NMAT

CRITICAL REASONING
WORKSHOP
 BUT first,…

A quick review of the language section

in the NMAT
 REMEMBER…

WITH 32 Qs TO BE DONE IN 22 MINS…

THERE’S A REAL
NEEEEEEEEED FOR SPEEEEEEEEED!*

*therefore, let’s also discuss an

effective strategy for VA.
 COMMON VERBAL QUESTIONS

1) Antonyms 7) Preposition(special FIB

question)
2) Synonyms
8) PJs or PFQs
3) Analogies*
9) RC(two passages with 3
4) Fill in blanks —4 questions each)

5) Cloze test *Not dealt with yet…

…so let’s understand
6) Grammar(error- analogies!
identification)
 CLOZE TEST SAMPLE
• But before we go to analogies,

• Let’s quickly revise CLOZE TEST!

• Do you remember that the method of dealing

with CLOZE TEST is the same as that of FIB.
• WITH A SMALL DIFFERENCE, OF COURSE!

• LET’S TAKE AN EXAMPLE…

 EX: 1
Guess the words ideas for the blanks
The old Victory theatre in the Camp Area of Pune was
always a point of severe arguments in the vicinity. In
______ to the newly constructed modern buildings
and multiplexes around and near the theatre, it’s
______ architecture was disliked greatly by one and
all. The owners though managed to get it a heritage
site status, making it _____ to demolish for the
scheming builders of the vicinity and construct an
new modern building there. The owners, however,
are _____ bothered about the feelings of people in
the vicinity as many outsiders come to the theatre
everyday to just see and ______ its ancient
• NOW…

• ANALOGIES
 EX: 2
Directions: In the following questions, a related pair of
words or phrases is followed by five pairs of words or
phrases. Choose the pair that best expresses a
relationship similar to that in the original pair.

Example:
SPECIOUS : VERACITY
(A) immoral: scruples
(B)money: poverty
(C) sincerity: hard work
(D) enervation: nervousness
(E) stink: movement
• WHAT IS ANALOGY?
• Analogy is the study of similarity existing between a
word pair.
• For example there exists a similarity between a
human hand and a whale’s flipper, a pump and a
heart. A study of such similarity is Analogy

• THE ANALOGY QUESTION WILL BE SUCH THAT YOU

have to perfectly establish the relationship between
the question-word pair, and select an answer that
confirms a similar or sometimes, dissimilar
relationship.
 TYPES OF ANALOGIES

• Antonym Relationship
• The easiest of all Analogy types is the Antonym
relationship
• The question pair appears like this:
• Loquacious: Taciturn
• Extravagant: Parsimonious
 TYPES OF ANALOGIES

• Synonym Relationship:

An illustration will make the explanation simpler:

• Loquacious: Talkative
• Opulent: Wealthy
 TYPES OF ANALOGIES

• Definition

• For example:
• Metamorphosis: Transforms
 TYPES OF ANALOGIES

• Defining the Character

• An Analogy type like this focuses on the
personality trait of an animal/man. For example
• Lamb: Herbivorous
• Tiger: Carnivorous

• Animal: instinctive
• Human: irrational (it’s a joke; take it easy!)
 TYPES OF ANALOGIES

• Class and Member

• This is an easier relationship to identify. For
example:
• Amphibian: Frog
• Aves: Bird
 TYPES OF ANALOGIES

• Degree of intensity
• This Analogy type has a word pair showing
relationship between a more intense and less
intense word or vice versa
• For example:
• Plead: Request
 TYPES OF ANALOGIES

• Part to Whole:
• This is an Analogy type that shows a relationship
between a part of a thing and its relation with the
whole.
• Stanza: Poem
 TYPES OF ANALOGIES

• Function
• An Analogy type like this shows the relationship
between a person and a process/place. For
example:
• Rehabilitation: Addict
• Asylum: Refugee
 TYPES OF ANALOGIES

• Manner
• An Analogy type such as this suggests on the
manner of speech, gait or any other thing.
• Stammer: Talk
• Fumble: Walk
 TYPES OF ANALOGIES

• Action and its importance

• This is an interesting Analogy type. The first word
in the word pair shows the effect caused by the
second word. For example
• Grimace: Pain
• Smile: happiness
 TYPES OF ANALOGIES

• Worker and Article Created

• This is an Analogy type that shows the
relationship between the worker and his/her
creation.
• Example: Ode: Poet
• Sculptor: sculpture
 Other TYPES OF ANALOGIES

• Worker and Tool

• Ex: Sculptor: Chisel

• Worker and Workplace

• Ex. Actor: Theater

• Tool and its Action

• Ex. Drill: Bore
 Other TYPES OF ANALOGIES

• Cause and Effect

• Eg: Rain (cause): Dampness (effect)

• Gender
• Eg: Horse (male): Mare (female)

• Age
• Eg: Calf (the little one): Cow (the adult form)

• Symbol and its meaning

• Eg: Mace (symbol): Authority (meaning)
•Beware of the
vertical analogy!
• Important points on
prepositions
 One point in time

• On is used with days:

• I will see you on Monday.
• The week begins on Sunday.

• At is used with noon, night, midnight, and with the time of day:
• My plane leaves at noon.
• The movie starts at 6 p.m.

• In is used with other parts of the day, with months, with years,
with seasons:
• He likes to read in the afternoon.
• The days are long in August.
• The book was published in 1999.
• The flowers will bloom in spring.
 Extended time

To express extended time, English uses the following prepositions:

since, for, by, from—to, from-until, during,(with)in
She has been gone since yesterday. (She left yesterday and has not
returned.)
I'm going to Paris for two weeks. (I will spend two weeks there.)
The movie showed from August to October. (Beginning in August and
ending in October.)
The decorations were up from spring until fall. (Beginning in spring
and ending in fall.)
I watch TV during the evening. (For some period of time in the
evening.)
We must finish the project within a year. (No longer than a year.)
 Place

To express notions of place, English uses the following

prepositions: to talk about the point itself: in, to express
something contained: inside, to talk about the
surface: on, to talk about a general vicinity, at.
There is a wasp in the room.
Put the present inside the box.
I left your keys on the table.
She was waiting at the corner.
 Higher than a point

To express notions of an object being higher than a point,

English uses the following prepositions: over, above.
He threw the ball over the roof.
Hang that picture above the couch.
 Lower than a point

To express notions of an object being lower than a point,

English uses the following prepositions: under,
underneath, beneath, below.
The rabbit burrowed under the ground.
The child hid underneath the blanket.
We relaxed in the shade beneath the branches.
The valley is below sea-level.
 Close to a point

To express notions of an object being close to a point,

English uses the following prepositions: near, by, next to,
between, among, opposite.
She lives near the school.
There is an ice cream shop by the store.
An oak tree grows next to my house
The house is between Elm Street and Maple Street.
I found my pen lying among the books.
The bathroom is opposite that room.
He sat beside her.
 To introduce objects of verbs

English uses the following prepositions to introduce objects

of the following verbs.
At: glance, laugh, look, rejoice, smile, stare
She glanced at her reflection.
(exception with mirror: She glanced in the mirror.)
You didn't laugh at his joke.
I'm looking at the computer monitor.
We rejoiced at his safe rescue.
That pretty girl smiled at him.
Stop staring at me.
 To introduce objects of verbs

Of: approve, consist, smell

I don't approve of his speech.
My contribution to the article consists of many
pages.
He came home smelling of alcohol.
 To introduce objects of verbs

Of (or about): dream, think

I dream of finishing college in four years.
Can you think of a number between one and ten?
I am thinking about this problem.
 To introduce objects of verbs

For: call, hope, look, wait, watch, wish

Did someone call for a taxi?
He hopes for a raise in salary next year.
I'm looking for my keys.
We'll wait for her here.
You go buy the tickets and I'll watch for the train.
If you wish for a safe score in NMAT, you must work hard.
 Some common errors…
What is the difference between between and among?
What is the difference between beside and besides?
Between….for and since?
Between…in and into?
Between…on and onto?
Between…discuss and discuss about?
Between…enter and enter into?
He will come in/within five minutes.
We should live by/within our income to avoid debts.
I don’t care for/about your opinion.
 EX: 3
Some important phrasal verbs

1. Add up
a- To be added together and equal the expected or correct total.
Example: “We added up the apples: there were 12″
b-To make sense : to seem to be logical or true.
Example: “Her story didn’t add up, I think she was lying, it didn’t
make sense”

2. Blow up
a- To fill (something) with air or gas
Example: “Please could you blow up those balloons?”
b- To explode or to cause (something, such as a bomb) to explode.
Example: “The building was blown up by a bomb”
c- To become very angry.
Example: “When I said I couldn’t go to her party, she blew up”
 EX: 4
Some important phrasal verbs

3. Bring up
a- To take care of and teach (a child who is growing up).
Example: “Their grandparents brought them up because their parents were
always travelling”
b- To mention (something) when talking : to start to talk about (something).
Example: “Don’t bring up the fight again, please!”

4. Call off
a- To stop doing or planning to do (something) .
Example: “Maria called off the wedding, she decided she didn’t love him”
b- To cause or tell (a person or animal) to stop attacking, chasing, etc.
Example: “Call off your dog! He’s attacking my cat”
 EX: 5
Some important phrasal verbs

5. Carry on
a- To continue to do what you have been doing
Example: “Sorry I interrupted, carry on talking!”
b- To behave or speak in an excited or foolish way.
Example: “The little boy was carrying on: shouting and kicking all day long”

6. Come across
a- To seem to have a particular quality or character : to make a particular
impression.
Example: “Julia came across as a bit bossy”
b- To be expressed to someone.
Example: “I tried to sound happy but it came across as over-excited”
c- To meet or find (something or someone) by chance.
Example: “Luis was leaving the fruit shop and he came across Tom, what a
coincidence”
 EX: 6
Some important phrasal verbs

7. Come up with
a- To get or think of (something that is needed or wanted).
Example: “We finally came up with a solution to the problem!”

8. Fall apart
a- To break into parts in usually a sudden and unexpected way,
Example: “My cake fell apart when I tried to cut it”
b- To become unable to live in a normal way because you are
experiencing a lot of confusion or emotional pain
Example: “After the divorce, she fell apart”
 EX: 7
Some important phrasal verbs

9. Get along
a- To be or remain friendly
Example: “We’re not together anymore, but we get along great”
b- To make progress while doing something.
Example: “How are you getting along at playing the guitar?”
c- To leave a place
Example: “It was lovely to see you, but my friend has to get along, she has class”
d- To become old.
Example: “Her grandma is getting along; she’s almost 99″

10. Get away

a- To go away from a place.
Example: “I can0t wait to get away from the city”
b- To avoid being caught : to escape
Example: “The thieves managed to get away in a stolen car”
c- To not be criticized or punished for (something).
Example: “Yvonne is always lying, I can’t understand how she gets away with it”
 EX: 8
Some important phrasal verbs

11. Get over

a- To stop being controlled or bothered by (something, such as a problem or
feeling).
Example: “I got over my fear of flying”
b- To stop feeling unhappy about (something).
Example: “Finally, Kylie got over her ex-boyfriend”
c- To become healthy again after (an illness).
Example: “Have you heard? Dave has gotten over the flu”

12. Give up -
a- To stop an activity or effort : to admit that you cannot do something and stop
trying
Example: “We all gave up smoking on January 1st”
 EX: 9
Some important phrasal verbs

13. Go on -
a- To continue.
Example: “They landed in Paris and then went on to Montpellier”
b- To go or travel to a place before another person or group that is with you.
Example: “You go on to the restaurant, I’ll come in 10 minutes”
c- To happen
Example: “What’s going on? What’s happening?”
d- Used in speech to urge someone to do something
Example: “Go on! Try it, it’s delicious”

14. Hold on
a- To have or keep your hand, arms, etc., tightly around something.
Example: “Hold on to the railing, that way you won’t fall”
b- To succeed in keeping a position, condition, etc.
Example: “I will hold on to my job until May”
 EX: 10
Some important phrasal verbs

15. Look after -

a- To take care of (someone or something).
Example: “The nurse looked after the patient for months, until he
was better”
16. Look forward to
a- To expect (something) with pleasure.
Example: “William is really looking forward to going on holiday”
17. Look up
a- Improve.
Example: “The economy is finally looking up”
b- To search for (something) in a reference book, on the Internet, etc.
Example: “Let’s look up his number in the yellow pages”
 EX: 11
Some important phrasal verbs

18. Make out -

a- To write down the required information on (something, such as a check).
Example: “Who shall I make the check out to?”
b- To hear and understand (something)
Example: “I can’t make out what you’re saying, can you speak louder?”
c- To kiss and touch for a long time in a sexual way.
Example: “We made out in the back of his car”
19. Pass out
a- To fall asleep or become unconscious.
Example: “Lisa was so tired, she got home and passed out on the sofa”
b- to give (something) to several or many people.
Example: “I passed out leaflets with information on our course”
 EX: 12
Some important phrasal verbs

20. Pull over -

a- To move a vehicle to the side of the road and stop.
Example: “That looks like a lovely restaurant, can you pull the car over and
park?”
21. Put down
a- To place (someone or something that you have been holding or carrying) on a
table, on the floor, etc.
Example: “You can put the suitcases down in the bedroom”
b- To write (something) : to record (something) in writing
Example: “He put down his memories to write a book when he was older”
c- To give (an amount of money) as a first payment when you are buying something
that costs a lot of money
Example: “My husband and I are going to put down some money to buy that
house in the centre of town”
d- To kill (an animal) in a way that causes it little pain usually because it is injured or
sick
Example: “Jessica had to have her rabbit put down; it was very sick”
 Some important phrasal verbs EX: 13

22. Put off

a- To decide that (something) will happen at a later time : postpone.
Example: “Graham was so tired he put the shoppin off until next week”
b- To cause (someone) to dislike someone or something
Example: “You’re putting me off my food, stop talking about insects!”
23. Put up with
a- To allow (someone or something unpleasant or annoying) to exist or happen.
Example: “My mother won’t put up with my sisters or I swearing”
24. Turn up
a- To be found usually unexpectedly.
Example: “Oh! My phone turned up in my bed!”
b- To arrive at a place
Example: “As always, Julian turned up late”
c- To increase the volume, temperature, etc., of something by pressing a button, moving a
switch, etc.
Example: “Please turn the music up, I love this song!”
25. Watch out
a- To be aware of something dangerous.
Example: “Watch out in the mountain, there are bears there!”
•CRITICAL
REASONING IN
NMAT
 The critical reasoning
also called the Verbal Reasoning
 Common question types

1) Strong and weak arguments

2) Decision-making/course of action

3) statements and inferences/conclusions

4) Statements and assumptions

5) GMAT-type Critical reasoning

6) syllogisms
let’s learn the theory behind the
answering of each such question
Note: We have already covered
GMAT-type CR
syllogisms
assumptions
&
inferences
therefore, let’s focus on the new
varieties!
• 1: STRONG AND WEAK
ARGUMENTS
 1: STRONG AND WEAK ARGUMENTS EX:14

Model:
Statement:
Should euthanasia be legalized in our country?

Argument I:
Yes. Euthanasia is already legalized in several of our
neighboring countries.

Argument II:
No. Given our countries social nature, there is a high
probability that the mercy killing provision will be
misused by some people to fulfil their selfish motives.
 Important note:

• DO U SEE ANY SIMILARITY WITH

THE GMAT-TYPE CR ARGUMENT?

CONCLUSION
PREMISES
ETC…
 PRINCIPLES OF STRONG AND WEAK
ARGUMENTATION

basically, our job is to differentiate between a

valid and invalid argument.
(these we discussed in an earlier class)
A valid argument is strong
an invalid argument is weak
 Prerequisites…
• These are essential for the answering of these
questions…
Always ASSUME THE QUESTION TO BE VALID
AND TRUE

READ CAREFULLY AND FULLY, AND CORRECTLY

UNDERSTAND THE QUESTION
While deciding a strong/weak argument…
MOST IMPORTANT OF ALL
DO NOT USE
PERSONAL ‘FEELINGS’

USE LOGICAL ‘FEELING’!

And…DON’T B BIASED!
 Remember, whatever the issue, there shall
always be points
IN FAVOUR
and
AGAINST.
SO…
decide on the merit of the reason and not the
merit of the issue.
For example: u might feel emotionally about
an argument that says NO to the issue of
whether women should be allowed in the
armed forces or not
 Important theories for answering…

1:
REJECT as a weak argument if it is
ambiguous
irrelevant
simplistic
or silly.
What’s the difference between simple
and simplistic?
 : EX:15

Statement:
Should India and Pakistan fight a war with each other?
Argument I:
Yes. I haven’t witnessed a war till date and would love to see
one.

Argument II:
No. Neither of the two countries is at fault.

Argument III:
Yes, the international war on terrorism should include two of
the most important Asian nations.
 2:
REJECT as a weak argument if it is
makes a comparison
or
is disproportionate to the situation
or
if is based on invalid assumption
 Example: EX: 16

Model:
Statement:
Should people be asked to stop telling lies?

Argument I:
Yes. This way the corruption problem in the world will end.

Argument II:
Yes. This is what was done in Saudi Arabia.

Argument III:
Yes. This will make our society ethical.
 3:
A strong argument has to be
TRUE(GK or GA)
or
should conform to our general
experience
i.e.
REJECT as weak IF obviously FALSE
 Example: EX: 17

Model:
Statement:
Should women be allowed to join the Armed Forces?

Argument I:
Yes. They have as much physical strength as men so they can
do all the strenuous physical tasks that men do in the Armed
Forces and that too always.
 EX: 18

4: If advantage or disadvantage is pointed out, then consider it Valid(other

aspects having been taken care of!)

ex: Should the RBI make the banks increase interest rate
on bank deposits so that more people get attracted to
depositing money in banks.

I: No. During these volatile economic times, people are

actually looking for safety of deposits rather than income
through interest, therefore, increasing interest would not
attract them.
5: is valid if THE REASON PROVIDED IS
LOGICAL/ RATIONAL/practical/sensible or CONFORMS TO
COMMON SENSE.

The question that arises is

WHAT IS COMMON SENSE OR LOGIC?

 SOME IMPORTANT POINTS…GIVEN IN NMAT OG EX: 19

IMPORTANT:
An argument is not necessarily valid because someone else or
most people think so.

Remember, that this is verbal reasoning…that is there’s a lot of

‘verbal’ here TOO to HAUNT u
ex:
statement: Should the capital of India be shifted from Delhi to
Nagpur?
Argument I: No. Capital is the most important aspect of any
business, more so in India; and so it better remain in Delhi.

Question: This genius has misunderstood which two words?

 Some examples EX: 20

Statement: Should euthanasia be banned instead of leglizing

in India?

Argument I: Yes. As India has a very complex social structure

with overpopulation complicating it further, some
unscrupulous people will use it for personal gains.

Argument II: No. Many people are in favor of it.

Argument III: No. Many European countries have legalized it.

Argument IV: Yes. Then doctors can easily administer lethal

injections to terminally ill patients.
 Some examples EX: 21

Statement: Should doctors who have completed their

education at colleges that are funded by the government be
forced to work in villages for at least two years before they
take up private lucrative practice in the cities, especially
keeping in view the fact that these doctors do not desire to
work or work in rural areas?

Argument I: Yes. This is the best way of improving the

quality of Indian education system.

Argument II: No. They should be free to decide where they

want to work.
 Some examples EX: 22

Statement: Should private corporate hospitals be banned

inIndia?
Argument I: Yes. This way the services in the Government
hospitals will be improved.

Argument II: No. Most of the people in the country think

that the private corporate hospitals are very good in service.
 Some examples EX: 23

Statement: Should pharmaceutical companies be allowed to

test medicines on animals before making them available for
use by humans?
Argument I: Yes. These tests are extremely necessary to
understand whether the medicines are safe and effective for
use by humans.

Argument II: No. Animals are sentient beings and in these

tests they are subject to extreme cruelty and it is not right to
make another living being suffer for the benefit of humans.
 Note:

Important point:
How do we deal with
either I or II answer
choice?
 Either or example EX: 24

Statement: Should the Indian government, considering the

new wave of applications, allow the setting up of new
technological institutes like the IITs even as such existing
institutes are finding it difficult to get students?

Argument I: Yes. The new institutes being applied for are

targeted at niche specializations, such as petroleum and
renewable energies, for which there is a lot of demand with
no institute offering them.

Argument II: No. The new institutes being applied for are not
going to offer any course or specialization that are already
not being offered by the existing ones.
• TOPIC 2: decision
making or course of
action
 EX: 25

Model:
diseases that spread through contaminated drinking
water are spreading in the city.

Course of Action I: Boil the drinking water before

using the same for consumption.

Course of Action II: Stop drinking water.

Course of Action III: Everyone must drink only

packaged drinking water of popular brands like
Aquafina.
 Principles of Course of Action

So, what is a course of action/decision?

Basically, we are looking for an ideal
course of Action/decision.

But what is ideal?

 Principles of Course of Action

Ok…
so,
what is the difference between the
best and the ideal?
 An ideal course of action should be…

1: It should solve the problem

2: It should be possible to implement(practical)
3: It should be logical/rational/sensible.
4) It should proportionate.
5: It should be relevant
6) should take apt length of time.
 Ideal COA: SHOULD BE…

Important Note:
If root cause is being identified so that a proper
course of action can be taken, then it is ok.

If talking to a problematic person is suggested

it’s considered correct.

Also, if raising awareness about the issue

among the people concerned is given, it is
considered an ideal solution.
 Negatives easier to identify: SHOULD NOT BE…

1: It should NOT lead to other probs

2: It should NOT be silly or simplistic
3: It should NOT be disproportionate
4: It should NOT be irrelevant.
5: It should NOT be negative(what does this mean?)
6: It should NOT be extreme(what does this mean?)
 Examples: EX: 26

Statement: The owner of a business has come to

know through the manager that some of the workers
are stealing raw materials from the warehouse.

Decision I: The owner should sack the workers

immediately.

Decision II: The owner should try to confirm whether

the manager is right or wrong before going further.
 Examples: EX: 27

Statement: The police have received a complaint with

verifiable proof that a government officer has taken
bribe from the complainant.

Decision I: The police should wait for more such

complaints before taking action.

Decision II: The police should immediately register an

FIR and proceed further as per the rules laid down in
such cases.
 Examples: EX: 28

Statement: There have been several incidents of

medical shop owners giving prescriptive medicines
(which are dangerous if taken without a doctor’s
prescription) to people who do not have any doctor’s
prescription.

Decision I: The government should completely ban sale

of prescriptive medicines without doctors’
prescriptions.

Decision II: The medical shop owners found guilty of

such acts should be severely punished to discourage
 Note:

Important point:
How do we deal with
either I or II answer
choice?
 Either or example EX: 29

Statement: The music and video CD-DVDs shops are

facing the option of shutting down their shops as
business is drastically going down even as people buy
most of the movies and music online.

Decision I: These shops should shut down and the

owners should explore other profitable ventures.

Decision II: Instead of shutting down the owners of

these businesses should explore options of attracting
customers by giving attractive offers to woo
customers away from online buying
• 3) statements and
inferences/conclusions(already
covered)
 3) statements and inferences/conclusions(already covered)

Remember the definition.

Remember the difference between

definitely true and probable true.

We select only definitely true.

And, reject definitely false, probably true and probably false statements.

Beware of numbers and proportions in the given argument or

statement.

Be wary of words like only, some, etc.

Follow the method of inference to text for 100% confirmation.

 3) statements and inferences/conclusions(already covered)

Beware of extreme, far-fetched or strongly worded answer choices.

Do not forget that speed is important…

 Examples… EX: 30

Statement: Walking is good for health.

Inference1: Those who do not walk are not healthy.

Inference 2: All the people who are healthy walk.

Inference 3: Sitting idly is not healthy.

 Examples… EX: 31

Statement: Most of the books available at Darya Gunj

are very low in cost.
Inference1: There are no costly books available at
Darya Gunj.
Inference 2: Some of the books at Darya Gunj are not
very low in cost.
Inference 3: Most of the books at Darya Gunj are
cheap in quality.
Inference 4: People should buy books only at Darya
Gunj
• 4) Statements and
assumptions
 4) Statements and assumptions

We have covered this too already.

Remember the definition.

Remember the types of assumptions

that we have discussed.
 4) Statements and assumptions

to recap…
1) existence assumption
2) missing link assumption
3) relevance assumption
4) cause & effect assumption
5) defender assumption(also called passive
assumption by GMAC)
6) Critical/difficult or extended logic assumption
7) suggestions/ advice/direction assumptions
 4) Statements and assumptions
important…
assumptions must be true

do not forget the importance of key words like only,

best, always..

Do not forget the importance of transition words, like

but, yet, although, as since…

Most does not mean all

and Many does not mean most.

 example EX: 32

Statement: Every person born in our country should

utmost patriotism for our country, otherwise his
citizenship should be scrapped and he should be put
in jail.
Assumption I: It is possible to know whether a peson
is patriotic to his country or not.

Assumption II: The citizenship of a person who is born

in our country can be scrapped.
 example EX: 33

Statement: The government of India has asked all

industrial establishment to reduce the excess
wastage that is then dumped in rivers thereby
damaging the environment, otherwise face severe
penalties.
Assumption I: It is possible for the industries to
reduce the wastage in question.
Assumption II: At least some industries are producing
excess wastage.
Assumption II: The penalty threat will discourage
industries from producing excess wastage.
 Note:

Important point:
How do we deal with
either I or II answer
choice?
 example EX: 34

Statement: I am planning to feed grass and vegetables

to the new tiger that I have been gifted.
Assumption I: It is possible to feed grass and
vegetables to a tiger that is normally carnivorous.

Assumption II: The tiger that has been gifted already

at least some times eats grass and vegetables.
• 5) GMAT TYPE CR
QUESTIONS
 5) GMAT TYPE CR QUESTIONS
ALREADY COVERED…

AS SPEED IS THE KEY IN NMAT…

SPECIAL METHOD FOR NMAT CR
read question first
identify question type
go to argument and attack it
predict answer shadow
go to choices and select and eliminate
 5) GMAT TYPE CR QUESTIONS

VERY VERY IMP: MOSTLY, practice

strengthen, weaken, assumption,
inference and flaw questions…as
these are the most common.

Do u know about normalization

questions in GMAT and therefore in
NMAT?
 5) GMAT TYPE CR QUESTIONS

POTENTIAL PROBLEMS IN ARGUMENTS

shifts of scope
mistaking correlation too causation
plans and prediction
 Important issues u must know..
.
1.the problem of causality
example
married people have been shown I several
important studies to have higher levels of
happiness than single people. therefore,
marriage causes happiness.
remember... this could be weakened by
a) alternative explanations...
b) causality reversed
c) coincidence
 Important issues u must know.. EX: 35

2. REPRESENTATIVENESS
what is the assumption in the following?
candidate a was widely believed to be the favourite in her states
gubernatorial race. candidate b, the incumbent governor, had figured
prominently in a corruption scandal during the previous year. although
he was ultimately never charged with a crime, candidate b received very
negative coverage inbound local and national media.a pool of registered
voters in the state showed that a majority supported candidate a and
would vote for her. ibid fact election day exit polls of those who voted
showed that most had voted for candidate a, and so she was expected
to win. however, once the votes were counted, candidate b was shown
to have won with a narrow victory. clearly, respondents to the polls
were not being honest when they claimed to have spotted candidate a.
 Important issues u must know.. EX: 36

3. PLANS PROPOSALS AND PREDICTION S

in such cases the speaker assumes that that I'd the only our
sry least the most important factor to consider.

example.
several people have died while canoeing during high water
oven a nearby river in recent years. the local police have
purposes a ban on canoeing in the river during the high water
season. opponents of the ban argue that the government
should ban an activity only if it hastens people other than
those willingly participate in the activity, and they therefore
conclude that the proposed ban on high water canoeing is
unwarranted.
• LET’S TAKE SOME EXAMPLES…
 EX: 37
Assumption QUESTION

a study of 100 overweight men revealed that

each man experienced significant weight loss
after adding slim down tablets, an artificial
food supplement, to his daily diet. for three
months, each man consumed one slim down
tablet every morning after exercising and then
followed his normal diet for the rest of the
day. clearly, anyone who consumed one tablet
of slim down every day for three months will
lose weight and will look and feel best.
 EX: 38
Assumption QUESTION

• ASSUMPTION
• over the last 10 years, some businesses located
in country x have moved manufacturing or
assembling operations to country y. but a
proposed change to the laws of country y would
raise three minimum per hour wage in country y
to approximately the same level as the
equivalent rate in country x. hence, if the change
were too come into effect, very few businesses in
country x would move manufacturing or
assembling operations to country y.
 EX: 39
Assumption QUESTION

• when unemployment rates are high, people

with full time jobs tend to take fewer and
shorter vacations. when unemployment rates
are low, people tend to take vacation more
often and go away for longer periods of time.
thus, it can be concluded that full time
workers perceptions of their own job security
influence the frequency and duration of their
vacations.
 EX: 40

In a survey of government officers conducted by UNHRC, three-fifths

of those surveyed admitted to have taken bribe at least once in
their tenure so far. However, the survey may have underestimated
the proportion of the government officers who are corrupt,
because_______.
(A) some corrupt officers taking the survey might have claimed on
the survey to be uncorrupt.
(B) some generally uncorrupt persons taking the survey might have
claimed on the survey to be corrupt.
(C) some people who claimed on the survey to be at lest a little
corrupt may be very corrupt.
(D) some people who claimed on the survey to be corrupt may have
been answering honestly.
(E) some people who are not government officers are probably at
least a little corrupt.
 EX: 41

In a survey of government officers conducted by UNHRC, three-fifths

of those surveyed admitted to have taken bribe at least once in
their tenure so far. However, the survey may have underestimated
the proportion of the government officers who are corrupt,
because_______.
(A) some corrupt officers taking the survey might have claimed on
the survey to be uncorrupt.
(B) some generally uncorrupt persons taking the survey might have
claimed on the survey to be corrupt.
(C) some people who claimed on the survey to be at lest a little
corrupt may be very corrupt.
(D) some people who claimed on the survey to be corrupt may have
been answering honestly.
(E) some people who are not government officers are probably at
least a little corrupt.
 6) SYLLOGISMS

ALREADY COVERED…

DO NOT FORGET THE SHORTCUTS WE

HAVE DISCUSSED…
 Note:

Important point:
How do we deal with
either I or II answer
choice?
• All the very best to you!