MPI Unit 1

Unit 1 Introduction to
Microprocessor
What is a Microprocessor?
Definition:
“The Microprocessor is a
Multipurpose,
Programmable,
Clock Driven,
Register Based,
Digital-Integrated Circuit
which accepts binary data as input,
processes it according to instructions stored in its memory,
and provides results as output.”
Basic concepts of Microprocessor
• Microprocessor is a computer Central Processing
Unit (CPU) on a single chip that contains millions
of transistors connected by wires.
Processor No. of transistors

Intel 8085 6500
Pentium IV 42 million
Core i3 1.4 Billion
Core i7 1.7 Billion
Silicon chip which

Microprocessor includes ALU, Register
circuits & Control circuits
Microprocessor
Registers
Control
Logic
ALU
Silicon chip which includes

Microcontroller microprocessor, memory & I/O in
a single package.
Microcontroller
RAM
Micro
ROM
Processor
I/O
Microprocessor vs Microcontroller
Microprocessor Microcontroller
It is vital part of computer system. It is vital part of embedded system.
It contain CPU inside it but does not It has CPU, fixed size of RAM, ROM and
contain on chip RAM, ROM and other peripherals mounted on a single chip.
peripherals.
It is multipurpose device which performs It is designed for specific task with fixed
several tasks. input, processing and output.
E.g. Software development, word E.g. Operating a washing machine,
processing, playing games, surfing etc. handling mouse click event etc.
It operates at high speed compared to It operates at comparatively lower speed
microcontroller. than microprocessor.
E.g. Clock speed of latest microprocessor is E.g. Clock speed is measured in MHz.
measured in GHz.
Application: Application:
Desktop PC’s, Laptops, notepads etc. Microwave oven, washing machine,
remote control, Mouse etc.
Basic concepts of Microprocessors
A small computer with a

Microcomputer microprocessor as its CPU.
Includes memory, I/O etc.
Microcomputer
RAM
Micro
Keyboard ROM Display
processor
I/O
Microprocessor, Microcontroller and
Microcomputer
Components of Microprocessor
• Brain of the
computer.
• Performs
Arithme Small additional
Arithmetic and tic and memory location,
Register which are used to
Logical Logical
operations
Array store and transfer
Unit data.
(ALU)
Control Unit
• It controls and executes the flow of data

between the microprocessor, memory
and peripherals.
• Signal permits the CPU to receive or
transmit data.
System bus
• The network of wires or electronic pathways is known as 'Bus'.
• The technique was developed to reduce costs and improve modularity.
• Classification
1. Address Bus - Transfer Address
2. Data Bus - Transfer Data
3. Control Bus - Transfer Control Signal

System bus
CPU Memory Input/Output
Control Bus
Address Bus
Data Bus
System Bus
Address bus
Control Bus
Address Bus
Data Bus
System Bus
Address bus
• Transfers the addresses of
Memory or I/O devices.
• Address bus is
unidirectional.
• The maximum address
capacity is equal to two to
the power of the number
of lines present (2lines).
E.g. 8085 has 16-
address lines
 Maximum address
capacity
216 = 65536
bytes
Data bus
Control Bus
Address Bus
Data Bus
System Bus
Data bus
• It is used to transfer data
within Microprocessor and
Memory/IO devices.
• Data Bus is bidirectional as
Microprocessor requires to
send and receive data.
• Each wire of data bus is
used to transfer the data
corresponding to a single
bit of binary data.
E.g. 8085 has 8 - data
lines
8085 is known as
8-bit processor
System bus
Control Bus
Address Bus
Data Bus
System Bus
Control bus
• Microprocessor uses
control bus to process data.
i.e. what to do with
the selected memory
location.
• Some control signals are
Read, Write and Opcode
fetch etc.
• Control Bus is bidirectional.
• This is a dedicated bus,
because all timing signals
are generated according to
control signal.
Microprocessor systems with bus organization
Input/Output
Arithmetic
and Register
Logical Array System Bus
Unit (ALU)
Control Unit Memory

ROM RAM
Microprocessor systems with bus organization
• In most simplified form a
microprocessor based
system consist of a
Microprocessor, I/O
(Input/Output) device and
Memory.
• These components are
interfaced (connected)
with microprocessor over
a common communication
path called system bus.
• Microprocessor is master
of the system and
responsible for executing
the program.
Microprocessor systems with bus
organization
• Memory is responsible for
storing program as well as
data.
• System generally consists of
two types of memories:
ROM (Read only and non-
volatile) and
RAM (Read/write and
volatile)
• I/O devices are used to
communicate with the outer
environment.
• Example of input device:
keyboard, mouse.
Example of output device:
monitor, printer.

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Unit 1 Introduction to

Processor No. of transistors

Silicon chip which

Silicon chip which includes

A small computer with a

• It controls and executes the flow of data

2. Data Bus - Transfer Data

3. Control Bus - Transfer Control Signal

CPU Memory Input/Output

CPU Memory Input/Output

CPU Memory Input/Output

CPU Memory Input/Output

Control Unit Memory

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