Research Methodology ppt-1

Presentation
Course Title: Research Methods

Course Code: ENG-304
Submitted by: 24017102-001
24017102-002
24017102-003
24017102-004
24017102-006
24017102-007
Submitted to: Ma’am Madiha Afzal
Topic: ‘Sampling’
University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus
 What is Sampling?
• Sample:
A small selected representation part of population.
• Population:
A set of individuals have some common characteristics.
1. Finite population
2. Infinite population
• Sampling:
The act, process or technique of selecting sample from larger
population.
• Process of population
1. Identify & define target population
2. Select sampling frame
3. Specify sampling unit
4. Choose sampling method
5. Determine sampling size
6. Choose sampling plan
7. Collect required data
• Importance of sampling
1. Cost efficiency
2. Time saving
3. Practical feasibility
4. Accuracy and reliability
5. Data management
 Probability sampling:
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Systematic sampling
• Cluster sampling
 Non- probability sampling:

• Convenience sampling
• Judgment sampling
• Quota sampling
• Snowball sampling
 Types of Probability Sampling
1. Simple Random Sampling:

• Every member of the sample is selected purely random basis
with equal chance.
• Methods:
Picking chits from bowl, lottery system, random number
generator, etc.
2. Stratified Sampling:
• Population is divided into mutually exclusive groups.
• Every member has an equal chance of being selected.
3. Systematic Sampling:
• Population is arranged in ascending or descending order.
• Researcher randomly picks first item from population.
• Sampling interval= total population/Sample size
=1000/100=10
4 . Cluster sampling:
• This technique is used when large population ( geographically
dispersed) is under study
• Whole population is divided into small groups which are known as
clusters
• e.g. country divided into clusters ( cities, towns, metropolitan areas,
etc.)
 Types of Non-Probability
1. Convenience Sampling:
• Also known as grab sampling, availability sampling, or accidental
sampling.
• Data is collected from the "conveniently available respondents".
• Low cost and fast sampling technique.
2. Judgement/Purposive Sampling:
• Known as authoritative sampling, selective sampling, and subjective
sampling.
• Researcher selects the respondents based on his knowledge and
judgment.
• Easy and cost effective.
3. Quota Sampling:
• Entire population is divided into groups and then quota( no. of items to be
selected for research) is assigned against each group.
• Group examples: males, females, employed or unemployed people, age
groups, location, etc.
4. Snowball Sampling:
• As smaller moves further from top to bottom or glaciers it gets bigger and
bigger.
• in this technique, researcher selects one or two respondents first. Then
these refer to or identify other respondents.
• snowball sampling is also known as referral sampling, chain sampling ,
network sampling, friend to friend sampling.
 Ethical issues in sampling
1. Informed Consent:
Process where a person is given information about any type of procedure.
• Example:
Asking people about their mental health, they must agree to participate.
• Problem: Participants not knowing about research is unfair.
2. Privacy and confidentiality

Protecting participants' personal information.
• Example:
While studying people's health their data should stay secret.
• Problem: Leaked information could harm participant's reputation.
3. Discrimination and Bias
Unjust treatment of people based on the groups or classes they belong.
• Example:
Survey from one background may not have accurate results.
• Problem: If some participants or groups are left out, it can make the
research unfair.
4. Voluntary participation
person can participate without any pressure.
• Example :
Participants must be informed about risks and benefits.
• Problem : Forcing people can lead to false results.
5. Deception
when a researcher intentionally provides false or inaccurate
information.
• Example:
A researcher might not tell participants the exact purpose of the
study to avoid biasing their responses.
• Problem: If participants find out they were lied, they may feel
tricked and lose trust in the research.
 Ethical Issues
6. Representativeness
The sample should reflect the diversity of the population.
• Example:
Studying students but only sampling from one school leads to bias.
• Problem: Biased samples result in unreliable conclusions.
7. Harm to Participants
Research should not cause psychological, emotional, or physical harm.
• Example:
Sensitive topics like trauma or financial issues may cause distress.
• Problem: Unethical research damages trust and deters participation.
8. Vulnerable Populations
Groups like children or the elderly need extra protection.
• Example:
Children need parental consent, and explanations should be age-
appropriate.
• Problem: Vulnerable individuals might not fully understand risks or
may feel pressured.
9. Consent from Gatekeepers

Permission from authority figures (e.g., parents, teachers) may be required.
• Example:
Schools granting permission for student participation.
• Problem: Gatekeepers might introduce biases, excluding certain
participants.
10. Data Integrity
Ensure honesty in data collection, analysis, and reporting.
• Example:
Reporting all results, even if they don’t support the hypothesis.
• Problem:
Manipulated data misleads and undermines credibility.
 What is Sampling Paradigm
• Paradigm:
It is a way of thinking or a model of how things work in a particular area.
• Sampling Paradigm:
Sampling paradigms are critical frameworks that guide how a
researcher selects a subset of a population to participate in a study. This
selection process is pivotal because the sample must accurately represent
the population to ensure that the study's findings are valid and applicable.
• Role of Sampling:
1. Defining the target
2. Ensuring validity and reliability
3. Addressing research goals
 Information-Rich Paradigm
The information-rich paradigm in research methods refers to a focus
on collecting and analyzing data that is detailed, meaningful, and specific
enough to provide deep insights into the topic under study.
It emphasizes selecting cases, participants, or data sources that are particularly
knowledgeable or insightful about the topic being studied.
• Specific to General:
1. Focus on Specific Cases
2. From Localized Insights to General Understanding
• Purposes:
1. Deep Understanding
2. Contextual Exploration
3. Theory Development
4. Human-Centric Insights
• Key Features:
1. Purposeful Sampling
2. Context-Sensitivity
3. Depth Over Breadth
• Examples:
1. Case Study Research
2. Narrative Research
3. Expert Interviews
• Common Methods:
1. Case Studies
2. Ethnography
3. Interviews
4. Narrative Analysis
• Benefits:
1. Deep Understanding: Enables nuanced and comprehensive insights.
2. Contextual Relevance: Grounded in specific circumstances of the study.
3. Flexibility: Allows researchers to refine questions.
• Challenges
1. Generalizability
2. Time-Intensive
3. Subjectivity
• Conclusion:
Suited for exploratory, qualitative, or context-sensitive research.
Enables the discovery of meaningful insights by starting with detailed,
specific cases and gradually building a broader understanding.
 Representative Rich Paradigm
• What is Representative Rich Paradigm:

This paradigm focuses on selecting a sample that is broadly
representative of the larger population. The goal is to make
generalization from the sample to the entire population. It ensures that
various subgroups within the population are included, so the findings
can be applied widely.
• Examples
• Key Characteristics:
1. The sample is larger and representative of the broader population.
2. Often used in quantitative research.
3. Aims for generalizability.
• Common Methods:
1. Random sampling
2. Stratified sampling
3. Systematic sampling
• Purpose:
To provide a structured framework for conducting research,
guiding how researchers think, collect data, and interpret findings.
1. Guide research design
2. Ensuring alignment
3. Provide structure
4. Encourage multiple perspectives
5. Promote change
• Summary:
The paradigms help researchers determine how to select
participants based on the kind of data they need to answer
their research question.

Research Methodology ppt-1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Research Methodology ppt-1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Research Methodology ppt-1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Presentation

Course Title: Research Methods

 Non- probability sampling:

1. Simple Random Sampling:

2. Privacy and confidentiality

9. Consent from Gatekeepers

• What is Representative Rich Paradigm:

You might also like