DEVELOPMENT & HISTOHISTOMORPHOLOGY OF MALE & FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Presented by:by:MD ZAKIUDDIN

Jr M.V.SC Dept. of GYNEACOLOGY

Development of Male & Female sex organs

The fetal reproductive system consists of two sexually undifferentiated gonads, two pair of ducts, a urogenital sinus, a genital tubercle, and vestibular folds. This system arises from two germinal ridges on the dorsal side of the abdominal cavity.

The sex of the fetus depends on inherited genes gonadogenesis, and formation and maturation of accessory reproductive organs. Wolffian and Mullerian ducts both are present in the sexually undifferentiated embryo.

Development of Male genital system

Male genital system develops from Wolffian duct and atrophy of Mullerian duct by releasing the Mullerian Inhibiting Factor(MIF) and testosterone by developing testis. Presence Y chromosome in embryo causes development of testis and release of testosterone. Wolffian duct develops into Vas deferens and Epididymis under influence of testosterone.

Cont
Urogenital sinus develops into urethra and prostate under influence of Dihydotestosterone(DHT).  Genital tubercle develops into penis under influence of Dihydotestosterone(DHT).  Genital swelling develops into scrotum under influence of Dihydotestosterone(DHT).


Development of Female genital system

Mullerian duct develop in female genitalia. In presence of XX chromosome ovary develop and due to lack of testosterone Wolffian duct get atrophied.

Cont


Mullerian duct develop into Uterus and cranial vagina.  Urogenital sinus develops into Caudal vagina and vestibule.  Genital tubercle develops into Clitoris.  Genital swelling develops into Vulva.

Anatomy of Male reproductive system



Male reproductive system consists of

Gonads:Gonads:- Testes Ducts:Ducts:- Epididymis, Vas deferens, ampullae, Organ of copulation:- Penis copulation:Accessory sex glands:- Seminal vesicles, Prostate, glands:Bulbourethral

Scrotum


Scrotum is a cutaneous pouch in which testes are located. Testis is fixed to the scrotum by means of scrotal ligament attached to its caudal end near the tail of epididymis.  Layers of scrotum:scrotum:1)Tunica dartos: it is present under the scrotal skin and is composed of smooth muscle fibres with fibrous and elastic tissue. Tunica dartos layer surrounds both testis and forms a medial septum.

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2)Loose connective tissue layer:- it is present under layer:the tunica dartos. 3)Vaginal process layer:- it is an extension of layer:peritoneum passing through the abdominal wall at inguinal canal. It is composed of A)tunica vaginalis communis: it corresponds to the parietal peritonium of abdominal cavity. B)tunica vaginalis propria: it corresponds the visceral layer of peritonium of abdominal cavity.

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4)Tunica albuginea:-it is tough layer composed of albuginea:fibromuscular tissue present beneath visceral layer of vaginal process. Functions:Functions: to hold the testes external to body.  to provide thermoregulatory mechanism of testes for optimum production of sperm @2-7C lower @2than body temperature.

Testes


Testes is primary sex organ responsible for production of sperms and secretion of male sex hormones.

Testes parenchyma consist of highly coiled seminiferous tubules. About 75% of testicular mass is composed of seminiferous tubules. Estimated length of these tubules in different animals are as follows bull 5000m ram 4000m boar 6000m dog 150m cat 25m

Each seminiferous tubule consists of a basement membrane and multilayered sperm producing epithelium.  Epithelium consist of two types of cells i)Germ cells:-spermatogonia, spermatocytes and cells:spermatids in various stages of development differing in morphology and arranged in concentric layers ii)Sertoli cells/Nurse cells/sperm mother cell:- are cell:slender pillar like structure perpendicular to the basement membrane.


Rete testes:- seminiferous tubules extends into testes:the mediastinum testes and unite to form a network of ducts termed as Rete testes. 12-15 12tubules arising from rete testes further connect with epididymis  Blood vessels, nerves. Lymph vessels and Leydig cells are contained in the connective tissue in between seminiferuos tubules.  Leydig cells:- are isolated group of polygonal cells:cells with large spherical nuclei which are the chief source of male hormone Testosterone.


Epididymis
Epididymis is a coiled tube closely attached to testis. It consists of Head(Caput), body(Corpus), and tail(Cauda).  Head forms a flattened cup(U) shaped protrusion which is located at proximal pole and covering 1/3rd of front of testicle. Body is comparatively narrow part running toward distal end of testis along its posterior border. Tail is enlarged end of epididymis.


Functions of Epididymis:Epididymis: Absoerption of fluid released by testis and making concentrated sperm suspension  Secretions of epididymal cells maintain viability of sperms during storage  Sperms undergo maturation in epididymis. Migration of cytoplasmic droplet from neck to distal end of middle piece.  Transportation of sperms from rete testes to efferent tubules  Store house of spermatozoa


Vas deferens/Ductus deferens

It is a duct which extends from tail of epididymis to urethra. the ducts are convoluted near the cauda and then run parallel to corpus. Pass through inguinal canal into abdominal cavity along with the components of spermatic cord.  The terminal part of vas deferens is enlarged and is called as Ampulla.  Ampulla is furnished with branched glands. Ampulla open in the cranial portion of the pelvic urethra through a rounded prominence called Colliculus seminalis.


Penis


It is a copulatory organ. The penile body is largely composed of Corpus cavernosum penis. The Corpus cavernosum penis arises as a pair of crura from ischial arch. Ventral to Corpus cavernosum penis and surrounding penile urethra is smaller Corpus spongiosum penis. These two corpora have a several sinusoid spaces, distension of these spaces with blood causes penile erection.

In bull, ram, buck, and boar the penis is characterized by S-shaped curve called as sigmoid Sflexure. It is absent in Horse.  Terminal part of penis called as Glans penis. It is pointed and slightly twisted.  Ischiocavernosus muscle/erector penis muscle is a short paired muscles and helps in penile erection.  Retractor penis muscle originates from each side above the anus extends upto glans penis and which serve to retract the penis back into the sheath after ejaculation or when sexual stimuli is suppressed.


Accessory sex glands

Vesicular gland(Seminal vesicles):vesicles): Paired, lobulated situated in the uro-genital fold urolateral to ampullae, above the neck of the urinary bladder. Functions: Functions:- secretions of this gland make upto 50% of total semen volume. secretion contains protein, fructose, ascorbic acid, citric acid, potassium bicarbonate, acid soluble phosphates and several enzymes.


The vesicular glands of the stallion are elongated pear shaped and secretions of these glands constitute gel to ejaculate.  In boar the vesicular glands are large bag like and contains a milky and highly viscous fluid. And it has high inositol content and also ergothionine.  Bull secretion of vesicular glands is yellow due to high Riboflavin contents.  These glands are absent in Dog and Cat.


Prostrate gland


In bull gland is located on the pelvic floor or around the neck of the bladder. The gland opens into the pelvic urethra lateral to colliculus seminalis. It has two parts i.e. body of prostrate(Pars propria) and Pars dissemineta.  In ram it has no body and is scattered over the large portion of pelvic urethra.  In stallion it consists of two lobes  In dogs the size of it varies greatly.

Functions:Functions:the prostatic secretions are rich in enzymes e.g. glycolitic enzymes, protenases, phosphatases, glycosidases, nucleases and nucleotidases. In dog pH of prostitic secretion is 6.5 and contains citric acid, acid phosphate, high concentration of zinc.

Bulbourethral glands(Cowpers gland)



In bull the Bulbourethral glands are paired glands lying on either side of the pelvic urethra and embedded under bulbospongiosus muscle. These glands are ovoid in bulls, stallion and ram are large and cylindrical in boar. These glands are absent in dogs. In cat these are of size of the prostrate.

Functions:Functions: In bulls prior to mounting dribbling of fluid from prepuce noticed are secretions of Bulbourethral glands. These secretion delete the harmful substances present in urethra. and clean it prior to ejaculation.  The typical rubber like white substance is filled in the Bulbourethral glands of boar that is essential for gel formation in boar semen.

Anatomy of Female reproductive system



Female reproductive system consists of

Internal genitalia:-Broad ligament, Ovary, genitalia: Oviduct, Uterus, Cervix, and vagina.  External genitalia:-Urethral opening, vestibule, genitalia: Clitoris and vulva


Anatomy of Female reproductive system

Broad ligament
Double layer of connective tissue that originates from the peritoneum.


Functions: Functions: 1) Supports and suspends the ovaries, oviduct, uterus, cervix, and anterior vagina. 2) Houses the vascular, lymphatic drainage, and nerve supplies.

Cont
Structural characteristics ::  

Mesoovarium Houses vascular supply, lymphatics, and nerves to ovary Forms hilus or attachment to ovary Mesosalpinx Thin tissue that supports the oviduct and helps orient infundibulum around ovary to direct oocytes into oviduct. In the bitch, the mesosalpinx encloses the ovary forming a bursa around the ovary. Mesometrium The largest part of the broad ligament that supports the uterine horns and (or) uterine body. It is continuous with the dorsal peritoneum and hangs from the dorsal body wall

Ovary

Cont
Primarily supported by the broad ligament in the peritoneal cavity. Function is controlled by the pituitary hormones FSH and LH. The ovarian structures are highly complex and perform a variety of functions during the lifespan of the female. female.  Shape of ovary Cattle and buffalo:-almond, ovoid, grape, pea, arachnut buffalo:like Mare:Mare:- kidney, bean like Sow:Sow:-grape like Bitch:Bitch:-elongated and flattened Queen:Queen:-elongated and flattened


Functions: Functions: Hormone production (exocrine & endocrine)  Estrogen from the ovarian follicles, which functions to bring female into behavioral estrus.  Progesterone from corpus luteum (CL), which is tissue derived from the ovulated follicle. The progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy and serves to maintain pregnancy.  Oxytocin, relaxin, activin are also produced by the ovary but with species differences. Gamete production  Development, maturation and ovulation of oocyte(s) with each estrous cycle.

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Oviduct/Fallopian tube


Small tubes that extend from the uterine horns to ovaries, which are suspended in the peritoneal fold that is derived from the broad ligament. Functions : Transport sperm and oocytes via smooth muscle contractions to the site of fertilization.  Acts to reduce sperm numbers to prevent polyspermy.  Removes oocytes from the surface of the ovary via cilia called fimbria on infundibulum.  Provides proper environment necessary for the oocyte(s) and the early developing embryo.

Cont
 

Structural Characteristics:Characteristics:UteroUtero-tubal junction has no distinct sphincter muscle, but the musculature does exist and increases in thickness from the distal end towards the proximal end. This section controls the number of sperm that enter the oviduct from the uterus in some species. Isthmus proximal of oviduct connected to uterus consisting of a thick muscular wall with few mucosal folds. Transports sperm from uterus to ampulla by muscle contractions.

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AmpullaryAmpullary-isthmic junction - site of fertilization and cleavage of embryos. Mare control point that only allows fertilized oocytes to pass to isthmus. Ampulla distal of oviduct consisting of a thin muscular wall with numerous mucosal folds with ciliated epithelium that beat towards the uterus. Ostium opening into ampulla Infundibulum funnel shaped structure surrounding ovary that captures oocytes. Fimbria ciliated structures on infundibulum that massage the ovarian surface to catch/grab the oocyte(s) being ovulated from ovary.

Uterus


Uterus consists of the body and two horns. The uterus is composed of three separate layers, which are suspended by the broad ligament. Types: Types:  Bicornuate: two horns associated with the body. Cow & Bicornuate: mare have poorly developed horns; whereas, ewe, sow, queen, & bitch have highly developed uterine horns.  Simplex: large body with virtually no uterine horns Simplex: (humans, primates).  Duplex: two cervical canals separate each horn into Duplex: distinct sections (marsupials, rabbits).

Cont
  

Histology: three major tissue layers Perimetrium Outer serous (serosa) layer composed mainly of connective tissue. Myometrium Middle smooth muscle layer responsible for contraction during estrus to allow for sperm transport & during parturition to expel the fetus. Under the influence of estrogen the uterus has tone (turgidity and hardness), which is distinguished from the soft and flaccid uterus under the influence of progesterone. During the parturition process, the myometrium is major driving force for expulsion of fetus and eventually the placental membranes. Sympathetic nerves penetrate the myometrium and endometrium. The source of vasculature comes through the broad ligament.

Cont
 

 

Endometrium Consist of inner mucosal epithelial layer that vascularizes during estrus and grows a delicate mucous membrane lining during pregnancy. pregnancy. Mucosal layer secretes material from its glands into lumen that enhance embryo development and sperm survival. It also secretes prostaglandin F2a in the absence of an embryo that lysis the corpus luteum. This layer is sloughed-off in primates and humans but not sloughedlower mammals. Sub mucosal layer consist of connective/supporting tissues that houses the glands. In the cow and ewe, small protuberances from endometrial surface called caruncles are important in placental attachment. Sow and mare have endometrial folds.

Cervix


Cervix is a sphincter-like structure. sphincter-

Functions : Site of semen deposition in sow during natural mating. The cervix is composed of interdigitating pads that lock onto boars penis, apply pressure, and stimulate ejaculation.  Site of semen deposition in mare during natural mating and semen flows into uterus.  Site of semen deposition during artificial insemination in dog, pig, sheep  Serves as sperm reservoir in some species and assist in transporting sperm from cranial end of the cervix to uterine lumen.

Cont


Production of mucus in cow and ewe, but to a lesser extent in sow and mare  Sealed during pregnancy with a glue-like substance to serve as gluebarrier to uterus in most species.  Serves as a birth canal during parturition . Structural Characteristics:  Fibrous, collagenous, thick-walled organ with a small amount of thickmuscle with a constricted lumen.  Contains either single/multiple folds or rings:  Sow: interlocking digital pads that hold the boars corkscrew penis during copulation.  Ewe/cow: prominent ridges that are close together.  Mare: loose folds that protrude into uterus.  Bitch/Queen: smooth cervix with no folds or rings.

Cont


   

Cervical mucous (mucin macromolecules) is formed from epithelial origins within the annular rings. Facilitates transport of the sperm, serves as a sperm reservoir, and may play a role in the selectivity of viable sperm to enter the uterine lumen. During anestrous, the cervix is tight due to lack of stimulation from estrogen. During estrus, mucous is discharged from cervix and expelled from vulva. During pregnancy, the cervix acts as a barrier against sperm transport and bacterial invasion to prevent infection. In late gestation and during parturition, the cervical plug liquefies. The amount of collagen present decreases and the cervix begins to dilate, which is due to hormones such as estrogen, relaxin, and prostaglandin F2 . The final step is parturition and fetal expulsion from the uterus).

Cont
Histological Composition: Composition:  Dense connective tissue with small amount of myofibrils (muscle tissue).  Some epithelial tissue, which secretes mucous.  Little vascularization.

Vagina
Functions :: Copulatory organ during natural mating in most species & serves as birth canal during parturition. Structural Characteristics: Characteristics:  Highly acidic environment, which functions to prevent bacterial infection.  Micro flora: aerobic and facultative anaerobic.  The low pH (5.7) creates an unfavorable to the spermatozoa.  Provides lubrication via mucous secretions and asserts pressure on the penis to stimulate ejaculation during mating is some species.  Stimulates the bulls penis directly via temperature.

Cont
Histological Composition:  Poorly defined muscular layer but a well developed and highly adapted mucosal layer composed of epithelium, which changes in thickness depending on the endocrine environment as the animal progresses through the estrous cycle.  Cranial: high degree of secretory activity during estrus, composed of columnar epithelium  Caudal: characterized as having stratified squamous epithelium that serves to physically protect vagina during copulation & prevents bacteria from getting into sub mucosa.

External genitalia
  

1. Vulva Consist of the labia majora and labia minora. Provides anatomical closure to vagina so as to minimize entry of foreign material into vagina. 2. Commissures Dorsal and ventral are the sites of the union of the labia. 3. Clitoris Highly innervated tissue (homologous to glans penis) located in the ventral commissure that is very sensitive to tactile stimulation. Serves to control copulation in some species. 4. Vestibule Common duct for urine and fetus during parturition. Also functions to stimulate penis during copulation.

Cont


Sub urethral diverticulum (also called blind pouch) Sac-like Sacstructure in cow and sow, which lies ventral to urethral opening. No know function. Urethral tubercle Bulb-like structure directly above urethral Bulbopening that protrudes into vestibule in the bitch. No know function. Vestigial glands (also called the Bartholin glands) Glands located along walls of vestibule and responsible for viscous vaginal secretions to provide lubrication during estrus. Additionally, they produce chemicals called pheromones, which declare to the male that the female is in estrus. VulvoVulvo-vaginal sphincter muscle Muscle contracts to block urine from entering the uterus.

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