WELL LOGGING

TECHNIQUES AND
EVALUATION OF LOG DATA

G.H.N.V Santhosh

CONTENTS
Introduction
Applications
Tools
Open hole logging tools
Cased hole logging tools
Production logging tools
Formation evaluation and log analysis o well-k
Data processing
Conclusions

INTRODUCTION
Well log is a continuous record of measurement
made in bore hole respond to variation in some
physical properties of rocks through which the bore
hole is drilled.
Logging has the additional advantage that it
measures, in situ, rock properties which cannot be
measured in laboratory from either core samples or
cuttings.
Well
logs are used for both qualitatively
(stratigraphic correlation and identification of
sedimentary facies) quantitatively(water and oil
saturation)

APPLICATIONS
Recognition of potential reservoir.
Depth of potential reservoir.
Lithology of reservoir.
Porosity of the reservoir.
Fluid content.
Dip of the individual beds.
Quality of cementation between casing and
formation.
Study of various reservoir parameters and their
behavior with the help of production logging.
Geological correlation.

PETROPHYSICAL PARAMETERS

Porosity
Permeability
Water saturation
Thickness
Formation factor
Formation temperature

TYPES OF LOGGING
Open hole logging refers to logging operations that are
performed on a well before the wellbore has been cased
and cemented.
E.g., self-potential log, gamma ray log, porosity logs etc.,
Cased hole logging involves logging measurements
through the well casing.
E.g., cement bond log, casing collar locator log, gamma
ray log etc.,
Production logging involves logging measurements
through the well during production of hydrocarbons.
E.g., flow rate measurement, fluid density measurement.

OPEN HOLE LOGS

SELF-POTENTIAL LOG(SP)

One of the first measurement made in a wellbore.

Primary purpose is to differentiate shale formation
from non shale formation.
There must be a conductive fluid.
Porous and permeable formation surrounded by an
impermeable formation.
Difference in salinity b/w formation water and mud
filtrate.
Electrochemical potential
Membrane potential
Liquid junction potential
Electro kinetic potential

ELECTRO CHEMICAL POTENTIAL

MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

LIQUID JUNCTION POTENTIAL

CALCULATION OF FORMATION

WATER
RESISTIVITY & VOLUME OF SHALE
SHALE BASE LINE : deflection of SP
zero is made on thick shale intervals
where the SP does not move .
SSP (static self potential ) : maximum
deflection of SP opposite permeable
beds.
PSP (pseudo static potential ) : SP
reading in the water bearing shaly
sand zone.
SSP = - K log ( Rmf /Rw )
K = constant , depending on the
temperature.
Vsh = {(1 (PSP / SSP ) }

GAMMA RAY LOG

The gamma ray log measures the natural
radioactivity of rock.
Simple gamma ray tool measures the total
gamma activity in the formation.
spectral gamma ray tool is a spectral analyzer
that identifies the source and give the
contribution of each element( potassium,
uranium and thorium) to the overall spectrum.
The energy of uranium, thorium and potassium
emissions occur in the spectrum from 0-3 million
electron volts.

10

One of the characteristics of gamma ray is that

when they pass through any material their
energy is progressively absorbed- Compton
scattering.
Scintillation Counter (SC)
Thallium doped NaI Crystal +Photomultipliers
Final current in SC Intensity of Gamma ray

11

In spectral gamma ray tool a large scintillation

crystal is used to identify the gamma radiations in
several predefined energy bins or windows.

Applications

Depositional environment of clastic sediments can

be identified on the basis of concentration of Th, K
&U
Shale content
Vsh=GR(log)-GR(min)/GR(max)-GR(min)
Clay typing.
Well to well correlation.
Determination of lithology.

12

13

RESISTIVITY LOG
If the measuring physical property is resistivity
then that logging is termed as RESISTIVITY
LOGGING.
The resistivity(R) of a substance is the resistance
measured between opposite faces of a unit cube of
that substance at specified temperature.
Units: ohm-m
R=rA/L
Resistance(r) is the force which opposes flow of
electrical current through the substance.
Units: ohm.

14

NEED OF RESISTIVITY
MEASUREMENT
Movable hydrocarbons = (SX0 Sw)
SW = (FRW/Rt)1/n
SXO = (FRmf/Rxo)1/n
F = a/m
F- formation factor
porosity
m-cementation factor
n- saturation exponent
Recognition of hydrocarbon zones.
Calculation of water saturation.
Lithology recognition.

15

FACTORS INFLUENCING
RESISTIVITY
Formation water Low/High resistivity
Oil - High resistivity
Gas - High resistivity
Water-based mud filtrate - Low resistivity
Oil-based mud filtrate - High resistivity
Salinity is more - resistivity low
Temperature is more - low resistivity
Metallic content is more - resistivity is low

16

BORE HOLE ENVIRONMENT.

17

RESISTIVITY PROFILES FOR FRESH

WATER AND SALT WATER MUDS

18

RESISTIVITY TOOLS

19

INDUCTION LOGGING

The transmitter coil, with an alternating

current passing through it, sets up an
alternating magnetic field and establish an
emf in the formation.
The emf causes eddy currents to flow in
circular paths around the tool (coaxial with the
bore hole) in areas of formation known as
ground loops. The eddy currents are 90
degrees out of phase with the transmitter
current.
Their magnitude depends on the surrounding
formations conductivity. These eddy
currents will produce their own magnetic
field.
These field cuts through the receiver coil and
induce an alternating voltage at the receiver
that is proportional to the strength of the
secondary magnetic field and therefore related
to formation conductivity.

20

POROSITY LOGS
DENSITY LOG

Density log is a continuous record of formations

bulk density ( i.e., solid matrix and fluid enclosed
in pores ).
Principle of density logging is based on Compton
scattering .
When a gamma ray collides with an electron
orbiting some nucleus, the electron is ejected
from its orbit and incident gamma ray loses
energy.
Compton interaction is the dominant effect for
gamma rays with energies between about
100Kev and 10Mev.

21

DENSITY LOGGING TOOL

The tool consists of :
A radioactive source : cesium137 or cobalt-60 . Cesium emits
gamma rays of energy 0.66Mev
and Cobalt emits gamma rays at
energies of 1.17 and 1.33Mev.
A short range detector :
scintillation detector , and is
placed 7 inches from the source.
A long range detector :
scintillation detector , and is
placed 16 inches from the
source.

22

APPLICATIONS OF DENSITY LOG

Determine porosity

Identification of lithology
Identification of minerals
Fracture recognition
Recognition of gas bearing zones:
The density of gas is very low (approximately 0.0001
g/cm3) compared to aqueous fluids. If the formation is
gas bearing.
This gas will reduce the mean fluid density of the invaded
zone, and will cause overestimations of the porosity.

23

NEUTRON LOG
It Measures the hydrogen ion
concentration in a formation( liquid
filled porosity).
A neutron source emits a continuous
flux of high energy neutrons
Chemical sources
Elements : Americium
Beryllium

Neutrons interact with matter in two

principle ways, by collision and
absorption.

24

NEUTRON TOOL
Neutrons interact with matter in
two principle ways, by collision
and absorption.
In formations with a small
amount of hydrogen atoms, the
neutrons are slowed down and
absorbed more slowly and travel
further through the rock before
being absorbed.
The count rate of slow neutrons
or capture gamma rays in the
tool is therefore higher. Hence,
the count rate will be higher in
low porosity rocks.

25

APPLICATIONS

Neutron

tools are used primarily to determine :

Porosity
Gas detection ( in conjunction with density log )
Shale volume determination ( in conjunction with
density log )

26

SONIC LOG
Sonic log provides a formations interval transit
time(t).
The standard sonic logging tools measure only the
first arrival (or)compressional wave.
First arrival or compressional wave has travelled
within formation at compressional wave velocity of
formation and has travelled back to receiver as a
fluid pressure wave.
The sonic tool transmitters are either
magnetostrictive or piezoelectric and translate an
electrical signal into ultrasonic vibration.
A sonic tool transmitter produces source frequencies
of between 10-40KHz.

27

SONIC TOOL
Receivers are piezoelectric, and
convert pressure waves into
electromagnetic signals which can be
amplified to provide a logging signal.
BCS tool has two transmitter-receive
groups.
Each group consisting of a
transmitter coupled with a near
receiver and a far receiver.
The spacing between transmitter &
receiver is 3(or)5 feet.
The spacing between the receivers is
2 feet.

28

APPLICATIONS

Porosity is calculated by wyllie time average

equation.
tL = s tf + (1 - ) tma

s = Porosity calculated from sonic log reading,

fraction

tL= Travel time reading from log, microseconds/ft

tma= Travel time in matrix, microseconds/ft

tf = Travel time in fluid, microseconds/ ft

29

CASED HOLE TOOLS

CEMENT BOND LOG(CBL)-VARIABLE DENSITY
LOG(VDL)

Cement evaluation is meant that, the

determination of bond quality between casing &
cement and cement & formation.
The main objectives of primary cementing are to
seal the annulus and to obtain zonal isolation.

30

CBL-VDL TOOL
The CBL-VDL is the conventional
tool used for assessing the quality
of cement behind casing.
As a wave is propagated through a
medium its amplitude decreases.
Attenuation(a)=20/d log(A1/A2)

A1-Amplitude of signal at
transmitter (mv)
A2 - Amplitude of signal at receiver
(mv)
d - Transmitter (Tx) to Receiver
(Rx) spacing
31

TOOL MEASUREMENTS
These measurements are travel time, casing
signal amplitude and the total energy display.
Travel time is used to assure that the casing
signal amplitude data is accurate.
Casing signal amplitude is used to calculate
percentage of annular cement fill.
Total sound energy is recorded as either a
variable density display or wave train display.
The total energy display is used for evaluating
the quality of the amplitude curve while
providing casing and formation bonding
information.

32

Causes for increase in CBL-amplitude are:

Poor cement bond
CBL: Free Pipe
Channeling
Micro-annulus
CBL: Good Bond
Fast formations
VDL measure the pipe cement and cement formation
interface and get recorded at another receiver placed
at 5 feet distance from the transmitter.
It is recorded in wiggle travel mode.
Against collars W reflection pattern(chevron pattern)
is observed.

33

CBL-VDL BASIC INTERPRETATION

34

PRODUCTION LOGGING
Production logging is the measurement of fluid
parameters on a zone-by-zone basis to yield
information about the type and movement of fluids
within and near the wellbore.
Production logging involves four measurements flow,
density, temperature and pressure.
Production logging tools consists of a number of
sensors which make the measurements inside the
well. The main types are:
Flow rate (fluid velocity) measurement.
Wellbore temperature.
Fluid density measurement (gradiomanometer).
Radioactive tracer tool.

35

SPINNER FLOW METER

Spinner
flow meter is a device for

measuring in-situ the velocity of fluid

flow in a production or injection well,
based on the speed of rotation of a
spinner.
. The spinner revolutions generate
electrical currents or pulses that are
measured by the surface equipment
and converted into spinner
revolutions per second (rps).
The rate of the spinner, rps, is a
function of the velocity, of the
incident fluid.

36

Temperature tool
The temperature measurement in a well is used
for the following purposes:
Locating cement top behind the casing.
Locating the depth of lost circulation.
Locating gas producing horizons during
production.
Correlation with electrical logs for depth control,
perforation.
fluid density tool
The gradiomanometer tool uses the pressure
differential between two pressure sensors spaced
a known distance apart; e.g., two feet; to infer the
density of the fluid between the sensors.

37

RADIOACTIVE TRACER TOOL

The radioactive tracer ejector tool
(figure7.6) carries a small quantity of
radioactive solution into the well where
it may be selectively released into the
flow stream.
Fluid movements in the well are then
traced by means of one or more gamma
ray detectors mounted above and or
below the surface
The radioactive tracer approach is
frequently used to detect movements of
fluid behind the pipe, leaking packers,
or even movements between wells.

38

FORMATION EVALUATION AND LOG

ANALYSIS O WELL-K
Given data consists of 4 tracks.
Track-1 consists of gamma ray(GR), bit size(BS),
Caliper(CALI) and self potential(SP) logs.
Track-2 is depth track.
Track-3 consists of latro log deep(LLD), latro log
shallow(LLS) and micro spherically focused
log(MSFL).
Track-4 consists of neutron porosity(TNPHI) and
bulk density(RHOB) logs.

39

Input log data of well-K

40

STEPS OF LOG ANALYSIS

Select a valid and representative log reading.
Make all the appropriate environmental corrections.
Determine lithology by cross plots
Calculation of porosity-either from neutron, density
and sonic log.
Determination of formation water resistivity-either
from SP, cross plots.
Determine Vsh and make necessary corrections to
porosity.
Calculation of effective porosity.
Calculation of water saturation Sw and flushed zone
water saturation Sxo by using shaly-sand equation.
Determine amount of movable hydrocarbons.

41

Environmental corrections for well log data

The adjustments that must be made to log
measurements to bring them back to the
standard conditions for which the tool has been
characterized.
Lithology determination
M-N lithology plot
M=

42

M-N CROSS PLOT

43

DATA PROCESSING

Determine the volume of shale

, =

44

POROSITY ESTIMATION

Determination of Resistivity of water (Rw) by

using Porosity-Resistivity plot (Hingle plot)
F=

45

HINGLE PLOT

46

CALCULATION OF EFFECTIVE
POROSITY
The effective porosity

e is calculated by using the formula, for clean

sand;

Where,
= Porosity obtained from Neutron log.
= Porosity obtained from Density log.

Effective porosity e is calculated by the formula, for shaly sand;

Where,
47

CALCULATION OF FORMATION WATER

SATURATION AND FLUSHED ZONE
SATURATION

Calculation of Sw for clean sand is;

(Archies formula)
If Shaly formation, then shale correction is to be
applied to data and Indonesian equation for Sw is
used;
Sxo =

48

DETERMINATION HYDROCARBON
SATURATION AND MOVABLE
HYDROCARBONS

Finally
calculate the hydrocarbon saturation by
the relation;

Movable hydrocarbons =Where;

SxoFlushed zone water saturation.

SH Hydrocarbon saturation.

49

PARA LOG PRESENTATION

50

CONCLUSIONS
Well logging plays an essential role in petroleum exploration and
exploitation.
It gives continuous down hole record and detailed picture of both
gradual and abrupt changes in physical properties of sub surface
formations.
From this data, it is possible to obtain good estimation of the
reservoir size and the hydrocarbon in place.
According to the measurements of well logging there are three
kinds of data: electrical, nuclear and acoustic.
Electrical logging is used to analyse oil saturation and water
saturation of the formation.
Nuclear logging is used to analyse the porosity and permeability.
Acoustic logging provides information about porosity and also
indicates whether a liquid or gas phase occupies the pore spaces.
In producing wells, logging can provide measurements of flow
rates, fluid type, pressure, residual oil saturation.

51

Thank you