6.0 Research Design Sample and Sampling Procedure

Practical Research 1
• Research Design
• Sample
• Sampling Procedure
When you come up with a decision to your choice
of design, you have to finalize your mind on the
following:
1.What is the purpose of the research
based on your design?
2. What is your philosophical basis?
3. What is the type of data for your
research?
4. What is the methods or technique
in collecting and analyzing the data?
What is a research design?
•This is a blueprint. A
blueprint is a guide for
making something.
•Design is a word that
means a plan or something
that is conceptualized by
What are the types of Qualitative research?
1.Case study
2.Ethnography
3.Historical Study
4.Phenomenology
5.Grounded Theory
Activity 1: Directions: Draw a line
linking two expressions in A and B
Sample
If we are interested in a certain
group of people, we often select
just a few members of this group
and study them. From these
selected people, we usually come
to some conclusions about the
larger group where they belong.
We use the following terms to represent these
groups of people in research studies:
1. POPULATION is the cluster of

people, events, things, or other
phenomena that you are most
interested in. It is often the “who” or
“what” that you want to be able to
draw conclusions about at the end of
your study
2. SAMPLE is a subset of your
population. It is the group (be it
people, events, etc.) from
which you actually collect data
or the group of individuals who
actually participate in your
study.
3. SAMPLING is the
process or technique of
choosing a sample from
a population to
participate in the study.
POPULATION VS. SAMPLE IN RESEARCH STUDIES
DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE
•In quantitative research, the goal
would be to conduct a random
sampling that ensures the sample
group would be representative of the
entire population, and therefore, the
results could be generalized to the
entire population
•On the other hand, the goal of
qualitative research is to provide in-
depth understanding and therefore,
targets a specific group, type of
individual, event or process. To
accomplish this goal, qualitative
research focus will be on criterion-
based sampling techniques to reach
their target group.
•The more narrowly researchers
define the population, the more they
save on time, effort, and (probably)
money, but the more they limit
generalizability. That is why it is
essential in research reports to
describe the population and sample
in detail to determine the
applicability of the research findings.
ACTIVITY 2:
Determine
the
population
and sample
of each
research
studies
below.
Select 1
Research
topic.
Sampling Procedures
• As there are difficulties in determining
the sample size for a qualitative
research, so it is when it comes to
selecting a sampling procedure or
strategy. The sampling procedure
adopted by qualitative researcher is
driven by the:1) Research
question(s)/purpose; 2) Time frame of
your study; 3) Resources available.
•Sampling in qualitative research
includes purposive sampling,
quota sampling, snowball
sampling and convenience
sampling procedures. The reasons
for a qualitative researcher to
employ a particular sampling
strategy are discussed below.
• 1. Purposive Sampling. This is the most
common sampling procedure, wherein
participants are selected according to
pre-selected criteria based on the
particular research question.
• To perform this sampling, a researcher
begins with specific perspectives in mind
that he or she wishes to examine and
then seeks out research participants who
cover that full range of perspectives.
• Example:
A researcher is conducting a
phenomenology to explore the
perspectives and experiences of patients
with hypertension while living with this
disease. He selects only hypertensive
patients to participate in his study. Patients
without hypertension were not included in
the study.
2. Quota Sampling. In this sampling
procedure, participant quotas are
preset prior to sampling. To perform
this sampling, the researcher gathers
data from only those participants who
meet certain characteristics that may
include things such as age, place of
residence, gender, class, profession,
marital status, etc.
• Example:
In a case study that compares the
academic performance of senior high school
students in public and private schools, the
researcher divides a sample size of 500
students into grade levels and tracks taken
as follows; 250 students each for grade 11
and grade 12, 300 students taking
Academic track, 100 students taking TVL
and 100 students taking Sports and Arts.
3. Snowball Sampling. This sampling procedure
is also called chain referral sampling. To
perform this sampling, the researcher recruits
study participants by asking prior participants
to refer others who may be able to potentially
contribute or participate in the study. Thus, the
researcher’s sample builds and becomes
larger as the study continues, much as a
snowball builds and becomes larger as it rolls
through the snow. This method often helps
researchers find and recruit participants that
may otherwise be hard to reach.
•Example:
A researcher who wanted to
explore the lives of the previously
convicted people (“ex-convicts”) in
terms of their social and emotional
context toward society started with
an acquainted participant who then
refers his inmates as another
potential subjects.
4. Convenience Sampling. This
sampling procedure is also called
haphazard sampling and is most
useful in exploratory research. To
perform this sampling, a researcher
simply collects data from those
people or other relevant elements to
which he or she has most convenient
access.
•Example:
•A fast-food chain wants to
improve the quality of its products
and services according to the
customers’ feedback by
conducting a brief interview on
those willing customers currently
dining in.
Activity 3: Provide a brief description in your own words for each
sampling procedures discussed in the lesson. Use the table
below as a guide.

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Practical Research 1

1. POPULATION is the cluster of

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