Gamma Ray Log Shamshad

Gamma Ray Log
Muhammad Shamshad Gadi Institute of Geology University of Punjab, Lahore
Presented in Schlumberger, Islamabad.
Contents
Section 1 - Geophysical logging

Definition Use of well logs Information obtained from logs
Section 2 - Gamma Ray logs
Factors affecting the log value Log interpretation and applications Conclusions
Principle and theory Tools Log presentation Horizontal and vertical resolution
Geophysical Well Log
Continuous recording of a geophysical parameters (density, temperature etc) along a borehole -Wireline logs or simply Well logs.
Use of geophysical well logs
Drilled cuttings leaves an imprecise record of formation drilled. Cores are expensive & time consuming
Information we can obtain

Rock Types (Formation) Lithology Resistivity. Geometry of Bore Hole Saturation (Water & Hydrocarbon) Porosity and Permeability. Bulk Density Temperature in hole
Gamma ray log
Method of measuring naturally occurring gamma radiation to characterize the rock or sediment in a borehole Uranium, Thorium and Potassium
Figure1 : The radiations from rocks surrounding borehole
Principle
Different types of rock emit different amounts and different spectra of natural gamma radiation. Amongst sediments, shales emit strongest radiation.
Occurrences of u, th and k
Occurrence of u

Acidic rocks contain 4.65 ppm Soluble salts in uranyle form U6+ 2+ Uranous form UO2
From solution Uranium is deposited in three ways: 1) chemical precipitation in acidic and reducing environment 2)Adsorption on organic matter 3) Chemical reaction in phosphorites
Occurrence of t

Primary source is acidic and intermediate igneous rocks It is not soluble in water Transported as clay fraction detrital grains so more common in terrestrial environment than marine Heavy minerals such as thorite, monazite zircon contain thorium
Occurrence of

Potassium is chemically active Found in clay minerals, micas, feldspars and k-salts such as KCl
Figure 2. Gamma rays from sandstone, shale and coal (schematic)
Simple Gamma Ray Log
The radiations from three elements (K,U,Th) in combination.
Spectral Gamma Ray Log

The amount of each individual element (K,U,Th) contributing to this radioactivity By the wavelengths of their characteristic gamma emissions.
Energies of gamma rays
Figure 3 Energies of gamma rays .
(Rider,1996)
GR Logging Tool

Scintillation counter made up of a large sodium iodide crystal Produces a flash of light Converted to an electric pulse by a photoelectrical cell
Figure 4: Scheme of a gamma ray tool

(re-drawn from Serra, 1979 after a Lane Wells documents)
Compton scattering
Figure 5. Compton scattering
http://www.ndt-ed.org
Log presentation
(Simple gamma ray log)
Figure 6: Presentation of Gamma Ray Log.
From Dr. Paul Glover
Log presentation
(Spectral gamma ray log)
1ppm U=8.09 API 1ppm Th=3.93 API 1% k=16.32 API
Figure 7: Presentation of Spectral Gamma Ray Log.
Figure 8: Volume Of Investigation.

(Rider, 1996)
Logging speed
Radiations are counted by a tool over a fixed period of time, say two seconds, called the time constant.
(Rider, 1996)
Unwanted borehole effects
Factor
Effects on log
Figure 9: Effect of KCl mud on log value

Interpretation of Gamma Ray Logs

Rocks of low radioactivity include primarily clean sandstones, limestones, and dolomites. Anhydrite, halite, lignite and coal have also a low radioactivity. Their radioactivity increases when they are shaly. Ordinary shales have a much higher radioactivity than the rocks listed above. The radioactivity of sandy shales is less than that of shales.
Figure 10. Effect of different lithologies on the gamma ray log.(schematic)
Evaporites
Figure:11 Potassium Salts giving very high peaks of radioactivity in a evaporate sequence. (Permian North sea)
( Rider, 1996)
Coal And Source Rock Radioactivity
Figure 12. Gamma ray characteristics of coal.

(Rider,1996)
Facies and grain size
It is based on relationship between grain size and shale content.
Figure 14. Facies from Gamma ray log

( Rider, 1996)
Gamma ray shapes and facies sequences
Figure 15. Gamma ray shapes and facies sequences
Correlation
Most frequently used for correlation because it is lithology indicator.
{
Figure 16. Correlation using the gamma ray log. Baronia field, sarawak,
(From Scherer, 1980)
Th/U ratio Depositional environment of shale

U has affinity for marine environment Th has affinity for continental environment Normal Th/U ratio of shales is 3-6 Shales with higher ratios=continental environment Shales with lower ratios show more marine envionmwnts
Th/U ratio Depositional environment of shale
Figure 18.Use of Th/U ratio to indicate environment of deposition

(From Rider,1996)
Shale Volume
=
GR log GR min GR max GR min
( ) () = ()
Conclusions

Clean sandstones, limestones, and dolomites give low value of gamma ray log Anhydrite, halite and gypsum have low radioactivity. lignite and coal show very low values on gamma ray log. Gamma ray log is good shale indicator. Organic rich black shales give very high value on log.

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Gamma Ray Log

Muhammad Shamshad Gadi Institute of Geology University of Punjab, Lahore

Presented in Schlumberger, Islamabad.

Definition Use of well logs Information obtained from logs

Section 2 - Gamma Ray logs

Geophysical Well Log

Use of geophysical well logs

Information we can obtain

Gamma ray log

Figure1 : The radiations from rocks surrounding borehole

Figure 2. Gamma rays from sandstone, shale and coal (schematic)

Simple Gamma Ray Log

The radiations from three elements (K,U,Th) in combination.

Spectral Gamma Ray Log

Energies of gamma rays

Figure 3 Energies of gamma rays .

Figure 4: Scheme of a gamma ray tool

Figure 5. Compton scattering

Figure 6: Presentation of Gamma Ray Log.

From Dr. Paul Glover

Figure 7: Presentation of Spectral Gamma Ray Log.

From Dr. Paul Glover

Figure 8: Volume Of Investigation.

Unwanted borehole effects

Figure 9: Effect of KCl mud on log value

Interpretation of Gamma Ray Logs

Figure 10. Effect of different lithologies on the gamma ray log.(schematic)

From Dr. Paul Glover

Coal And Source Rock Radioactivity

Figure 12. Gamma ray characteristics of coal.

Facies and grain size

It is based on relationship between grain size and shale content.

Figure 14. Facies from Gamma ray log

Gamma ray shapes and facies sequences

Figure 15. Gamma ray shapes and facies sequences

From Dr. Paul Glover

Most frequently used for correlation because it is lithology indicator.

(From Scherer, 1980)

Th/U ratio Depositional environment of shale

Th/U ratio Depositional environment of shale

Figure 18.Use of Th/U ratio to indicate environment of deposition

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