PAINT: PROTECT CHILDREN’S HEALTH, September 2013, IPEN) 4.4 Impacts on the environment Lead can be harmful not only for human health but also for the environment. Lead dust can easily mix with the en�re ecosystem through air and water. Lead accumulates in soil reducing soil fer�lity, inhibi�ng organic ma�er breakdown and microorganisms, which play a key role in soil health. Plants absorb lead, which reduces their growth rate & fer�lity. Lead affects the biodiversity of the aqua�c environment as it gets drained into the ground water. As a result, the whole ecosystems suffers from the harmful effects of lead. Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 10 5. ESDO’s ac�vity The Asian Lead Paint Elimina�on Project is being implemented by IPEN over a period of three years in seven countries (Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand) with funding from the European Union (EU) totaling €1.4 million. ESDO together with IPEN is implemen�ng this project in Bangladesh. Under this project implementa�on ESDO has conduced survey, stakeholder consulta�on, public awareness, policy lobbying, paint sampling, laboratory tes�ng and guidelines for na�onal legisla�on, third party cer�fica�on, and eco-labeling. ESDO has set up a standard level of 50 ppm in lead to achieve by 2015, and a target to eliminate lead paint by 2017. • ESDO has been celebra�ng GAELP (Global Alliance for the Elimina�on of Lead in Paint) week every year since 2012 to raise public awareness and prevent children’s exposure to lead via paints containing lead in Bangladesh. • In 2012-13 ESDO purchased 90 cans of oil-based (enamel) household paints represen�ng 34 brands from different stores in the two largest ci�es (Dhaka and Chi�agong) of Bangladesh. The paint samples were sent to a lab in Italy to be analyzed for lead content. This was the largest sampling of lead in paint ever undertaken in Bangladesh and it expands on the work undertaken in the study of 2010-11. • In 2014, ESDO conducted a signature campaign. Approximately 10,000 signatures were collected from Dhaka, Chi�agong, Rajshahi, Bogra and Natore for the submission of the pe��on to the Honorable Prime Minister of Bangladesh. Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 11 • Awareness campaigns and workshops are arranged regularly by ESDO, including school awareness campaigns. The school workshops facilitate open discussion, presenta�ons and video documentary with students. 6. Tes�ng lead levels in paint ESDO collected paint samples of different brands in a variety of colors and sent the samples to foreign labs for the analysis of lead levels. The sample results are expressed as parts per million (ppm), based on the dry weight of the digested sample. 6.1 Result in 2013 • The average concentra�on of all analyzed paints was 11,900 ppm. • The highest lead concentra�on was 123,000 ppm or over 1,300 �mes the recommended limit. • Compared to tes�ng done in 2011 the highest lead concentra�on has increased, however the propor�on of paints below the recommended limit have also increased. • Bright colors have par�cularly high lead content; almost 80% of yellow paints had lead concentra�ons over 600 ppm. 6.2 Results in 2014 • Paint sampling was done for the third �me in 2014. 17 samples from 8 manufacturing companies were collected and sent to Sommariya Lab, Venice, Italy for further analysis. • In 2014, a total of 17 cans of new enamel decora�ve paint from 8 brands were purchased in Bangladesh and analyzed for total lead content. Only three colors were chosen for the sampling – red, yellow and orange. • The average concentra�on of all analyzed paints was 23,699 ppm. The average was somewhat inflated by a small number of paints with very high concentra�ons. There was a large degree of variability in the range of lead content; the standard devia�on was 36,384 ppm. The highest concentra�on was found at 132,000 ppm. • Out of 17 samples, one sample had excessive concentra�ons of lead (over 100,000 ppm), 7 paint samples were very highly concentrated with lead (11,000 to 70,000 ppm 3 of the paint samples contained high Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 12 concentra�ons between 2000 to 5000 ppm. 2 samples had lead concentra�on of 90 to 300 ppm, and 4 samples had low lead concentra�on below 50 ppm. One brand claimed they are maintaining the USA standard limit of 90 ppm, though 115 ppm lead was detected in the orange colored paint. Lead concentra�on No. of samples Below 50 ppm 4 90-300 ppm 2 2000-5000 ppm 11,000-70,000 ppm More than 100,000 ppm 3 7 Lowest Highest concentra concentra Average �on �on 132,000 ppm (Yellow) 10 ppm (Red) 23,699 ppm 1 Total = 17 6.3 Photographs of ESDO’s recent ac�vi�es Campaigning in rural and urban schools: “Go for lead free paint” Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 13 Art compe��on and prize distribu�on among par�cipants Signature campaign for lead free paint Collec�on of lead dust for analysis Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 14 Workshop on ‘Lead paint situa�on in Bangladesh’ Purchased paints and other materials for sample prepara�on ESDO’s staffs are preparing sample slides of paint for lab analysis Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 15 ESDO’s consulta�ons with paint manufacturers and media persons Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 16 The Green Club members of ESDO organized human chain in front of the Na�onal Press Club and rally in the Dhanmondi area to create public awareness Na�onal report on Lead in New Enamel Household Paints of Bangladesh and Annual Report on IPEN/SWITH Asia Lead Elimina�on from Paint Project by ESDO. Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 17 7. Interna�onal Regula�on and Law Most highly industrial countries adopted laws or regula�ons (Appendix) to control the lead content of decora�ve paints (the paints used on the interiors and exteriors of homes, schools, and other child occupied facili�es) in the 1970s and 1980s. According to the European Commission, regula�on of lead-based paint for household use has been restricted in the U.S. since 1978. However, it can be used in limited industrial se�ngs in the country. While the EU stopped the sale of lead-based paint to the general public in 1992, lead paint used in restoring and maintaining Europe's historic interiors, monuments and artworks could take on special "hazardous" status, under new measures being weighed by the European Union. The European Commission is to label lead as “officially hazardous to reproduc�on,” which would thereby mandate hazard labelling for paints containing lead across the EU, the agency announced. 8. Interna�onal Organiza�ons The Interna�onal POPs Elimina�on Network (IPEN), comprised of 700 par�cipa�ng organiza�ons in 116 countries, has been instrumental in making lead in paint an issue of global concern. The adop�on of a 2009 IPEN proposal presented to the 2nd Interna�onal Conference on Chemicals Management created the Global Alliance to Eliminate Lead Paint, which is now led by the United Na�ons Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Health Organiza�ons (WHO). The World Health Organiza�on (WHO) and the United Na�ons Environment Programme (UNEP) jointly ini�ated the Global Alliance to Eliminate Lead Paint (GAELP) to focus and catalyze efforts to achieve interna�onal goals. To prevent children’s exposure to lead paint and to minimize occupa�onal exposures to lead paint and promote the phase-out of the manufacture and sale of paints containing lead and eventually eliminate the risks that such paints pose is the main and broad objec�ve of the programme; lead is one of ten chemicals of major public health concern. The goal of the Week of Ac�on is to raise awareness worldwide about lead poisoning and strengthen ac�ons to eliminate the use of lead in paint. Governments, organiza�ons, business, and individuals from around the world Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 18 are encouraged to par�cipate. The Global Alliance provides par�cipants with informa�on and marke�ng materials that can be adapted to fit individual events and outreach efforts. The Global Alliance to Eliminate Lead Paint is an important means of contribu�ng to implementa�on of paragraph 57 of the Plan of Implementa�on of the World Summit on Sustainable Development and to resolu�on II/4B of the Strategic Approach to Interna�onal Chemicals Management (SAICM). 9. Simple steps to protect your family from lead hazards If you think your home has high levels of lead: • Get your young children tested for lead, even if they seem healthy. • Wash children’s hands, pacifiers, and toys o�en. bo�les, • Make sure children eat healthy, low-fat foods. • Get your home checked for lead hazards. • Regularly clean floors, window sills, and other surfaces. • Wipe soil off shoes before entering the house. • Talk to your landlord about fixing surfaces with peeling or chipping paint. • Take precau�ons to avoid exposure to lead dust when remodeling or renova�ng • Don’t use a belt-sander, propane torch, heat gun, dry scraper, or dry sandpaper on painted surfaces that may contain lead. • Don‘t try to remove lead-based paint yourself. Changing common work prac�ces can protect workers and children • Lead-based paint can also pose a threat to workers by causing damage to their brains, and nervous and reproduc�ve systems. • With small changes in work prac�ces, workers can protect themselves and their customers from lead exposure. • These changes include: _ Keeping dust to a minimum. Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 19 _ Confining dust and paint chips to the work area. _ Cleaning up during and a�er work. Special cleanup procedures must always be used. 10. Important facts Lead from paint, dust, and soil can be dangerous if not managed properly FACT: Lead exposure can harm young children and babies even before they are born. FACT: Even children who seem healthy can have high levels of lead in their bodies. FACT: People can get lead in their bodies by breathing or swallowing lead dust, or by ea�ng soil or paint chips containing lead. FACT: Removing lead-based paint improperly can increase the danger to your family. 11. What you can do to reduce lead hazards in our home If you suspect that your house has lead hazards, you can take some immediate steps to reduce your family’s risk:  If you rent, no�fy your landlord of peeling or chipping paint.  Clean up paint chips immediately.  Clean floors, window frames, window sills, and other surfaces weekly. Use a mop or sponge with warm water and a general all-purpose cleaner or a cleaner made specifically for lead.  Consider having your young children tested for lead even if they appear healthy.  Never mix ammonia and bleach products together since they can form a dangerous gas.  Thoroughly rinse sponges and mop heads a�er cleaning dirty or dusty areas.  Wash children’s hands o�en, especially before they eat and before nap �me and bed �me. Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 20  Keep play areas clean. Wash bo�les, pacifiers, toys, and stuffed animals regularly.  Keep children from chewing window sills or other painted surfaces.  Clean or remove shoes before entering your home to avoid tracking in lead from soil.  Make sure children eat nutri�ous, low-fat meals high in iron and calcium, such as spinach and dairy products.  A healthy, low fat diet for children will inhibit absorp�on of lead.  Regularly clean horizontal surfaces that children can reach, such as floors and window sills.  Avoid exposure to lead dust when remodeling or renova�ng your home.  Do not dry sand, grind or burn painted surfaces; use wet sanding methods to prepare surfaces for re-pain�ng and wash your hands prior to ea�ng, drinking or smoking.  Plant shrubs, ground cover or another physical barrier along the exterior drip line of your home to keep children and pets away from poten�ally contaminated soil. 12. Ac�vi�es of Asian Countries The Asian Lead Paint Elimina�on Project has been established and is being implemented by IPEN over a period of four years in seven countries. Currently, the following organiza�ons of the respec�ve countries are working in this project: • Environment and Social Development Organiza�on-ESDO: Bangladesh • Toxic Link India: India • Center for Environmental Jus�ce (CEJ): Sri Lanka • Center for Public Health and Environmental Development (CEPHED): Nepal • BaliFokus: Indonesia • Eco-Waste Coali�on: Philippines • Ecological Alert and Recovery Thailand (EARTH): Thailand Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 21 Na�onal Reports on Lead of different Asian countries Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 22 Awareness Programme (Philippines) (Le� to Right): Philippine Environment Secretary Ramon J.P. Paje, EU Ambassador Guy Ledoux, Commonwealth Elementary School Principal Rodolfo Modelo and Department of Educa�on-Na�onal Capital Region official Dr. Jocelyn Marcial sign a solidarity statement signifying support for "Lead and Mercury Safe Schools for Bright and Healthy Kids" H.E. European Union Ambassador Guy Ledoux (le�) and DENR Secretary Ramon J.P. Paje at the event (Photo by Gregorio B. JhunDantes, Jr) Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 23 13. Recommenda�ons 13.1 To the government and relevant agencies  Regulate the lead content of paint imports, manufacture and sale to a maximum of 50 parts per million (ppm) total dry weight lead content.  In addi�on, introduce regula�ons to stop the import and supply of lead pigment.  Conduct public awareness campaign on the hazard of lead in paint.  Require packaging on paint cans to alert users to the hazards of lead-contaminated dust and other materials when previously painted surfaces are scraped or sanded in prepara�on for repain�ng.  Develop training programs for painters and others on work prac�ces that minimize lead dust hazards. 13.2 To individual consumers as well as organiza�ons  Choose lead free paints where available.  Iden�fy surfaces at places such as schools and childcare centers where children are likely to have high exposure to the paint and ensure lead free paint is used in these areas.  Be aware of hazards of lead paint when renova�ng or re-pain�ng and follow methods to avoid the hazards. 13.3 To the paint manufacturers  Stop impor�ng lead pigment.  Commit to phase out the use of lead in paint.  Review workplace health and safety protocols and enforcement to prevent occupa�onal exposure to lead.  Develop awareness and lead safe work prac�ce guides for customers.  Cooperate in establishing a reliable third-party cer�fica�on system to ensure the paints sold in the market meet the acceptable standard of 50 ppm or less by 2015 and total lead free paint by 2017. Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 24 Children฀are฀in฀danger฀of฀ingesting฀lead฀when฀chewing฀on฀objects฀ coated฀in฀leaded฀paint฀or฀putting฀their฀hands฀in฀their฀mouth Make฀people฀aware฀of฀poisioning฀from฀leaded฀paint Make฀sure,฀your฀purchased฀paint฀is฀lead฀free Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 25 Be฀careful,฀take฀preventive฀measures,฀and฀be฀safe Lead฀based฀paint฀is฀a฀danger Children฀become฀endangered฀when฀lead฀in฀painted฀materials฀ get฀on฀their฀hands฀which฀they฀may฀put฀in฀their฀mouths฀ Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 26 Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 27 Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 28 IEC Materials Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 29 Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 30 NEWS CLIPPINGS Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 31 References                  ESDO (2010). Lead in Paint Bangladesh Situa�on: Impact on Human Health and Environment. ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ESDO (2013). Na�onal Report: Lead in Enamel Household Paints of Bangladesh.฀ IPEN (2012). Global lead Paint elimina�on by 2020: A test of the effec�veness of the strategic approach to interna�onal chemicals management, see: h�p://ipen.org/pdfs/ ipen_global_lead_paint_elimina�on_report_2012.pdf OECD (1993). Risk Reduc�on Monograph No.1: Lead background and na�onal experience with reducing risk. Paris, Organisa�on for Economic Co-opera�on and Development, pp. 277 (Report No. OCDE/GD(93)67). Pa�erson C (1965). Contaminated and natural lead environments of man. Arch Environ Health, 11: 344-360. Toxic Link (2011). Double Standard: Inves�ga�ng Lead (Pb) Content In Leading Enamel Paint Brands In South Asia (Electronic reference: h�p://toxicslink.org/docs/ Double _Standard_Lead_Paint_29_June_2011.pdf) World Health Organiza�on (2006). Preven�ng disease through healthy environments. Available on h�p://www.who.int/quan�fying_ehimpacts /publica�ons/ preven�ngdisease.pdf World Health Organiza�on (2010). Childhood Lead Poisoning. Available on h�p://www. who.int/ceh/publica�ons/leadguidance.pdf World Health Organiza�on (2010). Childhood Lead poisoning, retrieved from: h�p://www. who.int /ceh/publica�ons/childhoodpoisoning/en/ (Last viewed date: 19.10.2014) Electronic references directly retrieved from: h�p://www.personal.psu.edu/bfr3/blogs/applied_social_psychology/2011/10/ environmental-concerns-for-low-income-children-childhood-lead-poisoning.html (Last viewed date: 19.10.2014) ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ h�p://www.slideshare.net/ezLandlordForms/lead-paint-amphle�reeepaisclo sure (Last viewed date: 15.10.2014) h�p://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/p0000017/p0000017.asp (Last viewed date: 15.10.2014) h�ps://thecprhero.com (Last viewed date: 13.10. 2014) h�p://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc165.htm (Last viewed date: 18.10.2014) h�p://empireenvironmentalltd.com/pages/services.html (Last viewed date: 15.10.2014) h�p://www.epa.gov/lead (Last viewed date: 18.10.2014) h�p://www.safeairfast.com/our-services/lead-and-asbestos-tes�ng/lead-servic es.aspx (Last viewed date: 25.10.2014) Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 32 Appendix: Laws of different countries on “Lead Paint” Country Legisla�on/ Regula�on and Year Includes Excludes Brazil 11.762-2008 Housing paint/ varnish, paint/ varnish intended for children and schools Paint/ varnish for 600 ppm agricultural and industrial equipment and structures; traffic signs; automobiles, airplanes; ships; rail vehicles; graphic arts; home wares; metallic furniture; and art supplies. Canada Proposed amendment to Item 2, Schedule I of the Hazardous Product Act (HPA) -2005 Surface coa�ng N/A applied to furniture and other ar�cles for children 90 ppm Canada Proposed amendment to Item 9 (a), Schedule I of the HPA -2005 Toys, equipment N/A and other products for use by a child in learning or play 90 ppm Canada Proposed Pencils and ar�sts’ N/A amendment to brushes Item 18, Schedule I of the HPA -2005 90 ppm China GB6675-2003 Paint for toys, school supplies children’s art material N/A 90 ppm (soluble) China GB18581-2001a Paint intended for indoor decora�ng of wooden ware N/A 90 ppm (soluble) China GB18582-2001b Paint intended for interior architectural coa�ngs N/A 90 ppm (soluble) Mexico NOM-015/1SCFI/SSA-1994 Paint and ink coa�ngs of items intended for toys and school supplies Paint for objects that, 100 ppm due to size, func�on, (soluble) and/or mass, donot pose obvious risk of contact with a child’s mouth Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment Lead Level 33 Sri Lanka Direc�on No.36 under Sec�on 12(2) Consumer Affairs Authority Act No. 09 of 2003 Sept. 30 2011 Direc�on No.36 under Sec�on 12(2) Consumer Affairs Authority Act No. 09 of 2003 Sept. 30 2011 Direc�on No.36 under Sec�on 12(2) Consumer Affairs Authority Act No. 09 of 2003 Sept. 30 2011 PL 110-314 Sec�on 1012008 Toys and accessories N/A for children 90 ppm (soluble) (effec�ve Jan.1, 2013) Emulsion paints for interior and exterior use N/A 90 ppm (effec�ve Jan.1, 2013) Enamel paints and floor paints N/A 600 ppm (effec�ve Jan.1, 2013) Paint for residen�al applica�on 90 ppm (effec�ve August 14, 2009) U.S.A PL 110-314 Sec�on 1012008 U.S.A PL 110-314 Sec�on 1012008 Paint applied to toys and consumer products designed for children age 12 and younger, furniture for consumer use. Total lead content of children’s toys and products (includes non-painted components) designed for children 12 years of age or younger Paints Paint for industrial and commercial use; ar�st’s paint; and other exemp�ons Paint applied to appliances, fixtures, or household items Component parts not accessible to a child through normal and reasonably foreseeable use and abuse of a children’s product N/A 100 ppm (effec�ve August 14, 2011) Sri Lanka Sri Lanka U.S.A Philippines DENR Administra�ve Order 2013-24 Lead in Paint A Threat to Human Health and the Environment 90 ppm (effec�ve August 14, 2009) 90 ppm (effec�ve 2017 for decora�ve paints and 2020 for industrial paints) 34 Comment, Constructive Criticism & Suggestion: Biddut Chandra Sarker [email protected]