Lecture – 01 - 02

Microprocessor and Interfacing

21 Computer System Engineering – Fifth Semester

By: Engr. Athar Ali, Lecturer, CSE-MUET

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 Classification of Computers

Computer is classified into Three main types

Measures continuously Combination of both

Varying Quantities. analogue and digital hybrid.
Input is some Physical  i.e. EC G M onitor of
Quantity instead of Patient.
N umbers.  Analogue : Heart Beat
 i.e. Temperature  Works on D iscrete Signals.
 Digital : Lines on Screen.
Values.
 Input is Binary
N umbers.
 0 or 1.
 i.e. Switch.

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 Classification of Digital Computers
• Used for Corporate & Government Organizations

M ainfra
me-
compute
•Used for Scientific & r 2 • Small
Research purpose. • Inexpensive
Super- Digital Micro-
• Bulky 1 3 • Microprocessor as its CPU
comput computer
• Complex comput • I/O Devices
er
Calculations. 4  Memory
er

Mini
comput
er 3

• Business Applications on Small

Scale
 Central Processing Unit
A central processing Unit (CPU) is an electronic circuitry
within a Computer that carries out basic arithmetic, logical,
control and input/output operations specified by the
instructions.

It is referred to brain of computer machine as it performs all

tasks based on pre-defined instructions.

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 Central Processing Unit in late 1960’s :

◾ In Early 1960’s CPU were made up of some Discrete

elements.
◾ The term "CPU" referred to a Processor.
◾ Processor means a device that processes whatever. In this context processor
means a device that processes numbers, specifically binary numbers, 0’s and
1’s.

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 Central Processing Unit In The Early 1970’s:

◾ In the early 1970’s the microchip was invented. All of

the components that made up the processor were now
placed on a single piece of silicon.
◾ The size became several thousand times
smaller and the speed became several hundred times faster. The
“Microprocessor" was born.
◾ The term "CPU" referred to as Microprocessor.

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 Definition of Microprocessor

◾ The microprocessor, also known as the Central Processing Unit(CPU),

is the brain of all computers and many household and electronic devices.
◾ A microprocessor is a complete computation engine that is
fabricated on a single chip.
◾ Microprocessors are integrated circuits that can interpret
and execute instructions as well as handle arithmetic and logic
operations.

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 Definition of Microprocessor (Cont’d)

The microprocessor is a programmable device that Takes in

(INPUT) numbers, performs on them arithmetic or logical
operations according to the program stored in memory and
then produces other numbers as a Result (OUTPUT) .
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First Microprocessor

Intel 4004 it was primarily

used to perform simple
mathematical
operations in a calculator
called “BUSICOM”.

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 Microprocessor

•A microprocessor is a programmable electronics chip that has

computing and decision making capabilities

•Any microprocessor- based systems having limited number of

resources are called microcomputers.

•Nowadays, microprocessor can be seen in almost all types of

electronics devices like mobile phones, printers, washing machines
etc.

Engr. Athar Ali, Lecturer CSE-MUET 10

 Microprocessor (Cont’d)
•Microprocessors are also used in advanced applications like radars,
satellites and flights.

•Due to the rapid advancements in electronic industry and large

scale integration of devices results in a significant cost reduction
and increase application of microprocessors and their derivatives.

Engr. Athar Ali, Lecturer CSE-MUET 11

 Terminologies
• Bit: A bit is a single binary digit.
• Word: A word refers to the basic data size or bit size that can be processed by the
arithmetic and logic unit of the processor. A 16-bit binary number is called a word in a
16-bit processor.

• Bus: A bus is a group of wires/lines that carry similar information

• System Bus: The system bus is a group of wires/lines used for communication
between the microprocessor and peripherals.

Engr. Athar Ali, Lecturer CSE-MUET 12

 Terminologies
Address Bus: It carries the address, which is a unique binary pattern used to identify a
memory location or an I/O port. For example, an eight bit address bus has eight lines and thus
it can address 28 = 256 different locations. The locations in hexadecimal format can be written
as 00H – FFH.

Data Bus: The data bus is used to transfer data between memory and processor or between
I/O device and processor. For example, an 8-bit processor will generally have an 8-bit data bus
and a 16-bit processor will have 16-bit data bus.

Control Bus: The control bus carry control signals, which consists of signals for selection of
memory or I/O device from the given address, direction of data transfer and synchronization
of data transfer in case of slow devices.

Engr. Athar Ali, Lecturer CSE-MUET 13

 Microprocessor (Cont’d)
A typical microprocessor consists of arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) in association with
control unit to process the instruction execution.

Almost all the microprocessors are based on the principle of store-program concept. In store-
program concept, programs or instructions are sequentially stored in the memory locations
that are to be executed.

To do any task using a microprocessor, it is to be programmed by the user. So the programmer

must have idea about its internal resources, features and supported instructions.

Each microprocessor has a set of instructions, a list which is provided by the microprocessor
manufacturer. The instruction set of a microprocessor is provided in two forms: binary
machine code and mnemonics.

Engr. Athar Ali, Lecturer CSE-MUET 14

 Microprocessor (Cont’d)
Microprocessor communicates and operates in binary numbers 0 and 1.

The set of instructions in the form of binary patterns is called a machine language
and it is difficult for us to understand.

Therefore, the binary patterns are given abbreviated names, called mnemonics,
which forms the assembly language.

The conversion of assembly-level language into binary machine-level language is

done by using an application called assembler.

Engr. Athar Ali, Lecturer CSE-MUET 15

 Technologies Used

The semiconductor manufacturing technologies used for chips are:

• Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL)

• Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL)

• Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)

Engr. Athar Ali, Lecturer CSE-MUET 16

 Classification of Microprocessor

Based on their specification, application and architecture microprocessors are

classified as:

• Data Bus Size

• Application

• Architecture

Engr. Athar Ali, Lecturer CSE-MUET 17

 Based on Data Bus Size
Depending on size of data, microprocessor can be classified as:

• 4-bit microprocessor
• 8-bit microprocessor
• 16-bit microprocessor
• 32-bit microprocessor
• 64-bit microprocessor
Engr. Athar Ali, Lecturer CSE-MUET 18
 Based on Application

General-purpose microprocessor: used in general computer system and can be

used by programmer for any application. Examples, 8085 to Intel Pentium.

Microcontroller: microprocessor with built-in memory and ports and can be

programmed for any generic control application. Example, 8051.

Special-purpose processors: designed to handle special functions required for

an application. Examples, digital signal processors and application-specific
integrated circuit (ASIC) chips.

Engr. Athar Ali, Lecturer CSE-MUET 19

 Based on Architecture

• Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) processors

• Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) processors

Engr. Athar Ali, Lecturer CSE-MUET 20

 RISC

RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. It is designed to reduce the execution time by
simplifying the instruction set of the computer.

Using RISC processors, each instruction requires only one clock cycle to execute results in uniform
execution time. This reduces the efficiency as there are more lines of code, hence more RAM is
needed to store the instructions.

The compiler also has to work more to convert high-level language instructions into machine code.
Some of the RISC processors are −
Power PC: 601, 604, 615, 620
DEC Alpha: 210642, 211066, 21068, 21164
MIPS: TS (R10000) RISC Processor
PA-RISC: HP 7100LC

Engr. Athar Ali, Lecturer CSE-MUET 21

 CISC
CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. It is designed to minimize the number of
instructions per program, ignoring the number of cycles per instruction.

The emphasis is on building complex instructions directly into the hardware.

The compiler has to do very little work to translate a high-level language into assembly level
language/machine code because the length of the code is relatively short, so very little RAM is
required to store the instructions.
Some of the CISC Processors are −
IBM 370/168
VAX 11/780
Intel 80486

Engr. Athar Ali, Lecturer CSE-MUET 22

 Terminologies

Program:
An organized list of Instructions.
Programmable Device:
Device that performs different operations on Data on the
basis of given set of instructions called “programs”.

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 Terminologies :
Instruction Set:
◾ Specific group of operations.
◾ These define What microprocessor can do?
What Microprocessor Takes In:
The data on which microprocessor manipulates must
come from some input devices. i.e.
• keyboard 1
1

•
 Terminologies

Binary Numbers:
◾ A Binary digit (Number) is called as a bit.
◾ Microprocessor can only understands Binary Numbers.
BIT
Binary Digit
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 Terminologies
Bit:
Smallest unit of memory
either 0
or 1
Nibble:
A Group of four bits is called 1 1 0 1 0
Nibble.
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 Terminologies :
Byte:
A Group of Eight bits is called 1
Byte. 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

Half Word:
1 Half Word = 2 bytes (8 x 2=16 bits).
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
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 Terminologies
Word:
Four bytes are combined to form one
word
1 Word = 4 bytes (8 x 4=32 bits).

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

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 Terminologies :
OPERATIONS
:
Arithmet Logic
ic O peratio
O peratio ns
ns
Microprocessor
performs TWO types •A N D
•Addition of operations •O R
• M ultiplicati
•X O R
on
• Shift Left
• Subtractio
• Shift Right
n
etc.
• Division
etc. 29
 Terminologies
Memory (Storage):
 Location where we place something that is not currently being used.
 Memory is expressed in terms of NUMBER OF BYTES it holds.
 It is measured in Kilos , Megas , Gigas.

1 kilobyte =1 KB = 1024 Bytes.

1 megabyte =1 MB = 1024 x ( 1024 )Bytes = 1024 KB.
1 gigabyte =1 GB = 1024 x ( 1024 x 1024 )Bytes
= 1024 MB. 30
T h a t ’ s A l l

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