Food & Nutrition

Food and Nutrition

Food and nutrition are the way
that we get fuel, providing
energy for our bodies. We
need to replace nutrients in
our bodies with a new supply
every day. Water is an
important component of
nutrition. Fats, proteins, and
carbohydrates are all required.
What do food do to
your body?
A food is something that
provides nutrients. Nutrients
are substances that provide:
energy for activity, growth, and
all functions of the body such
as breathing, digesting food,
and keeping warm; materials
for the growth and repair of the
body, and for keeping the
immune system healthy.
Classification of
Foods
There are seven major classes
of nutrients: carbohydrates,
fats, dietary fiber, minerals,
proteins, vitamins, and
water. These nutrient classes
can be categorized as either
macronutrients (needed in
relatively large amounts) or
micronutrients (needed in
smaller quantities).
1. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates, or carbs,
are sugar molecules. Along with
proteins and fats, carbohydrates
are one of three main nutrients
found in foods and drinks. Your
body breaks down carbohydrates
into glucose. Glucose, or blood
sugar, is the main source of
energy for your body's cells,
tissues, and organs.
 Examples of
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are found in a
wide array of both healthy
and unhealthy foods—bread,
beans, milk, popcorn,
potatoes, cookies, spaghetti,
soft drinks, corn, and cherry
pie. The most common and
abundant forms are sugars,
fibers, and starches.
2. Fats
Fats in food come in several
forms,
including saturated,
monounsaturated, and
polyunsaturated. Too
much fat or too much of the
wrong type of fat can be
unhealthy. Some examples
of foods that contain fats
 Examples of Fats
• Red meat (beef, lamb, pork)
• Chicken skin.
• Whole-fat dairy products (milk,
cream, cheese)
• Butter.
• Ice cream.
• Lard.
• Tropical oils such as coconut and
palm oil.
3. Dietary Fiber
• Dietary fiber, also known as
roughage, is the indigestible part
of plant foods. Fiber has a host
of health benefits, including
reducing the risk of heart disease
and type 2 diabetes. Fiber is
mostly in vegetables, fruits,
whole grains, and legumes.
Examples of Dietary
Fiber
Whole-wheat flour,
wheat bran, nuts,
beans and
vegetables, such as
cauliflower, green
beans and potatoes,
are good sources of
insoluble fiber.
4. Minerals
Minerals are those elements on
the earth and in foods that our
bodies need to develop and
function normally. Those
essential for health include
calcium, phosphorus, potassium,
sodium, chloride, magnesium,
iron, zinc, iodine, chromium,
copper, fluoride, molybdenum,
manganese, and selenium.
Examples of Minerals
5. Proteins
• Proteins are large, complex
molecules that play many
critical roles in the body.
They do most of the work in
cells and are required for the
structure, function, and
regulation of the body's
tissues and organs.
Examples of Proteins
6. Vitamins
Vitamins are a group of substances
that are needed for normal cell
function, growth, and development.
There are 13 essential vitamins. This
means that these vitamins are
required for the body to work
properly.
Examples of Vitamins
7. Water
Water is important for healthy
digestion. As the Mayo Clinic explains,
water helps break down the food you
eat, allowing its nutrients to be
absorbed by your body. After you drink,
both your small and large intestines
absorb water, which moves into your
bloodstream and is also used to break
down nutrients
Importance of
Food &
Nutrition
• Weight Loss. One of the
main reasons people eat a
healthy diet is to maintain
a healthy weight or to lose
weight. ...
• Heart Health. ...
• Strong bones and teeth. ...
• Better mood and energy
levels. ...
• Improved memory and
brain health.
 1. Physiological
Functions
The essential function of food is to
satisfy hunger and the need
for essential nutrients. The
contributions of macronutrients to
appetite and satiety are described,
as well as their impact on
metabolism and energy balance.
• Maintenance of the body
temperature.
• Control of water balance.
• Clotting of blood.
2. Psychological
Functions
Psychological Function of Food. In
addition to satisfying physical
and social needs, food must
satisfy certain emotional
needs. These include a sense of
security, love and attention. Thus
familiar foods make us feel
secure. Anticipating needs and
fulfilling these are expressions of
love and attention.
3. Social Functions
Food has always been a
central part of our social
existence. It has been a part
of our community, social,
cultural and religious life.
Special foods are distributed
as a benediction or Prasad in
the religious function in
homes, temples and churches.
NUTRIENTS
 NUTRIENTS
• Nutrients are molecules in food that
all organisms need to make energy,
grow, develop, and reproduce.
Nutrients are digested and then
broken down into basic parts to be
used by the organism.
 Functions of Nutrients
• They are the main source of energy for the body.
• They help in building and repairing body tissues.
• Increases the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.
• Helps in the synthesis of collagen.
• Provides proper structure to the blood vessels,
bones and ligaments.
• They also help in maintaining the homeostasis of
the body.
 Nutrient Deficiency
• Nutritional deficiency occurs when the body is
not getting enough nutrients such as vitamins
and minerals. There are a number of conditions
that are caused by nutritional deficiency such as
anemia. The body requires vitamins to stay
healthy and function properly.
 Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates, or carbs,
are sugar molecules. Along with
proteins and fats, carbohydrates
are one of three main nutrients
found in foods and drinks
Classification of Carbohydrates
Sources of Carbohydrates
 FATS
Fats are nutrients that give you energy. Fats have
9 calories in each gram. Fats help in the
absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K.
Fats are either saturated or unsaturated, and
most foods with fat have both types
 Functions of Fats
• Fat is an important storage form of food.
• It produces energy in the body such as
carbohydrates.
• Fat serves as a solvent for the fat-soluble
vitamins.
• The fat lying underneath the skin renders
protection to the body against a rapid heat loss.
 VITAMINS
• Vitamins are substances that our bodies need
to develop and function normally. They include
vitamins A, C, D, E, and K, choline, and the B
vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic
acid, biotin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and
folate/folic acid).
 MINERALS
• Minerals are those elements on the earth and in
foods that our bodies need to develop and
function normally. Those essential for health
include calcium, phosphorus, potassium,
sodium, chloride, magnesium, iron, zinc,
iodine, chromium, copper, fluoride,
molybdenum, manganese, and selenium.
 Water & Electrolytes
• Water also serves as a solvent and transport
medium. Electrolytes are what help distribute
and move water throughout the body.
Electrolytes are minerals in your body with an
electric charge, such as sodium, chloride,
potassium, calcium, phosphate, and
magnesium.
Basic Tools in the
Study of Nutrition
Food Guide Pyramid
The Food Guide Pyramid shows the
types and serving sizes for the foods
we should eat every day to stay
healthy. Foods are placed in the
pyramid in a way that shows how
important they are to our health.
Dietary Guidelines
The Dietary Guidelines for
Filipinos provides advice on what to
eat and drink to meet nutrient
needs, promote health, and prevent
disease. It is developed and written
for a professional audience, including
policymakers, healthcare providers,
nutrition educators, and Federal
nutrition program operators.
Food Exchange List
The food exchange list (FEL) is a tool
for planning meals using a list of
foods grouped with approximately
the same amount of energy and
macronutrients. The Philippine FEL
underwent three revisions from its
publication in 1953 until 1994.
Recommended Energy and
Nutrient Intake
The RENI is used to denote
recommendations for energy and 21
nutrients including protein, folate,
calcium, and zinc for the
maintenance of health and well-
being of nearly all healthy persons in
the population.
Recommended Dietary Allowances
(RDAs)
Recommended Dietary Allowances
(RDAs) are the levels of intake of
essential nutrients that, on the basis
of scientific knowledge, are judged
by the Food and Nutrition Board to
be adequate to meet the known
nutrient needs of practically all
healthy persons.
Food Composition Tables
Food Composition Databases (FCDB),
also referred to as Food Composition
Tables (FCT), are data that provide
the nutritional content of foods.
FCDBs are a required input in order
to convert foods from food
consumption data to nutrient
intakes.
MALNUTRITION
 Malnutrition
It is the condition that develops when
the body is deprived of vitamins,
minerals and other nutrients it needs
to maintain healthy tissues and organ
function. Malnutrition occurs in people
who are either undernourished or
overnourished.
Malnutrition as a problem
Every day, 95 children in the Philippines
die from malnutrition. Twenty-seven out
of 1,000 Filipino children do not get past
their fifth birthday. A third of Filipino
children are stunted, or short for their age.
Stunting after 2 years of age can be
permanent, irreversible and even fatal.
Malnutrition as a problem
Undernutrition is, and has always been, a
serious problem in the Philippines. For nearly
thirty years, there have been almost no
improvements in the prevalence of
undernutrition in the Philippines. One in three
children (29%) younger than five years old
suffered from stunting (2019), being small in
size for their age.
 FORMS OF
MALNUTRITION
1. UNDERNUTRITION
• Undernutrition occurs when people do not eat
(or absorb) enough nutrients to cover their
needs for energy and growth, or to maintain a
healthy immune system.
 What causes
Undernutrition?
• Family food insecurity
• Inadequate care of vulnerable
household members (e.g. ‘unfair’
sharing of food within families)
• Unhygienic living conditions (e.g. poor
water supplies and poor sanitation)
• Inadequate health services
2. Specific Deficiency
Specific nutritional deficiency
disease results from a lack of one or
more of the essential nutritional
factors. Only one factor may be
lacking.
 What causes these
defiencies?
Poverty, lack of access to a variety of
foods, lack of knowledge of optimal
dietary practices and high incidence of
infectious diseases are some of the
factors which lead to Micronutrient
malnutrition.
 3. OVERNUTRITION
Overnutrition is defined as the
overconsumption of nutrients and food to
the point at which health is adversely
affected. (7) Overnutrition can develop into
obesity, which increases the risk of serious
health conditions, including cardiovascular
disease, hypertension, cancer, and type-2
diabetes.
4. Imbalance
Nutrition
Nutritional imbalance occurs when
there is an abnormal level in certain
nutrients caused by a shortage or
excess in supply. It is a significant
health concern that can lead to
serious diseases and can make
underlying medical conditions worse.
 TYPES OF
MALNUTRITION
 Acute Malnutrition
Acute malnutrition is a nutritional
deficiency resulting from either inadequate
energy or protein intake. Children with
primary acute malnutrition are common in
developing countries as a result of
inadequate food supply caused by social,
economic, and environmental factors.
Chronic Malnutrition
Chronic malnutrition is defined as a form of
growth failure that causes both physical and
cognitive delays in growth and
development.
Malnutrition
Problems
found in the
Philippines
Prepared by: Jinky A. Marinas
Malnutrition
Problems found
in the
Philippines

• Kwashiorkor
• Marasmus
• Xerophthalmia
• Anemia
• Goiter
• B-complex
Deficiencies
•Parasite
Kwashiorkor
Kwashiorkor is a severe form of
malnutrition. It's most common
in some developing regions
where babies and children do
not get enough protein or other
essential nutrients in their diet.
The main sign of kwashiorkor is
too much fluid in the body's
tissues, which causes swelling
under the skin (oedema).
Marasmus
Marasmus is a type of protein-
energy malnutrition that can affect
anyone but is mainly seen in
children. You can get marasmus if
you have a severe deficiency of
nutrients like calories, proteins,
carbohydrates, vitamins, and
minerals. ‌It is more common in
developing countries, like in some
areas of Asia and Africa.
Xerophthalmia
Xerophthalmia is a disease that
causes dry eyes due to
vitamin A deficiency. If it goes
untreated, it can progress into
night blindness or spots on your
eyes. It can even damage the
cornea of your eye and cause
blindness.
Anemia
Anemia is a condition in which
you lack enough healthy red
blood cells to carry adequate
oxygen to your body's
tissues. Having anemia, also
referred to as low hemoglobin,
can make you feel tired and
weak. There are many forms of
anemia, each with its own
cause.
Goiter
A goiter (GOI-tur) is
the irregular growth of the
thyroid gland. The thyroid is a
butterfly-shaped gland located at
the base of the neck just below
the Adam's apple.
B-complex
Deficiencie
s
Vitamin B12 deficiencies
can lead to megaloblastic
anemia, a condition where
the bone marrow produces
large abnormally shaped red
blood cells that do not
function properly.
Psychological conditions
such as dementia, paranoia,
depression and behavioral
changes can result from a
vitamin B12 deficiency.
Parasite
These parasitic infections
can occur already in
malnourished
persons. Hookworm
infections reduces food
intake and/or increase
nutrient wastage via
vomiting, diarrhea, or
blood loss. These effects
exasperate protein energy
malnutrition, anemia, and
other nutrient deficiencies.
Meal Management
Meal management can be described
as packing pre-cooked meal preps into
meal management bags (specifically
designed to carry multiple meals), that will
be eaten at pre-scheduled intervals, in order
to keep your glucose levels steady, and your
energy levels high all day long
Concepts:
1.Meal Preparation
2.Meal Planning
3.Meal Storage
 Meal Preparation
Meal preparation allows for you to eat
your favorite meals while pre-
determined portion sizes ensure you
don't overindulge. Having a collection of
well-balanced meals on hand will help you
regulate what you eat and help you stay on
track with your personal diet goals
 Meal Storage
Food storage is the process in which
both cooked and raw materials are
stored in appropriate conditions for
future use without any entry or
multiplication of microorganisms.